Electrode additives coated with electro conductive material and lithium secondary comprising the same
Provided are an electrode additive coated with a coating material made of electrically conductive materials such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides or metal carbonates, and an electrode and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same. The electrode additive in accordance with the present invention can improve high temperature storage characteristics of the battery, without deterioration of performance thereof.
The present invention relates to an electrode additive that is capable of improving battery performance and high temperature storage characteristics when it is added to an electrode of a lithium secondary battery, and an electrode and lithium secondary battery comprising the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn order to keep pace with the continuing trend towards portabilization, miniaturization, and higher functionalization of a variety of electronic devices and instruments with development of the Information-Electronic Industry, higher capacity, smaller and lighter lithium secondary batteries are increasingly in demand. Recently, with diversification of functions of the electronic devices and instruments, there is also a strong need for realization of higher capacity, functionality, and performance of lithium secondary batteries, as a main power source. In addition, as the temperature range of lithium secondary batteries in use is also further extended, environmental conditions to which batteries are applied become more severe such that maintenance of initial performance without degradation in battery performance even when being maintained at higher temperatures of more than 80° C. for a prolonged period of time is required.
However, when material such as LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 or the like is used as a cathode active material for the lithium secondary battery, reaction between electrolyte and electrode surface leads to poor high-temperature characteristics, such as swelling and bulking in storage at a higher temperature of more than 80° C. Additionally, when charge/discharge cycles are repeatedly performed at the higher temperature, the electrochemical reaction continuously occurring at a cathode or anode surface contributes to production of decomposed by-products of the electrolyte and gas in the battery, thereby severely swelling the battery.
A variety of study and research has been made to solve those problems. Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-0057321 discloses a technique of forming a protective coating film using electrolyte additives such as vinylene carbonate, alkenylethylene carbonate and the like, wherein the electrolyte additives are used to inhibit electrolyte decomposition reaction of the cathode at higher temperatures, such that these additives are first decomposed at cathode potential, thereby forming the protective film. However, although such additives may effectively inhibit battery swelling at higher temperatures, the additives may result in reduction of battery capacity or deterioration of battery life characteristics. For these reasons, various kinds of additives should be utilized to improve one functionality of the battery, when such electrolyte additives are used.
In addition, Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-35700 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 1998-255389 disclose techniques of improving battery life characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics by addition of metal oxides or metal hydroxides to an electrode (cathode). However, metal oxides or metal hydroxides are electrically non-conductive and thus, when they are used as additives, interfere with electrical flow in the electrodes, thereby resulting in decreased high rate discharge characteristics of the battery, as well as increased resistance thereof leading to lowering of battery life characteristics.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 2003-86174 and 1997-22733 disclose a method of coating the cathode active material with an electro-conductive material such as conductive material using a mechanofusion apparatus and a binder. However, due to integration between the cathode active material and the conductive material in this method, it may be possible to improve battery capacity or diminish electrical resistance, thereby improving high rate discharge characteristics, but the conductive material coated on the surface of the cathode active material rather hampers migration of lithium ions, resulting in deterioration of battery performance.
Therefore, there is a strong need for an electrode additive that facilitates excellent high temperature storage performance of the lithium secondary battery and simultaneously does not inhibit high rate discharge and other battery performance characteristics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONTherefore, the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and other technical problems that have yet to be resolved.
The present inventors have surprisingly found that battery performance and high temperature storage characteristics can be improved by preparing an electrode additive having core particles such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides or metal carbonates coated with electro-conductive material and adding the electrode additive to a cathode and/or anode of a lithium secondary battery.
On the basis of this finding, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electrode additive that is capable of improving battery performance and high temperature storage characteristics, and an electrode for a lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery comprising the same.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of an electrode additive for a secondary battery electrode in which electro-conductive material is coated on the surface of a material that is added to the electrode material so as to improve battery characteristics.
As used herein, the term “electrode additive” refers to materials that are added to electrodes for various purposes such as improving high temperature characteristics and charge/discharge cycle characteristics of the battery. Since, among those materials, there are various kinds of low conductivity materials, as described above, such materials generally interfere with electron migration due to their high resistivity, when added to electrodes, and thereby lower battery performance. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an electrode additive that can exert original effects without causing deterioration of battery performance, by coating the surface of the electrode additive with electro-conductive materials.
In accordance with the present invention, additive material (hereinafter, referred to as “core particle”), which is coated with electro-conductive materials, is added to electrodes for improvement of high temperature storage characteristics, and is exemplified as compounds represented by Formula 1 below:
MxAy Formula 1
wherein, M is a metal, A is selected from the group consisting of OH, O and CO3, and x represents the valence of M and y represents the oxidation number of A.
