Thermocouples
A thermocouple disposed on a substrate comprises a first leg of thermoelectric material, a second leg of thermoelectric material, and a thermocouple junction electrically connecting the first leg and the second leg, wherein a height of the thermocouple junction is substantially a height of the first or second legs.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/788,220, filed on Mar. 31, 2006, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to electronic devices, and more particularly to a thermocouple and methods of fabricating thermocouples.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Thermocouples measure temperature. Thermocouples include two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, which produce a small unique voltage for a given temperature. This voltage is measured and interpreted by a thermocouple thermometer.
There are various problems that reduce component survival, service lifetime and accuracy for embedded thermocouples in harsh thermal environments in the presence of oxidizing or other reactive gases. These problems include failure of the thermal barrier coating including cracking and spalling, oxidation of the thermocouple, and temperature measurement errors caused by the use of non-standard thermocouple alloy compositions.
Referring to
Therefore, a need exists for a system and method of fabricating thermocouples having durable construction and accurate operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a thermocouple disposed on a substrate comprises a first leg of thermoelectric material, a second leg of thermoelectric material, and a thermocouple junction electrically connecting the first leg and the second leg, wherein a height of the thermocouple junction is substantially a height of the first or second legs.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a thermocouple having a thermocouple junction is formed by continuously varying a composition of a line over a portion of the line, forming a graded junction with substantially a height of a conducting line electrically coupled at the thermocouple junction.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a thermocouple comprises at least first and second thermocouple legs each having an alloy composition, and a plurality of isothermal contact pads for electrically coupling the at least first and second thermocouple legs to collect a signal.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in more detail, with reference to the accompanying drawings:
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a thermocouple device has desirable durability and accuracy. The thermocouple device may be implemented as a low profile thermocouple, a graded junction low profile thermocouple, a three terminal thermocouple, or direct write thermal spray type thermocouple, among others.
The thermocouples can be embedded in a thermal barrier coating (TBC) used to protect a substrate from the high temperature combustion gases. These embedded thermocouples need to have a long service life and may be used to monitor the condition of the substrate, e.g., components of machinery operating in harsh environments.
The TBC comprises several layers that work in concert to protect the substrate metal, such as a superalloy. An upper layer of the TBC may be yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposited on a bond coat of an alloy containing aluminum, for example NiCrAlY. The YSZ forms an interface layer of Al2O3 by thermal oxidation of the bond coat during initial operation of the component, for example, a turbine blade or vane. The aluminum oxide formed at the interface slows further oxidation and promotes bonding of the YSZ to the bond coat. The thermocouple has substantially no impact on the thermal and structural integrity of the TBC coating system.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a low profile thermocouple junction improves the mechanical stability of the TBC and is minimally impacted by the thermocouple. This can be accomplished with a direct write deposition system by making a side-by-side junction taking advantage of the Gaussian line profile of the deposited line. If the line centers are properly positioned with respect to each other, a reliable junction is formed where the height of the highest point in the junction is substantially the same as the height of an individual line.
By using a direct write system where the composition of the alloy can be changed during deposition, it is possible to make a graded junction where the composition changes from composition A to composition B over a finite distance. In direct write thermal spray, this can be accomplished with, for example, a deposition system with two powder feeders and two powder injection nozzles. As the deposition device traverses the part, the flow of powder A is turned off while the flow of powder B is turned on. Thus, a graded junction is formed where the alloy composition changes form A to B over a finite distance. The graded junction can be used when the thermocouple is deposited in a trench so that the height of the junction is substantially the same as the depth of the trench.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, low profile thermocouples include a junction region having a thickness approximately equal to the thickness of a single layer (see FIGS. 3 and 4A-B). These thermocouples can be used under or in thermal barrier coatings and will not substantially comprise the mechanical integrity of the coating. The low profile thermocouple may use a Gaussian profile lines to create a side-by-side junction (see for example,
Another approach to the formation of a low profile thermocouple is to use a NiCrAlY bond coat as one leg of the thermocouple. There are a number of alloy compositions used as bond coats for thermal barrier coatings including Co32Ni21Cr8A10.5Y (Praxair CO-211), Ni22Cr10A11Y, and Ni31Cr11A10.1Y. The thermocouple is formed using a NiCrAlY composition such as Ni31Cr11A10.1Y as one leg with Ni20Cr as the other leg. The NiCrAlY layer under the TBC is used to form the junction. A window is opened in the TBC down the NiCrAlY bond coat and the junction is formed between the Ni20Cr line and the NiCrAlY layer. The NiCrAlY layer is exposed in another location in a cold zone so that thermocouple lead wires can be welded to it. The lead or connecting wire should match the NiCrAlY composition closely so as to substantially prevent the generation of thermal EMF at the lead wire junction. Yet another approach is to vary the alloy composition, for example by using NiCrY and NiAlY materials, which are well suited for high-temperature operation and coating compatibility.
