FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENT AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME
Disclosed is a portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument that includes an excitation source, at least one of a light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source, and a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data including autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
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This application is a continuing application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/633,385, filed Aug. 1, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/461,394, filed Apr. 8, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/430,273 filed Dec. 2, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/400,503 filed Aug. 1, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein.
BACKGROUNDThe invention relates to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a single molecule detection method that has been used to detect molecules in small volume samples, e.g., femtoliters. FCS is a technique that employs confocal optics to limit the volume of sample studied to that of a confocal plane. The confocal plane is defined by the optical components of the system.
Optics are employed in FCS to reduce out-of-focus light and limit image detection to the desired focal plane of in-focus light (i.e., the sample plane, which is also referred to as the image plane). The excitation volume (i.e., confocal volume) is minimized by illuminating the volume with a laser beam that has been focused to the limit of the resolution of a high numerical aperture objective lens. Out-of-focus light is eliminated by placing a field pinhole (i.e., aperture) in a conjugate image plane of the objective lens and before the detector. Eliminating out-of-focus light limits the volume of detection to the plane in which the object is focused. Signals from planes either above or below the object plane are focused either above or below the conjugate image plane, which renders them inefficiently collected due to the location of the aperture through which the focused image is allowed to pass. Fluorescently labeled particles that are in the sample of interest are detected only when the particles are present at the image plane of the confocal volume.
FCS is a technique used in biophysics, biochemistry, and cell biology. FCS can be used to study events at the level of single molecules. The diffusion times and the interaction of macromolecules, the absolute concentration of fluorescently labeled particles and the kinetics of chemical reactions can be measured using FCS. Applications of FCS have included studies related to ligand-receptor binding, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, and the aggregation of fluorescently labeled particles. The theory and applications of FCS are described in various references including Rigler, R. (1995), “Fluorescence correlations, single molecule detection and large number screening. Applications in biotechnology,” J Biotechnol 41(2-3): 177-86; Schwille, P. (2001), “Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and its potential for intracellular applications.” Cell Biochem Biophys 34(3): 383-408; and Hess, S. T., S. Huang, et al. (2002). “Biological and chemical applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: a review,” Biochemistry 41(3): 697-705.
Typical FCS instruments are configured to include an epifluorescence microscope or a confocal microscope. These configurations are relatively large and require a user to focus and adjust the microscope and align the various components of the instrument prior to use.
SUMMARYIn one aspect, the invention features a portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument that includes an excitation source, at least one of a light focusing element (e.g., a lens, a fiber optic or a combination thereof) positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source, and a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data that includes autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the instrument further includes an emission filter positioned to transmit light to the detector, the emission filter adapted to transmit light having a wavelength greater than the wavelength of light emitted by the excitation source. In other embodiments, the light focusing element includes a fiber optic. In some embodiments, the fiber optic is coupled to the excitation source. In other embodiments, the instrument further includes an aperture positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source. In one embodiment, the light focusing element includes a focusing lens.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a second light focusing element positioned to focus light emitted by the excitation source in a sample volume. In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a fiber optic coupled to the excitation source and the first light focusing element.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a sample chamber and a second light focusing element, the first light focusing element that includes a fiber optic having a first end disposed in the sample chamber, the second light focusing element being focused on the first end of the fiber optic. In another embodiment, the sample chamber includes a flow chamber.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes an emission filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the second light focusing element and to transmit the light to the detector. In one embodiment, the light focusing element includes a first fiber optic coupled to the excitation source, and the instrument further includes a second fiber optic positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source. In another embodiment, the second fiber optic is in a perpendicular relationship to the first fiber optic. In one embodiment, the second fiber optic is in a linear relationship with the first fiber optic.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a second light focusing element, the first light focusing element being in a perpendicular relationship to the second light focusing element. In another embodiment, the instrument further includes a second light focusing element, the first light focusing element being in a linear relationship with the second light focusing element.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes an emission filter positioned to receive light from a second fiber optic and to transmit light to the detector. In other embodiments, the instrument further includes an emission filter positioned to receive light from the aperture and to transmit light to the detector. In another embodiment, the instrument further includes a third fiber optic positioned to transmit light from the emission filter to the detector.
