Lamp monitoring and control unit and method
A unit and method for remotely monitoring and/or controlling an apparatus and specifically for remotely monitoring and/or controlling street lamps. The lamp monitoring and control unit comprises a processing and sensing unit for sensing at least one lamp parameter of an associated lamp, and for processing the lamp parameter to monitor and control the associated lamp by outputting monitoring data and control information, and a transmit unit for transmitting the monitoring data, representing the at least one lamp parameter, from the processing and sensing unit. The method for monitoring and controlling a lamp comprises the steps of: sensing at least one lamp parameter of an associated lamp; processing the at least one lamp parameter to produce monitoring data and control information; transmitting the monitoring data; and applying the control information.
Latest Patents:
This application is a Continuation of Ser. No. 11/117,518, filed Apr. 29, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,113,893), which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 10/811,855, filed Mar. 30, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,174), which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 10/251,756, filed Sep. 23, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,714,895), which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 09/605,027, filed Jun. 28, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,960), which is a Divisional of Ser. No. 09/501,274, filed Feb. 9, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,393,381), which is a Divisional of Ser. No. 08/838,302, filed Apr. 16, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,076). The entire disclosure of the prior applications is considered as being part of the disclosure of the accompanying application and is hereby incorporated by reference therein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a unit and method for remotely monitoring and/or controlling an apparatus and specifically to a lamp monitoring and control unit and method for use with street lamps.
2. Background of the Related Art
The first street lamps were used in Europe during the latter half of the seventeenth century. These lamps consisted of lanterns which were attached to cables strung across the street so that the lantern hung over the center of the street. In France, the police were responsible for operating and maintaining these original street lamps while in England contractors were hired for street lamp operation and maintenance. In all instances, the operation and maintenance of street lamps was considered a government function.
The operation and maintenance of street lamps, or more generally any units which are distributed over a large geographic area, can be divided into two tasks: monitor and control. Monitoring comprises the transmission of information from the distributed unit regarding the unit's status and controlling comprises the reception of information by the distributed unit.
For the present example in which the distributed units are street lamps, the monitoring function comprises periodic checks of the street lamps to determine if they are functioning properly. The controlling function comprises turning the street lamps on at night and off during the day.
This monitor and control function of the early street lamps was very labor intensive since each street lamp had to be individually lit (controlled) and watched for any problems (monitored). Because these early street lamps were simply lanterns, there was no centralized mechanism for monitor and control and both of these functions were distributed at each of the street lamps.
Eventually, the street lamps were moved from the cables hanging over the street to poles which were mounted at the side of the street. Additionally, the primitive lanterns were replaced with oil lamps.
The oil lamps were a substantial improvement over the original lanterns because they produced a much brighter light. This resulted in illumination of a greater area by each street lamp. Unfortunately, these street lamps still had the same problem as the original lanterns in that there was no centralized monitor and control mechanism to light the street lamps at night and watch for problems.
In the 1840's, the oil lamps were replaced by gaslights in France. The advent of this new technology began a government centralization of a portion of the control function for street lighting since the gas for the lights was supplied from a central location.
In the 1880's, the gaslights were replaced with electrical lamps. The electrical power for these street lamps was again provided from a central location. With the advent of electrical street lamps, the government finally had a centralized method for controlling the lamps by controlling the source of electrical power.
The early electrical street lamps were composed of arc lamps in which the illumination was produced by an arc of electricity flowing between two electrodes.
Currently, most street lamps still use arc lamps for illumination. The mercury-vapor lamp is the most common form of street lamp in use today. In this type of lamp, the illumination is produced by an arc which takes place in a mercury vapor.
The mercury-vapor lamp consists of an arc tube 110 which is filled with argon gas and a small amount of pure mercury. Arc tube 110 is mounted inside a large outer bulb 120 which encloses and protects the arc tube. Additionally, the outer bulb may be coated with phosphors to improve the color of the light emitted and reduce the ultraviolet radiation emitted. Mounting of arc tube 110 inside outer bulb 120 may be accomplished with an arc tube mount support 130 on the top and a stem 140 on the bottom.
