LEAF SPRING MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF
The present invention provides a leaf spring material superior in mechanical characteristics and a manufacturing method of the leaf spring material capable of reliably achieving the same, utilizing induction hardening. The manufacturing method of the leaf spring material comprises the steps of imparting tensile stress on a first surface along the longitudinal direction of the first surface and compressive stress on a second surface along the longitudinal direction of the second surface of a substantially strip-shaped steel plate, and subjecting the first surface to induction hardening. With this induction hardening, an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than that of a parent material structure in the vicinity of the second surface and comprising martensite and finely and evenly dispersed austenite is imparted on a surface layer in the vicinity of the first surface.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a leaf spring material and a manufacturing method thereof, and more specifically to a leaf spring material and a manufacturing method thereof that utilizes heat treatment based on induction hardening so as to improve the service life of the spring.
2. Description of the Background Art
The spring material used for “springs” is provided by cold or hot forming a metal material made of spring steel so as to impart a “spring” shape to the material, and heat treating the material by quenching and tempering. Additionally, in order to improve fatigue strength, shot peening is also widely performed on the surface of the spring material so as to impart compressive residual stress in the material. In recent years, spring materials in which the fatigue strength is improved by performing quenching using a high frequency induction heating apparatus have also been known.
For example, in JP, A, 2004-323912 is disclosed a coil spring material in which a cold-formed coil is subjected to heat treatment using a high frequency induction heating apparatus so as to improve the fatigue strength. In general, however, when austenite remains after the quenching and tempering of the spring material, the fatigue strength of the “spring” decreases, making such retained austenite unpreferable. Here, the publication of unexamined application states that the high frequency induction heating apparatus makes it possible to heat the coil and perform quenching with high accuracy and at high speed, thereby achieving a heat treatment that takes into sufficient consideration the metal material components of the coil and suppressing the amount of retained austenite to 3% or less. That is, the publication of unexamined application states that heat treatment conditions are optimized in order to reduce the retained austenite, thereby improving the fatigue strength of the spring.
Additionally, a spring material that is partially subjected to heat treatment using a high frequency induction heating apparatus so as to improve fatigue strength is also known.
For example, in JP, A, 2006-71082 is disclosed a manufacturing method of a spring material in which induction hardening is performed only on one surface of the leaf spring material. Specifically, a substantially strip-shaped leaf spring material made of spring steel is hot formed and subjected to quenching and tempering. That is, a normal leaf spring material is achieved. Subsequently, since the leaf spring material is provided with thickness, load is added in the same direction as the state of usage of the leaf spring, generating tensile stress on a first surface and compressive stress on a second surface. When heat is applied in the vicinity of the first surface on which the tensile stress acts using a high frequency induction heating apparatus, stress relaxation occurs in that surface vicinity, thereby alleviating the tensile stress. Then when the load is released after cooling, the first surface is imparted with compressive stress, making it possible to achieve a spring material with high fatigue strength.
As in the disclosure of the first publication of unexamined application, the high frequency induction heating apparatus makes it possible to subject the spring material to heat treatment with high accuracy, thereby reliably imparting a metal structure of high fatigue strength to the spring material. Additionally, as in the disclosure of the second publication of unexamined application, a composite structure can be achieved by partially subjecting the spring material to heat treatment, resulting in a promising spring material superior in “spring” mechanical characteristics. Recently, however an even higher fatigue strength is in demand.
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a leaf spring material superior in mechanical characteristics, and a manufacturing method of the leaf spring material capable of reliably achieving the same, utilizing high frequency induction heating.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to the present invention comprises the steps of: imparting tensile stress on a first surface along the longitudinal direction of the first surface and compressive stress on a second surface along the longitudinal direction of the second surface of a substantially strip-shaped steel plate, and subjecting the first surface to induction hardening. The induction hardening imparts in the vicinity of the first surface an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than that of the parent material in the vicinity of the second surface and comprising martensite and finely dispersed austenite.
According to the manufacturing method of the leaf spring material of the present invention, it is possible to achieve an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than that of the parent material structure and comprising martensite and finely dispersed austenite. While this induction-hardened structure includes austenite, the austenite is finely and evenly dispersed, significantly preventing a decrease in quenched hardness. The achieved high average hardness enhances the fatigue strength of the spring, improving the spring service life.
The finely and evenly dispersed austenite in the induction-hardened structure generates stress induced transformation when used as a leaf spring, breaking down into fine martensite. With use as a “spring,” the compressive stress in the vicinity of the first surface is further increased, imparting high fatigue strength to the leaf spring material. That is, an improved spring service life is achieved.
The quenching conditions of the leaf spring material having such a long spring service life are optimized by so-called stress-induced hardening which performs induction hardening while imparting tensile stress. The structure unique to induction hardening can be achieved by using simple high frequency induction heating with stable temperature control. Therefore, the structure makes it possible to provide a leaf spring material having a stable and long spring service life.