In one embodiment, the light focusing element includes a first fiber optic coupled to the excitation source, and the instrument further includes a sample chamber, an end of the first fiber optic extending into the sample chamber, a second light focusing element, and an emission filter positioned to receive light from the second light focusing element and to transmit light to the detector. In some embodiments, the second light focusing element is focused on the end of the fiber optic. In other embodiments, the second light focusing element includes a lens.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a first dichromatic mirror positioned to receive light from the excitation source, a second light focusing element positioned to receive light reflected from the dichromatic mirror, a first aperture, a third light focusing element positioned to receive light transmitted through the dichromatic mirror and through the first aperture, and a second dichromatic mirror positioned to receive light transmitted through the third light focusing element, the first detector being positioned to receive at least one of light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror and light transmitted through the dichromatic mirror.
In one embodiment, the instrument further includes a first emission filter positioned to receive at least one of light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror and light transmitted through the dichromatic mirror.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a second emission filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the second dichromatic mirror, the first emission filter positioned to receive light reflected by the dichromatic mirror, and a second detector positioned to receive light transmitted through the second emission filter.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a first reflective mirror positioned to receive light reflected from the first dichromatic mirror and to transmit the light to the second light focusing element. In one embodiment, the instrument further includes a first reflective mirror positioned to receive light reflected from the first dichromatic mirror and to transmit the light to the second light focusing element.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a fourth light focusing element positioned to receive light transmitted by the first dichromatic mirror and to focus the light on the first aperture.
In another embodiment, the second light focusing element is an infinity corrected objective and the fourth light focusing element includes a tube lens.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a first dichromatic mirror positioned to receive light from the excitation source, a second light focusing element positioned to receive light reflected by the first dichromatic mirror, a third light focusing element positioned to receive light transmitted through the dichromatic mirror, a second dichromatic mirror positioned to receive light passing through the third light focusing element, a first component that includes at least one of a first aperture and a first fiber optic, and a first detector positioned to receive at least one of light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror through the first component and light transmitted through the second dichromatic mirror through the first component. In one embodiment, the first component is a first aperture. In another embodiment, the first detector is positioned to receive light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror through the first component, and the instrument further includes a second component that includes at least one of a second aperture and a second fiber optic, and a second detector positioned to receive light transmitted through the second dichromatic mirror and through the second component.
In one embodiment, the first component is a first aperture and the second component is a second aperture. In another embodiment, the first component is a first fiber optic and the second component is a second fiber optic.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a first emission filter positioned to receive light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a first emission filter positioned to receive light reflected from the second dichromatic mirror, and a second emission filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the second dichromatic mirror. In one embodiment, the first component includes a first fiber optic positioned to receive light transmitted through the first emission filter and to transmit the light to the first detector.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a second fiber optic positioned to receive light passing through the second emission filter and to transmit the light to the second detector.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a reflective mirror positioned to receive light reflected from the first dichromatic mirror and to transmit the light to the second light focusing element.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a first dichromatic mirror positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, a second light focusing element positioned to receive light reflected by the first dichromatic mirror, and a first emission filter positioned to receive light transmitted through the first dichromatic mirror and to transmit light to the detector.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a fiber optic positioned to receive light from the first emission filter and to transmit light to the detector.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes an aperture positioned to receive light from the first emission filter and to transmit light to the detector.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes a first reflective mirror positioned to receive light reflected by the first dichromatic mirror and to reflect the light to the second light focusing element.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a first fiber optic positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source, a beam splitter positioned to receive light from the first fiber optic, a third fiber optic coupled to the beam splitter, a first emission filter positioned to receive light from the third fiber optic, a fourth fiber optic coupled to the beam splitter, a second emission filter positioned to receive light from the fourth fiber optic, and a second detector positioned to receive light from the second emission filter, the first detector being positioned to receive light from the first emission filter.
In one embodiment, the instrument further includes a fifth fiber optic positioned to receive light from the first emission filter and to transmit the light to the first detector.
