Arrangement for illumination and/or detection in a microscope
A laser scanning microscope comprises at least one selectively switchable micro-mirror arrangement (DMD) in the illumination beam path and/or detection beam path which is used for the wavelength selection of dispersively divided illumination and/or object light such as reflection, fluorescence.
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/295,555, filed Apr. 21, 1999, which claims priority of German Application No. 198 35 072.4, filed Aug. 4, 1998, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONa) Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a laser scanning microscope comprising a laser unit, scanning means, a microscope stand, a detection unit and a control/receiving unit, wherein the spectral characteristics of the detection unit can be freely programmed by a switching mirror array integrated in a monochromator. The switching mirror array (one- or two-dimensional) can be constructed, for example, as a DMD (Digital Mirror Device or switchable -mirror arrangement). The laser scanning microscope according to the invention enables different operating modes. On the one hand, the emitted spectrum can be detected with high resolution on every scanned pixel (in the specimen); on the other hand, the emitted spectrum can be divided into a quantity of spectral portions (zones on the switching mirror array) and each of these portions can be treated as a separate electronic detection channel (which is advantageous, e.g., for receiving multiple fluorescences). Further, a freely programmable confocal diaphragm (pinhole) can be realized by means of an additional switching mirror array which is introduced in a conjugate plane to the object plane.
b) Description of the Related Art
Modern laser scanning microscopes for examination of (fluorescing) specimens generally comprise a detection unit which divides the (fluorescent) radiation emitted from the specimen into a certain quantity of (generally up to 4) detection channels by means of dichroic splitter layers and filter layers (principle of optical multichannel analyzer—OMA). These splitters/filters are generally held in rotatable revolving wheels or linear-displaceable disks. In this way, a spectral adaptation of the channels to the spectral characteristics of the specimen radiation is possible up to a certain degree. However, since only a finite number of dielectric splitters and filters can be received in every holder and the spectral characteristics of every individual splitter/filter are determined in the process of their manufacture, this arrangement is not flexible enough to be adapted to the specimen spectrum in an optimum manner in many cases of application (
A confocal microscope with DMD mirror arrays for illumination and/or detection is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,832.
OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe primary object of the invention is a laser scanning microscope which is substantially more flexible with respect to its excitation and/or detection.
The invention encompasses a laser scanning microscope with a detection unit whose spectral characteristics are freely programmable by means of a switching mirror array integrated in a monochromator.
This laser scanning microscope, according to the invention, comprises a laser unit, scanning means, a microscope stand, a detection unit and a control/receiving unit. The (fluorescent) radiation which is emitted from the specimen can be focused (in the case of confocal applications) on a confocal pinhole that is positioned in a conjugate object plane. This pinhole then simultaneously represents the entrance aperture of a (grating) monochromator which divides the specimen radiation into its spectral components through its dispersive effect. An at least one-dimensional switching mirror array on which the specimen spectrum is optically imaged (
The at least one-dimensional switching mirror array comprises a quantity of individually controllable switching mirrors. While the scanning means essentially dwell on one specimen point, one mirror after the other can now be individually controlled (and therefore switched), e.g., sequentially, and the individual spectral components of the specimen radiation are accordingly reflected onto a suitably synchronized detector sequentially for reception of the entire spectrum.
Alternatively, adjacent mirror zones corresponding to whole spectral bands can be controlled in parallel in order to simultaneously detect entire frequency bands in this way (one band after the other or a plurality of bands simultaneously). In the case of fluorescent radiation, those mirror pixels that correspond to the excitation radiation can advantageously be omitted from the detected spectrum.