Main electrodes 150a and 150b, with opposite polarities, are mechanically sealed at both ends of arc tube 110. The mercury-vapor lamp requires a sizeable voltage to start the arc between main electrodes 150a and 150b.
The starting of the mercury-vapor lamp is controlled by a starting circuit (not shown in
During the starting operation, electrons move through a starting resistor 160 to a starting electrode 170 and across a short gap between starting electrode 170 and main electrode 150b of opposite polarity. The electrons cause ionization of some of the Argon gas in the arc tube. The ionized gas diffuses until a main arc develops between the two opposite polarity main electrodes 150a and 150b. The heat from the main arc vaporizes the mercury droplets to produce ionized current carriers. As the lamp current increases, the ballast acts to limit the current and reduce the supply voltage to maintain stable operation and extinguish the arc between main electrode 150b and starting electrode 170.
Because of the variety of different types of starter circuits, it is virtually impossible to characterize the current and voltage characteristics of the mercury-vapor lamp. In fact, the mercury-vapor lamp may require minutes of warm-up before light is emitted. Additionally, if power is lost, the lamp must cool and the mercury pressure must decrease before the starting arc can start again.
The mercury-vapor lamp has become the predominant street lamp with millions of units produced annually. The current installed base of these street lamps is enormous with more than 500,000 street lamps in Los Angeles alone. The mercury-vapor lamp is not the most efficient gaseous discharge lamp, but is preferred for use in street lamps because of its long life, reliable performance, and relatively low cost.
Although the mercury-vapor lamp has been used as a common example of current street lamps, there is increasing use of other types of lamps such as metal halide and high pressure sodium. All of these types of lamps require a starting circuit which makes it virtually impossible to characterize the current and voltage characteristics of the lamp.
Most cities currently use automatic lamp control units to control the street lamps. These lamp control units provide an automatic, but decentralized, control mechanism for turning the street lamps on at night and off during the day.
A typical street lamp assembly 201 includes a lamp sensor unit 210 which in turn includes a light sensor 260 and a relay 270 as shown in
From a physical standpoint, most lamp sensor units 210 use a standard three prong plug, for example a twist lock plug, to connect to the back of lamp assembly 230. The three prongs couple to hot line 280a, switched line 280c, and neutral lines 280b and 280d. In other words, the neutral lines 280b and 280d are both connected to the same physical prong since they are at the same electrical potential. Some systems also have a ground wire, but no ground wire is shown in
Power source 220 may be a standard 115 Volt, 60 Hz source from a power line. Of course, a variety of alternatives are available for power source 220. In foreign countries, power source 220 may be a 220 Volt, 50 Hz source from a power line. Additionally, power source 220 may be a DC voltage source or, in certain remote regions, it may be a battery which is charged by a solar reflector.
The operation of lamp sensor unit 210 is fairly simple. At sunset, when the light from the sun decreases below a sunset threshold, the light sensor 260 detects this condition and causes relay 270 to close. Closure of relay 270 results in electrical connection of hot line 280a and switched line 280c with power being applied to starting circuit 250 of lamp assembly 230 to ultimately produce light from lamp 240. At sunrise, when the light from the sun increases above a sunrise threshold, light sensor 260 detects this condition and causes relay 270 to open. Opening of relay 270 eliminates electrical connection between hot line 280a and switched line 280c and causes the removal of power from starting circuit 250 which turns lamp 240 off.
Lamp sensor unit 210 provides an automated, distributed control mechanism to turn lamp assembly 230 on and off. Unfortunately, it provides no mechanism for centralized monitoring of the street lamp to determine if the lamp is functioning properly. This problem is particularly important in regard to the street lamps on major boulevards and highways in large cities. When a street lamp burns out over a highway, it is often not replaced for a long period of time because the maintenance crew will only schedule a replacement lamp when someone calls the city maintenance department and identifies the exact pole location of the bad lamp. Since most automobile drivers will not stop on the highway just to report a bad street lamp, a bad lamp may go unreported indefinitely.