In another embodiment, the instrument further includes a sixth fiber optic positioned to receive light from the second emission filter and to transmit the light to the second detector.
In some embodiments, the first fiber optic is in a perpendicular relationship to the first light focusing element.
In other embodiments, the first fiber optic is in a linear relationship with the first light focusing element. In one embodiment, the excitation source is a laser. In other embodiments, the excitation source is a multi-line laser.
In some embodiments, the instrument further includes a sample chamber. In one embodiment the sample chamber includes a flow chamber.
In other embodiments, the instrument further includes an excitation light attenuation device. In one embodiment the excitation light attenuation device includes a neutral density filter, a shutter, an acoustic-optical coupler, a pockets cell, or a combination thereof.
In another embodiment, the portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument includes, a monochromatic light source, a light focusing device adapted to focus light emitted by the monochromatic light source on a sample, a detector capable of detecting light, a fiber optic positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the light source, the fiber optic being coupled to the detector, and a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator being capable of processing data received at the detector and providing data that includes autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
In another aspect, the invention features an article that includes a carrying case, and a portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument described herein disposed in the carrying case.
In other aspects, the invention features a method of using a portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument described herein, said method comprising exciting a sample that includes a fluorophore. In one embodiment, the method further includes detecting the excitation and optionally analyzing the excitation.
The invention features a portable fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument. The FCS instrument can be constructed to be small, compact and light weight relative to existing FCS instruments such that it can fit in a carrying case, and can be transported in a manner similar to that of a carrying case. The FCS instrument can be operated in a fixed stage mode such that the focus is set to a fixed plane in the sample volume. The FCS can be configured to provide an FCS instrument capable of relatively simple operation and with relatively minimal user adjustment and alignment.
Other features and advantages will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments and from the claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which identical reference numerals identify similar elements.
GLOSSARYIn reference to the invention, these terms have the meanings set forth below:
The term “fiber optic” refers to at least one fiber capable of carrying light.
The term “multi-mode fiber optic” refers to at least one fiber capable of carrying multiple wavelengths of light.
The term “single mode fiber optic” refers at least one fiber capable of carrying a single wavelength of light.
The term “light focusing element” refers to an element that constricts light to a relatively smaller volume.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
To the extent that a sample (not shown) positioned at the objective lens 20 and in the confocal volume emits fluorescence, the emitted fluorescence travels back down through the objective lens 20 to the mounted mirror 18. The mounted mirror 18 reflects 100% of the fluorescence back along the optical path to the first dichromatic mirror 16. The fluorescence emitted that has a wavelength greater than 553 nm is transmitted through the dichromatic mirror 16 and focused through a pinhole-sized aperture 22 spaced a distance of 160 mm away from the shoulder of the primary objective lens 20.
The fluorescence then passes to the secondary objective lens 26, which is in the optical path and is focused on the pinhole-sized aperture 22 (i.e., the image plane). The fluorescence passes through the secondary objective lens 26, to the second dichromatic mirror 28, which is mounted at a 45° angle to the optical path. The dichromatic mirror 28 reflects fluorescence having a wavelength less than 620 nm and transmits fluorescence having a wavelength greater than 620 nm. The fluorescence having a wavelength less than 620 nm travels to and through the emission filter 30. The emission filter 30 selects and transmits fluorescence having a wavelength from 575 nm to 615 nm. The transmitted fluorescence then enters the 1 mm diameter multi-mode fiber optic 36, which is maintained in position by an FC connector 34a and is mounted on an x-y-z micrometer positioner 27a. The x-y-z micrometer positioner can ensure precise location of the focused image. The fluorescence is carried along the fiber optic 36 to a first photon detector 40a.