In a variant, the excitation radiation can advantageously be coupled into the system via the mirror pixels corresponding to the excitation (
Further, a freely programmable confocal diaphragm (pinhole) can be realized (
In an advantageous variant, a curved grating can be used, which curved grating likewise takes over the collimation and the dispersion of the radiation to be detected and accordingly results in a reduced quantity of optical components (
In a variant, the optical grating can be replaced by a prism. In this way, an increase in the efficiency of the optical system is potentially possible (
In a variant, the spectroscopic system can also be adapted to an existing state-of-the-art laser scanning microscope in order to carry out a spectral characterization of the emission radiation of the microscopic specimen. This can be carried out in particular via a fiber coupling of the spectrometric unit to the laser scanning microscope, wherein the fiber can be arranged, for example, directly behind one of the confocal pinholes (
In a variant which has as subject matter the excitation of multiphoton fluorescence, a confocal diaphragm can be entirely dispensed with due to the three-dimensionally spatially resolved excitation (
In fluorescence microscopy, application in the biomedical field is generally concentrated in the wavelength band from approximately 350 to 800 nm. The wavelength resolution required for application lies in the range of about 0.5 nm. At the present time, switching mirror arrays can be obtained (also commercially) in a wide variety of constructions (e.g., from Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX), also, for example, in 576×864 pixel2 display form. Accordingly, when imaging the spectrum along the 864 pixels, a resolution of about 0.5 nm can be realized. The individual mirrors can be switched in a digitally controlled manner between two highly-stable positions (±10°), wherein the switching process is concluded within approximately 300 ns. The reflecting mirrors can be digitally programmed optionally and independently from one another.
Gratings, prisms or combinations thereof, for example, can be used as dispersive media in the constructions described above. By using these components in a double-pass configuration, the effective dispersion can be doubled and a particularly compact construction of the laser scanning microscope can accordingly realized in an advantageous manner.
In principle, all of the arrangements described herein can also be realized in transmission mode by using a transmission array (LCD array; liquid crystal) instead of the switching mirror array (
A line-scanning laser scanning microscope can be realized in that the laser beam is expanded to a line and scanned over the object by means of only one scanner (one scanning axis) (
The resolving capacity of the spectrometric system can be adapted to the needs of the application in question by exchanging the optical grating or by displacing and rotating the grating (monochromator size)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSIn the drawings:
The scan head S can be mounted on the phototube of an upright microscope as well as on a lateral output of an inverse microscope.
The drawings show a microscope beam path which is switchable between incident light scanning and transmitted light scanning by means of a swivelable mirror 14, with a light source 1, illumination optics 2, beam splitter 3, objective 4, specimen stage 5, condenser 6, light source 7, receiver arrangement 8, a tube lens 9, an observation beam path with a tube lens 10 and an eyepiece 11, and a beam splitter/mirror 12 for coupling in the scanning beam. A laser module 13.1, 13.2 holds the laser and is connected via monomode light-conducting fibers 14.1, 14.2 with the laser input coupling unit of the scan head S.
The coupling of radiation into the light-conducting fibers 14.1, 14.2 is carried out by displaceable collimating optics and beam deflecting elements 17.1, 17.2. A monitoring beam path is stopped down by means of a partially reflecting mirror 18 in the direction of a monitor diode 19, wherein line filters 21 and neutral filters 20 are advantageously arranged in front of the monitor diode 19 on a rotatable filter wheel, not shown.
The actual scan unit comprises a scanning objective 22, X/Y scanner 23, main beam splitter 24 and common imaging optics 25 for detection channels 26.1-26.4.
A deflecting prism 27 arranged behind the imaging optics 25 reflects the radiation coming from the object 5 in the direction of dichroic beam splitters 28 in the convergent beam path of the imaging optics 25, wherein pinholes 29 which are displaceable in the direction of and vertical to the optical axis and which are adjustable in diameter are arranged along with emission filters 30 and suitable receiver elements 31 (PMT) individually for each detection channel following the beam splitters 28.
A control unit/computer unit 34 is connected, among others, with the stage 5 and the scanners 23 and controls them.
The coupled in laser light (in) reaches a grating GT2, is spectrally divided and is reflected on a DMD arrangement, shown schematically by a line extending along the dispersion direction, via a field lens FL1 for parallelizing.
Through selective switching of individual mirror elements, shown schematically with reference to
For the wavelength components (excitation light) reflected back to the grating GT2, the dispersion is eliminated again and they are imaged on a pinhole PH2 in the input of the microscope (out-on) since they impinge on the grating in an offset manner.
The light returning from the object passes through PH2, GT2, FL1, DMD, an additional field lens FL2 in the direction of a detection unit DE shown schematically.
Reflection is carried out in a wavelength-selective manner (out-off) in the direction of detection in the OFF position.