Referring to graded junction low profile thermocouples, a low profile direct write thermocouple includes a junction region having a thickness approximately equal to the thickness of the single layer. In the graded junction low profile thermocouple the composition of the direct written line is continuously varied in the junction region. To form a junction in a type K thermocouple (type K and type N as used herein are defined by the Instrument Society of America) with on leg of NiCr and the other lag of NiAl the composition in the junction region is continuously varied from NiCr to NiAl. In the direct write thermal spray (DWTS) process the composition is varied by using two powder feeders and separate powder injection tubes for each alloy. The powder feed rate of the NiCr is decreased and the feed rate of the NiAl is increased at the same time as a direct write head traverses through the junction region.
The length of the graded junction region should be as small, e.g., not more than about 10 mm, because a temperature gradient across the junction will introduce a small thermocouple EMF that will cause an error in the measurement of temperature difference between hot and cold junction. If the graded junction is isothermal, there will be no EMF, and this error will be zero.
The thermocouple can also be fabricated into a groove to maintain a level profile at the surface of the component, where the depth of the groove is substantially the thickness of the as-deposited positive and negative thermocouple alloy materials 401 and 402 (see
Referring now to a three-terminal thermocouple as shown in
The direct write thermocouple is connected to a measurement system with connecting wires and it is desirable to use connecting wires such as type K (Chromel and Alumel) for this purpose, for example. By using these connecting wires the temperature compensation for the room temperature contacts to the measuring instrument or data acquisition system can be done with a wide variety of commercially available products. The wire connection to the direct write thermocouple is typically done by welding the commercial type K connecting wires to contact pads at the root of the substrate, e.g., turbine blade. In order to compensate for the thermal EMF generated by the connecting wires, an independent measurement of the temperature is needed at the contact pads located at the root of the blade.
The temperature of the tip of the substrate, e.g., turbine blade, can be determined using the three terminal thermocouple system shown in the
For example, the temperature of a turbine blade tip 511 is determined by measuring the voltages V1 and V2. The voltages are related to the temperatures by the following equations:
V1=SKx(Ttip−Troot)+SK(Troot−Tref) Eqn 1
V2=SK(Troot−Tref) Eqn 2
Where SKx is the Seebeck coefficient of the DW thermocouple and SK is the Seebeck coefficient of the type K thermocouple.
If the reference contacts are compensated, the equation become:
V1=SKx(Ttip−Troot)+SK(Troot) Eqn 3
V2=SK(Troot) Eqn 4
Subtracting Eqn 4 from Eqn 3 gives:
V1−V2=SKx(Ttip−Troot)
(Ttip−Troot)=(V1−V2)/SKx Eqn 5
Solving Eqn 4 for Troot gives:
Troot=V2/SK Eqn 6
Substituting Eqn 6 into Eqn 5 gives:
(Ttip−V2/SK)=(V1−V2)/SKx
Ttip=(V1−V2)/SKx+V2/SK Eqn 7
Equation 7 is used to determine the tip temperature. The assumptions in this analysis are that the Seebeck coefficients are constant over the temperature range of interest. If this is not the case, the integral form of the equations must be used.