The fluorescence having a wavelength greater than 620 nm travels through the dichromatic mirror 28. The emission filter 32 selects and transmits fluorescence having a wavelength from 615 nm to 650 nm. The transmitted fluorescence then enters the 1 mm diameter multi-mode fiber optic 36, which is maintained in position by an FC connector 34b and is mounted on an x-y-z micrometer positioner 27b. The fluorescence is carried along the fiber optic 38 to a second photon detector 40b. Output from the detectors 40a, 40b is sent to the digital hardware correlator where crosscorrelation and autocorrelation occurs. The data is then transferred to a computer via a USB cable
The various components of the FCS instrument including, e.g., the lenses, fiber optics and pinhole-sized apertures, are arranged on x-y micrometer positioners 24 and include micrometer adjustment mechanisms to enable the components to be moved in two directions so as to align the optical path of the instrument. It is preferable to align the optical path of the instrument to obtain optimal results, data and data analysis.
Detectors 40a and 40b output positive TTL pulses that are sent to a hardware correlator via cables that are connected through a BNC connection. The correlator acquires and analyzes data received from the detectors 40a and 40b. A useful correlator is a FLEX2K 12×2 multiple tau external digital correlator available from Correlator.com, which has a theoretical sampling time of 12.5 nanoseconds, accepts two TTL inputs from a photomultiplier tube module via a BNC connector. Another suitable correlator is an ALV digital correlator from www.alvgmbh.de.
The FCS instrument includes data acquisition and data analysis software that can be run form a desktop or laptop computer with a USB port. The software analyzes data received from detectors 40a, 40b and displays the data on the computer screen with statistical parameters.
The FCS instrument can be utilized in an autocorrelation mode, a crosscorrelation mode, or a combination thereof. Autocorrelation measures the persistence of a single fluorescent particle in the confocal volume. Crosscorrelation measures the correlation between fluctuations in the fluorescence intensity at two wavelengths for two different fluorescent probes. The program in the correlator employs various algorithms to analyze and manipulate the data received from the detectors and to implement autocorrelation or crosscorrelation. These algorithms are based on the following relationships.
Autocorrelation temporally correlates fluorescence intensity fluctuations as labeled particles diffuse into and out of the detection volume. Statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity fluctuations results in an autocorrelation curve, which shows the decay of temporal correlation in fluorescence intensity over time. The autocorrelation function is given by:
where the δI's refer to the deviations of the intensity about the mean <I>.
Crosscorrelation extends standard autocorrelation FCS by introducing two different fluorescent labels with distinct excitation and emission properties that can be detected in the same confocal volume. It temporally correlates the intensity fluctuations of two distinguishable labels. Coincidence of these fluorescent labels on the same macromolecule is detected as a change in amplitude, R, at short time points, τ, and the amplitude of the crosscorrelation function is directly proportional to the concentration of dual-labeled fluorescent particles. The crosscorrelation function is given by:
The correlation function of Equation 2 is the form commonly used in statistics. The correlation function goes to 1 for perfect crosscorrelation and to 0 for no crosscorrelation. Instrumentally, it is simpler to define the crosscorrelation function in a manner analogous to equation 1 for the autocorrelation function.
This form is simpler to calculate in real-time from an ongoing data stream and has the further advantage that when Ii=Ij, then R(τ)=G(τ).
The relaxation time for correlation relates to stochastic processes of randomization such as diffusion, while the size of the intensity fluctuations relates to the number of molecules or particles involved in the stochastic process. Autocorrelation functions have been used to analyze these fluctuations, and yield information on diffusion coefficients, aggregation state chemical concentration, chemical reaction kinetics, and stoichiometry of macromolecules in solution as well as in the plasma membrane of living cells.
From the data generated by the FCS instrument a variety of additional information can be obtained including, e.g., the presence or absence of interaction between particles, particle diffusion times, the stoichiometry of particle interactions, the concentration of interacting particles and the kinetics of the interaction between particles.
Nonlinear regression is used to fit the data obtained to a three dimensional (3D) autocorrelation function for samples in solution. The 3D autocorrelation function corresponds to Equation 4.
Parameter estimates are calculated for particle number (N), triplet state fraction (T), triplet state correlation time (τT), particle fraction (Fi) and diffusion time (τDi) for diffusing particle species i. The structure parameter, K2 where K=ω2/ω1 (ω2 and ω1 being the exp(−2) beam radii in the z and x directions respectively) is determined separately and held constant for each fit.