Additionally, if a lamp is producing light but has a hidden problem, visual monitoring of the lamp will never be able to detect the problem. Some examples of hidden problems relate to current, when the lamp is drawing significantly more current than is normal, or voltage, when the power supply is not supplying the appropriate voltage level to the street lamp.
Furthermore, the present system of lamp control in which an individual light sensor is located at each street lamp, is a distributed control system which does not allow for centralized control. For example, if the city wanted to turn on all of the street lamps in a certain area at a certain time, this could not be done because of the distributed nature of the present lamp control circuits.
Because of these limitations, a new type of lamp control unit is needed which allows centralized monitoring and/or control of the street lamps in a geographical area.
One attempt to produce a centralized control mechanism is a product called the RadioSwitch made by Cetronic. The RadioSwitch is a remotely controlled time switch for installation on the DIN-bar of control units. It is used for remote control of electrical equipment via local or national paging networks. Unfortunately, the RadioSwitch is unable to address most of the problems listed above.
Since the RadioSwitch is receive only (no transmit capability), it only allows one to remotely control external equipment. Furthermore, since the communication link for the RadioSwitch is via paging networks, it is unable to operate in areas in which paging does not exist (for example, large rural areas in the United States). Additionally, although the RadioSwitch can be used to control street lamps, it does not use the standard three prong interface used by the present lamp control units. Accordingly, installation is difficult because it cannot be used as a plug-in replacement for the current lamp control units.
Because of these limitations of the available equipment, there exists a need for a new type of lamp control unit which allows centralized monitoring and/or control of the street lamps in a geographical area. More specifically, this new device must be inexpensive, reliable, and easy to install in place of the millions of currently installed lamp control units.
Although the above discussion has presented street lamps as an example, there is a more general need for a new type of monitoring and control unit which allows centralized monitoring and/or control of units distributed over a large geographical area.
The above references are incorporated by reference herein where appropriate for appropriate teachings of additional or alternative details, features and/or technical background.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention provides a lamp monitoring and control unit and method for use with street lamps which solves the problems described above.
While the invention is described with respect to use with street lamps, it is more generally applicable to any application requiring centralized monitoring and/or control of units distributed over a large geographical area.
These and other objects, advantages and features can be accomplished in accordance with the present invention by the provision of a lamp monitoring and control unit comprising: a processing and sensing unit for sensing at least one lamp parameter of an associated lamp, and for processing the at least one lamp parameter to monitor and control the associated lamp by outputting monitoring data and control information; and a transmit unit for transmitting the monitoring data, representing the at least one lamp parameter, from the processing and sensing unit.
These and other objects, advantages and features can also be achieved in accordance with the invention by a lamp monitoring and control unit comprising: a processing unit for processing at least one lamp parameter and outputting a relay control signal; a light sensor, coupled to the processing unit, for sensing an amount of ambient light, producing a light signal associated with the amount of ambient light, and outputting the light signal to the processing unit; a relay for switching a switched power line to a hot power line based upon the relay control signal from the processing unit; a voltage sensor, coupled to the processing unit, for sensing a switched voltage in the switched power line; a current sensor, coupled to the switched power line, for sensing a switched current in the switched power line; and a transmit unit for transmitting monitoring data, representing the at least one lamp parameter, from the processing unit.
These and other objects, advantages and features can also be achieved in accordance with the invention by a method for monitoring and controlling a lamp comprising the steps of: sensing at least one lamp parameter of an associated lamp; processing the at least one lamp parameter to produce monitoring data and control information; transmitting the monitoring data; and applying the control information.
A feature of the present invention is that the lamp monitoring and control unit may be coupled to the associated lamp via a standard three prong plug.