Splitting into individual wavelengths is carried out at the grating GT2 and these individual wavelengths can be detected individually.
A construction of an LCD array instead of a pinhole analogous to the DMD in
While the foregoing description and drawings represent the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims
1-11. (canceled)
12. A laser scanning microscope comprising:
- a micro-mirror arrangement acting as a confocal pinhole diaphragm in a detection beam path; and
- a detector that receives a detection beam from the micro-mirror arrangement.
13. The arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size and shape of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement.
14. The arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a lateral position of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement.
15. The arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement in synchronization with a detected spectral band.
16. The arrangement according to claim 12, further comprising:
- a dispersive element positioned in the detection beam path between the micro-mirror arrangement and the detector, and operable to spatially disperse a detection beam from the micro-mirror arrangement;
- wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size, shape and lateral position of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement in synchronization with a detected spectral band.
17. The arrangement according to claim 12, further comprising:
- a second micro-mirror arrangement and a second dispersive element acting together as a beam splitter for wavelength-selective coupling-in of an excitation beam in the direction of an object under study and wavelength-selective coupling-out of a detection beam in the direction of the detector.
18. A laser scanning microscope comprising:
- a micro-mirror arrangement acting as a slit pinhole in a detection beam path so as to receive a scanned line of an object; and
- a detector that receives the scanned line from the micro-mirror arrangement.
19. The arrangement according to claim 18, further comprising
- a dispersive element positioned in the detection beam path between the micro-mirror arrangement and the detector;
- wherein the detector is a two dimensional array of detector elements such that the scanned line is imaged in one dimension of the detector and the spectrum of the scanned line is imaged in the other dimension of the detector.
20. A laser scanning microscope comprising:
- a laser unit;
- a scanning means;
- a micro-mirror arrangement positioned in the scanning means and acting as a variable spatial pinhole diaphragm in a detection beam path; and
- a detector that receives a detection beam from the micro-mirror arrangement
- wherein the variable spatial pinhole represents the entrance aperture of a monochromator which divides the specimen radiation into spectral components through dispersion.
21. The laser scanning microscope according to claim 20, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size and shape of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement.
22. The laser scanning microscope according to claim 20, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a lateral position of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement.
23. The laser scanning microscope according to claim 20, wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement in synchronization with a detected spectral band.
24. The laser scanning microscope according to claim 20, further comprising:
- a dispersive element positioned in the detection beam path between the micro-mirror arrangement and the detector, and operable to spatially disperse a detection beam from the micro-mirror arrangement;
- wherein the micro-mirror arrangement is programmable with respect to a size, shape and lateral position of the pinhole on the micro-mirror arrangement in synchronization with a detected spectral band.
25. The laser scanning microscope according to claim 20, further comprising:
- a second micro-mirror arrangement and a second dispersive element acting together as a beam splitter for wavelength-selective coupling-in of an excitation beam in the direction of an object under study and wavelength-selective coupling-out of a detection beam in the direction of the detector.
26. A laser scanning microscope comprising:
- a laser source;
- a scanning means;
- a micro-mirror arrangement disposed in the scanning means acting as a slit pinhole in a detection beam path so as to receive a scanned line of an object; and
- a detector that receives the scanned line from the micro-mirror arrangement.
27. The arrangement according to claim 26, further comprising
- a dispersive element positioned in the detection beam path between the micro-mirror arrangement and the detector;
- wherein the detector is a two dimensional array of detector elements such that the scanned line is imaged in one dimension of the detector and the spectrum of the scanned line is imaged in the other dimension of the detector.
28. A laser scanning microscope comprising:
- a laser source;
- a scanning means;
- a micro-mirror arrangement disposed in the scanning means acting as a point pinhole in a detection beam path so as to receive a scanned line of an object; and
- a detector that receives the scanned line from the micro-mirror arrangement.
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 9, 2006
Publication Date: May 24, 2007
Inventors: Thomas Weyh (Stadtroda), Ulrich Simon (Rothenstein), Guenter Schoeppe (Jena), Ralf Wolleschensky (Schoeten), Michael Stock (Apolda)
Application Number: 11/595,475
International Classification: G02B 21/06 (20060101);