As indicated above, the photon counts, autocorrelation and crosscorrelation data from channels 36 and 38 are transferred to a computer via a USB port. The USB port serves as the interface to transfer data from the hardware correlator to the computer. The computer programs written to acquire and analyze autocorrelation and crosscorrelation data are dependent on the operating system of the computer (e.g., a laptop computer 41).
The FCS instrument can be constructed to fit within a carrying case 43 and can be coupled to a suitable power source including a portable power source, e.g. a battery.
Other embodiments are within the claims.
In another embodiment, the FCS instrument of
In other embodiments, the lens 12 of any one of the embodiments of the FCS instrument can be replaced with a two-lens beam expansion system or a negative achromatic doublet lens.
Alternatively, the apertures 116, 120 illustrated in
Near-field optical scanning microscopy (NSOM) can be combined with FCS detection to obtain quantitative parameters provided by FCS analysis.
The sample can be positioned at the confocal volume by placing the sample in a sample chamber. The sample chamber can have a variety of configurations including, e.g., a single well and multiple wells. The sample chamber can include a control (e.g., to obtain baseline information), multiple samples, multiple controls, and combinations thereof. Useful chambers include optically clear cuvettes.
In another embodiment, the FCS instrument includes a flow chamber positioned in the confocal volume. The flow chamber includes a sample chamber dimensioned to receive a volume of sample, an input through which sample is brought into the sample chamber, and an output through which sample is passed out of the sample chamber. Tubing couples a sample reservoir to the input and the output to a waste receptacle. The tubing, input, sample chamber and output can be a continuous tube or can include multiple tubes and other components. Suitable flow chambers include, e.g., capillary tubing, cuvettes, cylindrical flow cells, and flat flow cells.
Each of the FCS instrument configurations described herein can include a flow chamber or can be configured to utilize a flow chamber. The flow of sample through the chamber can be achieved with a pump, where the flow rate is greater than the diffusion time of the particles under study. In the case where the flow chamber is configured to function in a non-stochastic flow mode, information on particle number and coincidence of dual labeled particles can be obtained. This information can be used for crosscorrelation studies and coincidence analysis. Electrophoretic flow can also be implemented in the FCS instrument, in which case information about the relative electrophoretic-time constant of particles being studied can be obtained.
The system can also be configured to function in a pulsed flow mode. In this configuration, a flow chamber is implemented with pulsed movement of samples into and out of the observation volume. Pulsed flow can be achieved with a pump or using electrophoretic flow. In the pulsed flow mode, sample is pulsed into the observation volume, FCS detection occurs, and the sample is flowed out of the volume and replaced with new sample. In the pulsed flow mode, information about time constants can be obtained.
The invention has been described with respect to a laser emitting monochromatic light having a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser can be selected to emit any desired excitation wavelength. Available wavelengths will depend on the type of laser selected. Suitable lasers include ion lasers including, e.g., argon and argon/krypton lasers, produce multiple laser lines in wavelengths from about 457 nm to 568 nm. Ion lasers can be single-line, tunable multi-line, or simultaneous multi-line. An appropriate power level is selected. Suitable power levels include, e.g., about 1 mW, at least about 2 mW, about 5 mW, at least 20 mW, from 20 mW to 30 mW, from 1 mW to 10 W, or even from 30 mW to 10 W. If single wavelengths are to be used, helium-neon (HeNe) lasers emit light having a wavelength at either 543 nm or 635 nm. Other suitable lasers include solid-state diode lasers. Commercially available solid-state diode lasers are capable of emitting light having wavelengths from ultraviolet (UV) through infrared (IR) including, e.g., visible laser lines at wavelengths of 430 nm, 473 nm, 488 nm, 490 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm and 658 nm, at a variety of power levels including, e.g., from a few milliwatts (mW) to tens of mW. The selected laser preferably exhibits sufficient stability for the FCS application, preferably less than 3% peak to peak noise.
The instrument has been described with a laser as a light source. Another suitable light source is a light emitting diode (LED). The LED can be used as a continuous wave light source or as a pulsed light source.