Another feature of the present invention is that the processing and sensing unit may include a relay for switching the switched power line to the hot power line.
Another feature of the present invention is that the processing and sensing unit may include a current sensor for sensing a switched current in the switched power line.
Another feature of the present invention is that the processing and sensing unit may include a voltage sensor for sensing a switched voltage in the switched power line.
Another feature of the present invention is that the transmit unit may include a transmitter and a modified directional discontinuity ring radiator, and the modified directional discontinuity ring radiator may include a plurality of loops for resonance at a desired frequency range.
Another feature of the present invention is that in accordance with an embodiment of the method, the step of processing may include providing an initial delay, a current stabilization delay, a relay settle delay, to prevent false triggering.
Another feature of the present invention is that in accordance with an embodiment of the method, the step of transmitting the monitoring data may include a pseudo-random reporting start time delay, reporting delta time, and frequency. The pseudo-random nature of these values may be based on the serial number of the lamp monitoring and control unit.
An advantage of the present invention is that it solves the problem of providing centralized monitoring and/or control of the street lamps in a geographical area.
Another advantage of the present invention is that by using the standard three prong plug of the current street lamps, it is easy to install in place of the millions of currently installed lamp control units.
An additional advantage of the present invention is that it provides for a new type of monitoring and control unit which allows centralized monitoring and/or control of units distributed over a large geographical area.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements wherein:
FIGS. 11A-E show methods for one implementation of logic for a lamp monitoring and control unit, according to another embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSThe preferred embodiments of a lamp monitoring and control unit (LMCU) and method, which allows centralized monitoring and/or control of street lamps, will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures. While the invention is described with reference to an LMCU, the invention is not limited to this application and can be used in any application which requires a monitoring and control unit for centralized monitoring and/or control of devices distributed over a large geographical area. Additionally, the term street lamp in this disclosure is used in a general sense to describe any type of street lamp, area lamp, or outdoor lamp.
Power source 220 may be a standard 115 volt, 60 Hz source supplied by a power line. It is well known to those skilled in the art that a variety of alternatives are available for power source 220. In foreign countries, power source 220 may be a 220 volt, 50 Hz source from a power line. Additionally, power source 220 may be a DC voltage source or, in certain remote regions, it may be a battery which is charged by a solar reflector.
Recall that lamp sensor unit 210 included a light sensor 260 and a relay 270 which is used to control lamp assembly 230 by automatically switching the hot power 280a to a switched power line 280c depending on the amount of ambient light received by light sensor 260.
On the other hand, lamp monitoring and control unit 310 provides several functions including a monitoring function which is not provided by lamp sensor unit 210. Lamp monitoring and control unit 310 is electrically located between the external power supply 220 and starting circuit 250 of lamp assembly 230. From an electrical standpoint, there is a hot 280a with a neutral 280b electrical connection between power supply 220 and lamp monitoring and control unit 310. Additionally, there is a switched 280c and a neutral 280d electrical connection between lamp monitoring and control unit 310 and starting circuit 250 of lamp assembly 230.
From a physical standpoint, lamp monitoring and control unit 310 may use a standard three-prong plug to connect to the back of lamp assembly 230. The three prongs in the standard three-prong plug represent hot 280a, switched 280c, and neutral 280b and 280d. In other words, the neutral lines 280b and 280d are both connected to the same physical prong and share the same electrical potential.
Although use of a three-prong plug is recommended because of the substantial number of street lamps using this type of standard plug, it is well known to those skilled in the art that a variety of additional types of electrical connection may be used for the present invention. For example, a standard power terminal block or AMP power connector may be used.
Light sensor 518 includes a photosensor 518a and associated light sensor circuitry 518b. TX unit 414 includes a radio modem transmitter 414a and a built-in antenna 414b. Processing and sensing unit 412 includes microprocessor circuitry 412a, a relay 412b, current and voltage sensing circuitry 412c, and an analog-to-digital converter 412d.