Referring to a direct write thermal spray type N thermocouple, utilizing thermal spray and direct write thermal spray (DWTS) technologies, type N thermocouples have been fabricated and tested for operation as well as characterized for Seebeck coefficient. The benefit of type N thermocouples over traditional type K thermocouples have been documents in detail elsewhere. In brief, the type N thermocouple has very good thermocouple stability, superior to other base metal thermocouples and has excellent resistance to high temperature oxidation. They also do not suffer from order-disorder transitions, which can result in different effective Seebeck coefficients within the thermocouple leading to errors and calibration drift. The Nicrosil-Nisil thermocouple is suited for accurate measurements in air up to about 1200° C. In vacuum or controlled atmosphere, it can withstand temperatures in excess of about 1200° C. Its sensitivity of 39 microvolts/° C. at 900° C. is slightly lower than type K (41 microvolts/° C.). DWTS type N sensors are under development for high temperature oxidizing service environments, where type K sensors have shown limited lifetimes. The deposited type N thermocouples were comprised of the following alloys given in Table 1. The composition of the conventional alloys used in conventional wire fabricated thermocouples is selected for suitable concentration can be used because there is less concern with the enbrittlement caused by Si in a thin film thermocouple than in a wire thermocouple. The higher Si concentration imparts improved high temperature oxidation resistance. Additional alloys of varying compositions similar to conventional compositions are under investigation.
The type N Seebeck coefficients have been reported as 39 μV/° C. at 600° C. and 26.2 μV/° C. The data in
Having described embodiments for fabricating thermocouples, it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments of the invention disclosed which are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.
Claims
1. A thermocouple disposed on a substrate comprising:
- a first leg of thermoelectric material;
- a second leg of thermoelectric material; and
- a thermocouple junction electrically connecting the first leg and the second leg, wherein a height of the thermocouple junction is substantially a height of the first or second legs.
2. The thermocouple of claim 1, wherein the thermocouple is embedded in an insulating layer.
3. The thermocouple of claim 1, wherein the thermocouple is embedded in a thermal barrier coating.
4. The thermocouple of claim 1, wherein the thermocouple junction region is comprised of segments the first and second legs arranged to be substantially parallel and overlapping for electrical contact.
5. The thermocouple of claim 4, wherein the segments of the first and second legs are separated by a distance equal to a full width at half maximum of the segments.
6. The thermocouple of claim 1, wherein the thermocouple junction is graded between the first and second legs.
7. The thermocouple of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second legs is formed of a metallic bond coat.
8. A thermocouple wherein a thermocouple junction is formed by continuously varying a composition of a line over a portion of the line, forming a graded junction with substantially a height of a conducting line electrically coupled at the thermocouple junction.
9. The thermocouple of claim 8, wherein the thermocouple is deposited into a groove such that a top surface of the thermocouple junction and the conducting line are substantially level with a surface of a substrate.
10. A thermocouple comprising:
- at least first and second thermocouple legs each having an alloy composition; and
- a plurality of isothermal contact pads for electrically coupling the at least first and second thermocouple legs to collect a signal.
11. The thermocouple of claim 10, further comprising a plurality of connecting wires electrically coupled to the plurality of isothermal contact pads, respectively.
12. The thermocouple of claim 11, wherein the plurality of connecting wires are electrically coupled to the respective isothermal contact pads to form a thermocouple junction at the isothermal contact pads.
13. The thermocouple of claim 11, wherein the first and second thermocouple legs are formed of alloy compositions of Ni20Cr and Ni5Al, respectively, the thermocouple further comprising a plurality of type K connecting lines formed of one of Chromel and Alumel, such that a first Chromel connecting line is electrically coupled to the isothermal contact pad of the first thermocouple legs and an Alumel connecting line and a second Chromel connecting line are electrically coupled to the isothermal contact pad of the second thermocouple leg.
14. The thermocouple of claim 11, wherein the first and second thermocouple legs are formed of alloy composition of Ni20Cr and Ni5Al, respectively, the thermocouple further comprising a plurality of type K connecting line formed of one of Chromel and Alumel, such that a first Alumel connecting line and a Chromel connecting line are electrically coupled to the isothermal contact pad of the first thermocouple leg and a second Alumel connecting line is electrically coupled to the isothermal contact pad of the second thermocouple leg.
15. The thermocouple of claim 10, wherein the alloy compositions are one of NiCrY and NiAlY.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 2, 2007
Publication Date: Oct 4, 2007
Patent Grant number: 7753584
Inventors: Richard J. Gambino (Stony Brook, NY), Jon Patrick Longtin (Port Jefferson, NY), Jeffrey A. Brogan (Stony Brook, NY), Jonathan S. Gutleber (Hungtinton, NY), Robert J. Greenlaw (Hungtinton Beach, CA)
Application Number: 11/695,451
International Classification: H01L 35/02 (20060101);