Suitable fibers include polarization-maintaining fibers and wavelength-optimized single mode fibers (e.g. fibers optimized for 488 nm and/or 514 nm).
The selectively reflective, selectively transmissive mirrors can be selected based upon the desired wavelengths, both excitation and emission, utilized in the system including, e.g., the excitation and emission wavelengths of the fluorescence label(s) in the sample.
The data has been described as being displayed on a computer screen but could be sent to any suitable display including, e.g., laptop screens and chart recorders.
Other embodiments are within the claims.
Claims
1. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- an excitation source that emits light along an optical axis extending in a first direction;
- a first dichromatic mirror that alters the direction of the optical axis to a second direction different from the first direction;
- a first reflective mirror that alters the second direction of the optical axis to a third direction, the third direction being perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light reflected by the first reflective mirror and to focus the light in a sample volume;
- a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data comprising autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
2. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- a sample chamber;
- an excitation source;
- a probe comprising an exit aperture having a diameter no greater than 50 nm, the probe disposed in the sample chamber and positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, the probe transmitting light through the exit aperture;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the light emitted from the probe;
- a detector positioned to receive light transmitted through the first light focusing element; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data comprising autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
3. The fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument of claim 2, wherein the optical axis of the first light focusing element is positioned in parallel with the optical axis of the probe.
4. The fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument of claim 2, wherein the optical axis of the first light focusing element is positioned in a perpendicular relationship to the optical axis of the probe.
5. The instrument of claim 2, wherein the object plane of the first light focusing element is in the near field of the probe.
6. The instrument of claim 2, wherein said probe comprises a tapered end having an aluminized tip.
7. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- an excitation source;
- a sample chamber;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, and to transmit light to the sample chamber;
- a first aspheric lens positioned to receive light emitted by a sample in the sample chamber;
- a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light transmitted through the aspheric lens; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data comprising autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
8. The instrument of claim 7, further comprising a second aspheric lens positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source and to transmit the light to the first light focusing element.
9. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- an excitation source;
- a sample chamber;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source and to transmit light to the sample chamber;
- a means for pulsing sample through the sample chamber;
- a detector for detecting light, the detector adapted to obtain data from the sample chamber when the sample is stationary in the sample chamber; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data comprising autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
10. The instrument of claim 9, wherein said means for pulsing comprises a pump.
11. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- an excitation source;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source and to transmit light to a sample;
- a means for electrophoretically flowing a sample;
- a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data related to the electrophoretic flow rate of particles in the sample.
12. The instrument of claim 11, wherein said means for electrophoretically flowing a sample comprises a power source for inducing electrophoretic flow in the sample.
13. A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy instrument comprising:
- an excitation source;
- a beam expansion system for expanding the diameter of the beam of light emitted from the excitation source;
- a first light focusing element positioned to receive light emitted by the excitation source, and to transmit light to a sample;
- a detector for detecting light, the detector positioned to receive light emitted by a sample excited by the excitation source; and
- a correlator coupled to the detector, the correlator for processing data received at the detector and providing data comprising autocorrelation data, crosscorrelation data, or a combination thereof.
14. The instrument of claim 13, wherein the beam expansion system comprises at least one of a two-lens beam expansion system and a negative achromatic doublet lens.
15. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the excitation source comprises a diode pumped solid state laser.
16. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the excitation source exhibits less than 3% peak to peak noise.
17. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising a sample flow chamber comprising an input and an output.
18. The instrument of claim 17, wherein the output is coupled to a waste receptacle.
19. The instrument of claim 17, wherein the sample flow chamber comprises at least one of capillary tubing, a cuvette, a cylindrical flow cell, and a flat flow cell.
20. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the instrument is operable in a fixed stage mode.
Type: Application
Filed: Aug 6, 2007
Publication Date: Dec 20, 2007
Applicant: SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES LLC (Shrewsbury, MA)
Inventors: David Wolf (Sudbury, MA), Dylan Bulseco (Princeton, MA)
Application Number: 11/834,168
International Classification: G01N 21/00 (20060101);