Microprocessor circuitry 412a includes any standard microprocessor/microcontroller such as the Intel 8751 or Motorola 68HC16. Additionally, in applications in which cost is an issue, microprocessor circuitry 412a may comprise a small, low cost processor with built-in memory such as the Microchip PIC 8 bit microcontroller. Furthermore, microprocessor circuitry 412a may be implemented by using a PAL, EPLD, FPGA, or ASIC device.
Microprocessor circuitry 412a receives and processes input signals and outputs control signals. For example, microprocessor circuitry 412a receives a light sensing signal from light sensor 518. This light sensing signal may either be a threshold indication signal, that is, providing a digital signal, or some form of analog signal.
Based upon the value of the light sensing signal, microprocessor circuitry 412a may alternatively or additionally execute software to output a relay control signal to a relay 412a which switches switched power line 280c to hot power line 280a.
Microprocessor circuitry 412a may also interface to other sensing circuitry. For example, the lamp monitoring and control unit 310 may include current and voltage sensing circuitry 412c which senses the voltage of the switched power line 280c and also senses the current flowing through the switched power line 280c. The voltage sensing operation may produce a voltage ON signal which is sent from the current and voltage sensing circuitry 412c to microprocessor circuitry 412a. This voltage ON signal can be of a threshold indication, that is, some form of digital signal, or it can be an analog signal.
Current and voltage sensing circuitry 412c can also output a current level signal indicative of the amount of current flowing through switched power line 280c. The current level signal can interface directly to microprocessor circuitry 412a or, alternatively, it can be coupled to microprocessing circuitry 412a through an analog-to-digital converter 412b. Microprocessor circuitry 412a can produce a CLOCK signal which is sent to analog-to-digital converter 412d and which is used to allow A/D data to pass from analog-to-digital converter 412d to microprocessor circuitry 412a.
Microprocessor circuitry 412a can also be coupled to radio modem transmitter 414a to allow monitoring data to be sent from lamp monitoring control unit 310.
The configuration shown in
The frequencies to be used by the TX unit 414 are selected by microprocessor circuitry 412a. There are a variety of ways that these frequencies can be organized and used, examples of which will be discussed below.
The mapping between channel numbers and frequencies can either be performed in microprocessor circuitry 412a or TX unit 414. In other words the data signal sent to TX unit 414 from microprocessor circuitry 412a may either consist of channel numbers or frequency data. To transmit at these frequencies, TX unit 414 must have an associated antenna 414b.
The RF energy to be radiated is fed into an RF feed point 1050 and travels through wire segment 1060 through a hole 1030 in metal shield 1020 to variable capacitor C2. Variable capacitor C2 is used to match the input impedance of modified DDRR antenna 1000 to 50 ohms. Looped wire coil 1040 is looped several times, as opposed to typical DDRR antenna 900 which only has one loop. Looped wire coil 1040 may be coupled to wire segment 1060, or both looped wire coil 1040 and wire segment 1060 may be part of a continuous piece of wire, as shown. The end of wire coil 1040 is coupled to capacitor C1 which tunes modified DDRR antenna 1000 for resonance at the desired frequency.
Modified DDRR antenna 1000 has multiple loops in wire coil 1040 which allow the antenna to resonate at particular frequencies. For example, if typical DDRR antenna 900 with approximately a 5″ diameter is modified to include three to six loops, then the diameter can be decreased to less than 4″ and still resonate in the IVDS frequency range. In other words, if typical DDRR antenna 900 has a 4″ diameter, it will have poor resonance in the IVDS frequency range. In contrast, if modified DDRR antenna 1000 has a 4″ diameter, it will have excellent resonance in the IVDS frequency range. Accordingly, modified DDRR antenna 1000 provides for an efficient transformation of input RF energy for radiation as an E-M field because of its improved resonance at the desired frequencies and an impedance match (such as 50 ohms) to the input RF source. The exact number of additional loops and spacing for modified DDRR antenna 1000 depends on the frequency range selected.