Metal hydroxides, metal oxides, and metal carbonates of Formula 1 may be used alone or in any combination thereof.
Electro-conductive materials (hereinafter, referred to as “coating materials”), which are coated on core particles, are not particularly limited, so long as they exhibit excellent conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery of interest. For example, there may be preferably used at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon that has been used as conductive material for a conventional lithium secondary battery, electro-conductive materials, electro-conductive metals, electro-conductive inorganic materials and electro-conductive polymers.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there are provided an electrode fabricated by preparing an electrode slurry using electrode material containing the electrode additive and electrode active material and then applying the thus-prepared electrode slurry to a current collector, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Now, the present invention will be described in more detail.
In accordance with the present invention, by addition of an electrode additive to a cathode and/or anode of a battery, it is possible to inhibit battery swelling due to formation of decomposition by-products or gas production even when the battery is stored at high temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and also to improve battery performance such as life characteristics and charge/discharge rate at room temperature.
Conventionally, materials such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides and metal carbonate were used per se as cathode additives, but these materials are coated on the surface of the cathode active material and then impede migration of cathode active material and electrons, thereby deteriorating high rate discharge characteristics of the battery. In the present invention, via use of core particles, such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides or metal carbonates, coated with the coating material, it was possible to solve the problem associated with lowering of high rate discharge characteristics.
In accordance with the present invention, the coating material preferably has high electronic conductivity and small particle size to the maximum extent possible. Where electronic conductivity is lower, this may disadvantageously result in increase of electrode resistance thereby degrading battery performance. In addition, where the particle size of the coating material is too large, it may be difficult to coat the surface of core particles. On the other hand, the smaller the particle size of the coating material the denser and more uniform the coating on the core particles.
In the present invention, electrical conductivity of the coating material is preferably more than 2.0×102/cmΩ and the particle size thereof is preferably within the range of 10 to 1000 nm.
There is no particular limit to kinds of carbon, electro-conductive metals, electro-conductive inorganic materials and electro-conductive polymers, as described above as being preferred examples of the coat materials. Preferably, for example, carbon may be selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black and Super-P. Electro-conductive metals may be selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Pt and Ni. Electro-conductive inorganic materials may be selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (In2O3SnO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and TiB2. Electro-conductive polymers may be selected from the group consisting of polypyrrole and polyaniline. Among the above-mentioned coating materials, acetylene black preferably has a particle size of 100 nm and electrical conductivity of more than 6.1×102/cmΩ. Ni preferably has a particle size of 1000 nm and electrical conductivity of more than 9.17×104/cmΩ. Polypyrrole preferably has a particle size of 200 nm and electrical conductivity of more than 2.0×102/cmΩ.
There is no particular limit to kinds of metal elements (M), which are contained in metal hydroxides, metal oxides or metal carbonates, those being described as preferred examples of the core particles. For example, metals may be preferably selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, K, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Na, Cr, Sn, Ga, Bi, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Y and Zr. More preferably, metals may be selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Ba, Y and Zr.
A process for preparing an electrode additive in accordance with the present invention will be exemplified as follows.
Core particles to be coated are mixed with the coating material to prepare a mixture. In preparing the mixture, the amount of the coating material is preferably within the range of 0.01 to 20% by weight, relative to that of the core particles. Where the amount of the coating material exceeds the above-mentioned range, the resulting coating layer is too thick. On the other hand, where the amount of the coating material is less than the above range, core particles may be incompletely and partially coated.
Next, the mixture thus obtained was fused using a mechanofusion apparatus, for example, so as to coat core particles with the coating material. During such a fusion process, rotation speed and treatment time of the mechanofusion apparatus can be controlled as desired. Preferably, the rotation speed of the mechanofusion apparatus is between 1500 and 3000 rpm, and treatment time is in the range of 0.1 to 10 hours.
The extent that core particles are coated by the coating material may vary depending on the amount of the coating material added. Core particles need not necessarily be completely coated by the coating material to effect desired effects of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an electrode fabricated by adding the thus-prepared electrode additive of the present invention to an electrode material including electrode active material so as to prepare an electrode slurry and coating a current collector with the thus-prepared electrode slurry. There is no limit to a method for fabricating an electrode, and well-known conventional methods in the art may be employed.
Preferably, the electrode additive may be included in the range of 0.05 to 10% by weight in the electrode, relative to the electrode active material.
Further, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a lithium secondary battery comprising the above-prepared electrode. The lithium secondary battery of the present invention may be prepared by conventional methods known in the art, for example disposing a porous separator between the cathode and anode, followed by introduction of a non-aqueous electrolyte.
There is no limit to shapes of the lithium secondary battery in accordance with the present invention, and for example, mention may be made of can-shaped cylinders, squares or pouches.
As cathode active materials that can be used in fabricating the electrode of the present invention, lithium-containing transition metal oxides may be preferably used. For example, the cathode active material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiaCobMnc)O2 (0<a<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, a+b+c=1), LiNi1-YCoYO2, LiCo1-YMnYO2, LiNi1-YMnYO2 (0≦Y<1), Li(NiaCobMnc)O4 (0<a<2, 0<b<2, 0<c<2, a+b+c=2, LiMn2-zNizO4, LiMn2-zCozO4 (0<Z<2), LiCoPO4 and LiFePO4. Among those materials, more preferred is LiCoO2.
As anode active materials that can be used in fabricating the electrode of the present invention, mention may be made of graphite, carbon, lithium metals, alloys and complexes thereof, which are capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
In addition, in preparing the battery in accordance with the present invention, the porous separator may be preferably used as the separator. For example, the separator may include, but is not limited to, polypropylene-based, polyethylene-based, and other polyolefin-based porous separators.
The non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium secondary battery that can be utilized in the present invention may contain cyclic carbonates and linear carbonates. The cyclic carbonates include, for example ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and gamma-butyro lactone (GBL). The linear carbonate may be at least one selected from the group consisting of diethylcarbonate (DEC), dimethylcarbonate (DMC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC) and methylpropylcarbonate (MPC). Further, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium secondary battery in accordance with the present invention may contain lithium salts, in addition to carbonate compounds. As specific examples, preferably, lithium salts may be selected from the group consisting of LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6 and LiN(CF3SO2)2.
EXAMPLESNow, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following Examples and Comparative Examples. These examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope and spirit of the present invention.
Example1.1. Preparation of Electrode Additive
Acetylene black, which is a carbon material, as a coating material and Mg(OH)2, which is a metal hydroxide, as a core particle, were used to prepare an electrode additive. The content of acetylene black was 5% by weight, relative to that of the core particle, Mg(OH)2. A mixture of acetylene black and Mg(OH)2 was loaded on a mechanofusion apparatus, and subjected to low speed rotation at 250 rpm for 3 min and subsequently to high speed rotation at 1400 rpm for 20 min so as to coat carbon on the surface of the metal hydroxide, thereby preparing the electrode additive (C0.05Mg(OH)2).
1.2. Preparation of Cathode
LiCoO2 was used as a cathode active material, and 0.5% by weight of the above-prepared electrode additive (C0.05Mg(OH)2) was added thereto, relative to the cathode active material. Then, together with 2.5% Super-P(conductive material) and 2.5% polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) as a binding agent, a cathode active material powder (LiCoO2) and the electrode additive were dispersed in an n-methylpyrolidone (NMP) solvent to obtain a slurry. The slurry thus obtained was coated on aluminum foil and heated to evaporate the NMP solvent to dryness, followed by compression at a pressure of about 500 kg/cm2 to prepare a cathode.
1.3. Preparation of Anode
Artificial graphite was used as an anode active material, and was dispersed, together with 0.8% acetylene black (conductive material), 3.9% PVdF as a binding agent and 0.2% oxalic acid, relative to the anode active material, in an NMP solvent to obtain slurry. The slurry thus obtained was coated on copper foil and heated to evaporate the NMP solvent to dryness, followed by compression at a pressure of about 500 kg/cm2 to prepare an anode.
1.4. Battery Preparation and Evaluation
A conventional pouch-type bicell was prepared using the above-prepared cathode and anode, and as an electrolyte, a solution in which 1M LiPF6 was dissolved in a 1:2 (v/v) mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).
For the above-prepared battery, voltage of charge and discharge was established in the range of 3.0 to 4.2 V. Evaluation of battery life characteristics was made by 1 C/1 C charge/discharge. Evaluation of high rate discharge characteristics was carried out by charging the battery to 0.5 C, followed by measurement of capacity of 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C and 2 C and calculation of percentage of respective capacity thus measured, relative to capacity of 0.2 C. In addition, in order to evaluate high temperature storage characteristics, the battery was charged/discharged to 0.5 C/0.5 C two times and then charged to 0.2 C. This was followed by placement of the battery in an oven at 80° C. and determination of thickness changes with respect to the passage of time.
Example 2An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 3An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that, relative to an anode active material, there was added 1.0% by weight of an electrode additive, which was prepared in a manner that an electrode additive was not added to a cathode and 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added to an anode, relative to core particles (Mg(OH)2).