Furthermore, if lamp monitoring and control unit 310 includes RX unit 416, as shown in
FIGS. 11A-E show methods for implementation of logic for lamp monitoring and control unit 310, according to a further embodiment of the invention. These methods may be implemented in a variety of ways, including software in microprocessor circuitry 412a or customized logic chips.
If a change occurred, step 1120 proceeds to a Debounce Delay step 1122 which involves inserting a Debounce Delay. For example, the Debounce Delay may be 0.5 seconds. After Debounce Delay step 1122, the method leads back to Check AC and Daylight Status step 1110.
If no change occurred, step 1120 proceeds to step 1130 which is a decision block to determine whether the lamp should be energized. If the lamp should be energized, then the method proceeds to step 1132 which turns the lamp on. After step 1132 when the lamp is turned on, the method proceeds to step 1134 which involves Current Stabilization Delay to allow the current in the street lamp to stabilize. The amount of delay for current stabilization depends upon the type of lamp used. However, for a typical vapor lamp a ten minute stabilization delay is appropriate. After step 1134, the method leads back to step 1110 which checks AC and Daylight Status.
Returning to step 1130, if the lamp is not to be energized, then the method proceeds to step 1140 which is a decision block to check to deenergize the lamp. If the lamp is to be deenergized, the method proceeds to step 1142 which involves turning the Lamp Off. After the lamp is turned off, the method proceeds to step 1144 in which the relay is allowed a Settle Delay time. The Settle Delay time is dependent upon the particular relay used and may be, for example, set to 0.5 seconds. After step 1144, the method returns to step 1110 to check the AC and Daylight Status.
Returning to step 1140, if the lamp is not to be deenergized, the method proceeds to step 1150 in which an error bit is set, if required and proceeds to step 1160 in which an A/D is read. For example, the A/D may be the analog-to-digital converter 412d for reading the current level as shown in
The method then proceeds from step 1160 to step 1170 which checks to see if a transmit is required. If no transmit is required, the method proceeds to step 1172 in which a Scan Delay is executed. The Scan Delay depends upon the circuitry used and, for example, may be 0.5 seconds. After step 1172, the method returns to step 1110 which checks AC and Daylight Status.
Returning to step 1170, if a transmit is required, then the method proceeds to step 1180 which performs a transmit operation. After the transmit operation of step 1180 is completed, the method then returns to step 1110 which checks AC and Daylight Status.
Returning to step 1124 which involves checking whether daylight has occurred, if daylight has occurred, the method proceeds to step 1128 which executes an Initial Delay. The Initial Delay associated with step 1128 should be a significantly larger value than the Initial Delay associated with step 1126. For example, an Initial Delay of 45 seconds may be used. The Initial Delay of step 1128 is used to prevent a false triggering which deenergizes the lamp. In actual practice, this extended delay can become very important because if the lamp is inadvertently deenergized too soon, it requires a substantial amount of time to reenergize the lamp (for example, ten minutes). After step 1128, the method proceeds to step 1122 which executes a Debounce Delay and then returns to step 1110 as shown in
The method begins with a transmit start block 1182 and proceeds to step 1184 which involves initializing a count value, i.e. setting the count value to zero. Step 1184 proceeds to step 1186 which involves setting a variable x to a value associated with a serial number of lamp monitoring and control unit 310. For example, variable x may be set to 50 times the lowest nibble of the serial number.
Step 1186 proceeds to step 1188 which involves waiting a reporting start time delay associated with the value x. The reporting start time is the amount of delay time before the first transmission. For example, this delay time may be set to x seconds where x is an integer between 1 and 32,000 or more. This example range for x is particularly useful in the street lamp application since it distributes the packet reporting start times over more than eight hours, approximately the time from sunset to sunrise.