Example 4An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and LiMn2O4 powder was used as a cathode active material, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 5An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 powder was used as a cathode active material, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 6An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and BaCO3 was used as core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 7An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and MgO was used as core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 8An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and Al2O3 was used as core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 9An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and Y(OH)3 was used as core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 10An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that 10% by weight of acetylene black as a coating material was added, relative to core particles and Al(OH)3 was used as core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 11An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that Ag metal powder was used as a coating material and 10% by weight of the coating material was added, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 12An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that Al metal powder was used as a coating material and the coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 13An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that TiB2 powder was used as a coating material and the coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 14An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that a conductive polymer, polypyrrole powder was used as a coating material and the coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 15An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that a coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles, when preparing an electrode additive, and an electrode additive was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to a cathode active material, when preparing an electrode.
Example 16An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that a coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles, and an electrode additive was added to a cathode and anode, in amounts of 1% by weight and 2% by weight, respectively, relative to a cathode active material and an anode active material, when preparing an electrode additive.
Example 17An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 3, except that metal Si was used as an anode active material.
Example 18An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 3, except that Al metal powder was used as a coating material, the coating material was added in an amount of 10% by weight, relative to core particles and metal Si was used as an anode active material, when preparing an electrode additive.
Comparative Example 1An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that an electrode additive was not used
Comparative Example 2An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 1, except that pure Mg(OH)2 was added as a cathode additive.
Comparative Example 3An electrode and a battery were prepared and evaluated using the same procedure as in Example 3, except that pure Mg(OH)2 was added as an anode additive.
Evaluation results of batteries prepared in Examples 1 through 18 and Comparative Examples 1 through 3 are shown in
As can be seen from Table 1, batteries prepared in Examples 1, 2 and 4 through 16 exhibited less changes in thickness under high temperature storage, compared to batteries prepared in Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
As can be seen from Table 2, batteries prepared in Examples 3, 16, 17 and 18 exhibited less changes in thickness under high temperature storage, compared to batteries prepared in Comparative Examples 1 and 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, batteries prepared in Examples 1 through 18, to which the electrode additive in accordance with the present invention was added, exhibited relatively little drop in high rate discharge, compared to batteries of Comparative Examples 1 through 3.
Further, as shown in
As described above, the electrode additive in accordance with the present invention, when introduced to a cathode and/or anode of a lithium secondary battery, can exert characteristics intrinsic to the additive such as improvement of high temperature storage characteristics, without deteriorating battery performance.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.
Claims
1. An electrode additive for a secondary battery electrode in which electro-conductive material (“coating material”) is coated on the surface of material (“core particle”) that is added to electrode material so as to improve battery characteristics.
2. The electrode additive according to claim 1, wherein the core particle is a material of Formula 1 that is added to battery electrodes for improving high temperature storage characteristics: MxAy (1) wherein, M is a metal, A is selected from the group consisting of OH, O and CO3, and x represents the valence of M and y represents the oxidation number of A.
3. The electrode additive according to claim 1, wherein the coating material is composed of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of carbon, an electro-conductive metal, an electro-conductive inorganic material and an electro-conductive polymer.
4. The electrode additive according to claim 3, wherein the carbon is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black and Super-P, the electro-conductive metal is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Pt and Ni, the electro-conductive inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (In2O3SnO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and TiB2, and the electro-conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypyrrole and polyaniline.
5. The electrode additive according to claim 1, wherein the coating material has an electrical conductivity of more than 2.0×102/cmΩ.
6. The electrode additive according to claim 1, wherein the coating material has a particle size of 10 nm to 1000 nm.
7. The electrode additive according to claim 2, wherein M in Formula 1 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, K, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Na, Cr, Sn, Ga, Bi, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Y and Zr.
8. The electrode additive according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the coating material is within the range of 0.01 to 20% by weight, relative to the core particle.
9. An electrode fabricated by preparing an electrode slurry using electrode material containing the electrode additive according to claims 1 and electrode active material and applying the thus-prepared electrode slurry to a current collector.
10. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein the electrode additive is included in the range of 0.05 to 10% by weight, relative to the electrode active material.
11. A lithium secondary battery comprising the electrode of claim 9.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 4, 2005
Publication Date: Sep 22, 2005
Inventors: Hong-Kyu Park (Yuseong-gu), Kwang Kim (Seoul), Sun Kim (Seongnam-si), Seung Yoo (Gumi-si), Jae-Up Jang (Yuseong-gu), Yong Kwon (Seongnam-si), Kyungmin Chun (Yuseong-gu)
Application Number: 11/050,973