Step 1188 proceeds to step 1190 in which a variable y representing a channel number is set. For example, y may be set to the integer value of RTC/12.8, where RTC represents a real time clock counting from 0-255 as fast as possible. The RTC may be included in microprocessing circuitry 412a.
Step 1190 proceeds to step 1192 in which a packet is transmitted on channel y. Step 1192 proceeds to step 1194 in which the count value is incremented. Step 1194 proceeds to step 1196 which is a decision block to determine if the count value equals an upper limit N.
If the count is not equal to N, step 1196 returns to step 1188 and waits another delay time associated with variable x. This delay time is the reporting delta time since it represents the time difference between two consecutive reporting events.
If the count is equal to N, step 1196 proceeds to step 1198 which is an end block. The value for N must be determined based on the specific application. Increasing the value of N decreases the probability of a unsuccessful transmission since the same data is being sent multiple times and the probability of all of the packets being lost decreases as N increases. However, increasing the value of N increases the amount of traffic which may become an issue in a lamp monitoring and control system with a plurality of lamp monitoring and control units.
The method begins with a transmit start block 1110′ and proceeds to step 1112′ which involves initializing a count value, i.e., setting the count value to 1. The method proceeds from step 1112′ to step 1114′ which involves randomizing the reporting start time delay. The reporting start time delay is the amount of time delay required before the transmission of the first data packet. A variety of methods can be used for this randomization process such as selecting a pseudo-random value or basing the randomization on the serial number of monitoring and control unit 510.
The method proceeds from step 1114′ to step 1116′ which involves checking to see if the count equals 1. If the count is equal to 1, then the method proceeds to step 1120′ which involves setting a reporting delta time equal to the reporting start time delay. If the count is not equal to 1, the method proceeds to step 1118′ which involves randomizing the reporting delta time. The reporting delta time is the difference in time between each reporting event. A variety of methods can be used for randomizing the reporting delta time including selecting a pseudo-random value or selecting a random number based upon the serial number of the monitoring and control unit 510.
After either step 1118′ or step 1120′, the method proceeds to step 1122′ which involves randomizing a transmit channel number. The transmit channel number is a number indicative of the frequency used for transmitting the monitoring data. There are a variety of methods for randomizing the transmit channel number such as selecting a pseudo-random number or selecting a random number based upon the serial number of the monitoring and control unit 510.
The method proceeds from step 1122′ to step 1124′ which involves waiting the reporting delta time. It is important to note that the reporting delta time is the time which was selected during the randomization process of step 1118′ or the reporting start time delay selected in step 1114′, if the count equals 1. The use of separate randomization steps 1114′ and 1118′ is important because it allows the use of different randomization functions for the reporting start time delay and the reporting delta time, respectively.
After step 1124′ the method proceeds to step 1126′ which involves transmitting a packet on the transmit channel selected in step 1122′.
The method proceeds from step 1126′ to step 1128′ which involves incrementing the counter for the number of packet transmissions.
The method proceeds from step 1128′ to step 1130′ in which the count is compared with a value N which represents the maximum number of transmissions for each packet. If the count is less than or equal to N, then the method proceeds from step 1130′ back to step 1118′ which involves randomizing the reporting delta time for the next transmission. If the count is greater than N, then the method proceeds from step 1130′ to the end block 1132′ for the transmission method.
In other words, the method will continue transmission of the same packet of data N times, with randomization of the reporting start time delay, randomization of the reporting delta times between each reporting event, and randomization of the transmit channel number for each packet. These multiple randomizations help stagger the packets in the frequency and time domain to reduce the probability of collisions of packets from different monitoring and control units.
The method begins with a transmit start block 1140′ and proceeds to step 1142′ which involves initializing a count value, i.e., setting the count value to 1. The method proceeds from step 1142′ to step 1144′ which involves reading an indicator, such as a group jumper, to determine which group of frequencies to use, Group A or B. Examples of Group A and Group B channel numbers and frequencies can be found in
Step 1144′ proceeds to step 1146′ which makes a decision based upon whether Group A or B is being used. If Group A is being used, step 1146′ proceeds to step 1148′ which involves setting a base channel to the appropriate frequency for Group A. If Group B is to be used, step 1146′ proceeds to step 1150′ which involves setting the base channel frequency to a frequency for Group B.
After either Step 1148′ or step 1150′, the method proceeds to step 1152′ which involves randomizing a reporting start time delay. For example, the randomization can be achieved by multiplying the lowest nibble of the serial number of monitoring and control unit 510 by 50 and using the resulting value, x, as the number of milliseconds for the reporting start time delay.
The method proceeds from step 1152′ to step 1154′ which involves waiting x number of seconds as determined in step 1152′.
The method proceeds from step 1154′ to step 1156′ which involves setting a value z=0, where the value z represents an offset from the base channel number set in step 1148′ or 1150′. Step 1156′ proceeds to step 1158′ which determines whether the count equals 1. If the count equals 1, the method proceeds from step 1158′ to step 1172′ which involves transmitting the packet on a channel determined from the base channel frequency selected in either step 1148′ or step 1150′ plus the channel frequency offset selected in step 1156′.
If the count is not equal to 1, then the method proceeds from step 1158′ to step 1160′ which involves determining whether the count is equal to N, where N represents the maximum number of packet transmissions. If the count is equal to N, then the method proceeds from step 1160′ to step 1172′ which involves transmitting the packet on a channel determined from the base channel frequency selected in either step 1148′ or step 1150′ plus the channel number offset selected in step 1156′.
If the count is not equal to N, indicating that the count is a value between 1 and N, then the method proceeds from step 1160′ to step 1162′ which involves reading a real time counter (RTC) which may be located in processing and sensing unit 412.
The method proceeds from step 1162′ to step 1164′ which involves comparing the RTC value against a maximum value, for example, a maximum value of 152. If the RTC value is greater than or equal to the maximum value, then the method proceeds from step 1164′ to step 1166′ which involves waiting x seconds and returning to step 1162′.
If the value of the RTC is less than the maximum value, then the method proceeds from step 1164′ to step 1168′ which involves setting a value y equal to a value indicative of the channel number offset. For example, y can be set to an integer of the real time counter value divided by 8, so that Y value would range from 0 to 18.
The method proceeds from step 1168′ to step 1170′ which involves computing a frequency offset value z from the channel number offset value y. For example, if a 25 KHz channel is being used, then z is equal to y times 25 KHz.
The method then proceeds from step 1170′ to step 1172′ which involves transmitting the packet on a channel determined from the base channel frequency selected in either step 1148′ or step 1150′ plus the channel frequency offset computed in step 1170′.
The method proceeds from step 1172′ to step 1174′ which involves incrementing the count value. The method proceeds from step 1174′ to step 1176′ which involves comparing the count value to a value N+1 which is related to the maximum number of transmissions for each packet. If the count is not equal to N+1, the method proceeds from step 1176′ back to step 1154′ which involves waiting x number of milliseconds. If the count is equal to N+1, the method proceeds from step 1176′ to the end block 1178′.
The method shown in
Although the above figures show numerous embodiments of the invention, it is well known to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications can be implemented.
For example,
As another alternative, if lamp monitoring and control unit 310 of
The foregoing embodiments are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The present teaching can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses. The description of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims. Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims
1. A system, comprising:
- a plurality of fixed transmit/receive units each having an antenna and capable of transmitting and receiving digital packets of information;
- at least one remote transmitting and receiving unit with a remote antenna capable of communicatively coupling to at least one of said plurality of fixed transmit/receive units via said digital packets of information.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 26, 2006
Publication Date: Jan 25, 2007
Applicant:
Inventors: Larry Williams (Los Angeles, CA), Michael Young (Falls Church, VA), Hunter Jones (Silver Spring, MD)
Application Number: 11/526,796
International Classification: G06F 11/00 (20060101);