Furthermore, the leaf spring material according to the present invention comprises a substantially strip-shaped steel plate having a first surface and a second surface. Such a leaf spring material has in the vicinity of the first surface an induction-hardened structure having an average hardness higher than that of the parent material structure in the vicinity of the second surface and comprising martensite and finely and evenly dispersed austenite.
Such an induction-hardened structure includes austenite. Nevertheless, because the structure is a unique induction-hardened structure wherein the austenite is finely and evenly dispersed, the quenched hardness is not significantly reduced. That is, the high hardness resulting from the induction-hardened structure makes it possible to enhance the fatigue strength of the spring and improve the spring service life.
Further, the finely and evenly dispersed austenite of the induction-hardened structure produces stress-induced transformation when used as a leaf spring, breaking down into fine martensite. With use as a “spring,” the compressive stress in the vicinity of the first surface is further increased, imparting high fatigue strength to the leaf spring material. That is, an improved spring service life is achieved.
An embodiment of a leaf spring material and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention will now be described.
A metal material made of spring steel or the like is cool or heat formed so as to prepare the leaf spring material imparted with a “leaf spring” shape. That is, a normal leaf spring material is prepared. Under ambient temperature, a load is added to such a leaf spring material made of a steel plate bent into a substantially strip shape, in the same direction as when used as a “spring.” That is, the leaf spring material of a bent shape is straightened out and fixed as a substantially flat plate. At this time, because the leaf spring material is provided with thickness, tensile stress is generated along the longitudinal direction on the first surface thereof and compressive stress is generated along the longitudinal direction of the second surface on the opposite side. To achieve a typical induction hardened structure described later, a higher tensile stress on the first surface is preferred. Such tensile stress is 1000 MPa or higher at ambient temperature. This tensile stress can be changed by the leaf spring material shape, thickness, fixed shape, and the like.
When induction hardening is performed on the first surface with the leaf spring material straightened out and fixed as a flat plate, the tensile stress of that surface is quickly alleviated by heat. When the fixed state and the load are released after cooling, compressive residual stress is imparted on the first surface of the leaf spring material. Subsequently, heat treatment at 80° C. to 160° C. for a duration shorter then 120 minutes is preferably performed. The structure, thickness, and the like of the induction-hardened structure described later can be controlled by high frequency induction heating source output and cooling conditions.
With the leaf spring material obtained after heat treatment such as the above-described stress-induced hardening and arbitrarily performed low-temperature tempering, however, the vicinity of the second surface located on the side opposite the first surface subjected to induction hardening has the structure of the parent material. That is, the second surface vicinity has the same structure as that of the leaf spring material initially prepared, which is the parent material structure comprising one or more of martensite, a tempered martensite structure, troostite, sorbite, bainite, ferrite, and pearlite. Furthermore, the first surface vicinity also has the same structure as the parent material structure prior to induction hardening. Nevertheless, stress-induced hardening is performed so as to obtain in the vicinity of the first surface an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than that of the parent material structure of 650 HV or higher and comprising martensite and finely and evenly dispersed austenite. Such high hardness enhances the fatigue strength of the “spring” and improves the spring service life. Here, the thickness of the induction-hardened structure is preferably 5 to 10 percent of the thickness of the leaf spring material.
Further, stress-induced hardening is performed so as to increase the volumetric content of austenite, and this volumetric content is preferably 15% or higher. Such austenite is preferably made into an equally and evenly dispersed fine grain having an average grain size of 500 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less, by performing stress-induced hardening while imparting high tensile stress. Such unique austenite having an induction-hardened structure generates stress-induced transformation when used as a leaf spring, breaks down into fine martensite and, with use as a “spring,” further increases the compressive stress in the vicinity of the first surface. Thus, a higher fatigue strength is imparted on the leaf spring material, making it possible to improve the spring service life.
Furthermore, when induction hardening is performed while imparting a large tensile stress as described above on the first surface, the grain size of the induction-hardened structure is refined more than that of the parent material structure, making it possible to vastly improve spring service life. Preferably, the grain size number of the parent material structure is 8 to 10, and the grain size number of the induction-hardened structure is 11 to 13.
Furthermore, a compressive residual stress of 650 MPa or higher of the induction-hardened structure is preferably imparted on the spring plate, thereby vastly improving spring service life.
The strain state of such an induction-hardened structure can be measured when the half value breadth of an Fe (200)α diffraction peak is measured using a CrKα beam diffractometer, making it possible to simply estimate spring service life. A half value breadth of 8° or higher is preferred since such a value vastly improves spring service life.
As described above, according to the leaf spring material of the present invention based on the manufacturing method of the present invention, a fatigue life equivalent to three times that of a leaf spring material comprising conventional and a typical modified-ausformed material is reliably obtained when evaluated at a B10 life, which is the fatigue life based on Weibull statistics and probability, for example.
An embodiment of the leaf spring material and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention will now be described in detail, with reference to
While in the following an embodiment employing JIS SUP11A steel is described in detail, the steel type is not limited thereto. Particularly, similar implementation is possible using a general spring steel (JIS4801) or its equivalent.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
On the other hand, the heated section of the first surface 11 is sequentially cooled while moving cooling means 4 in the direction A following the high frequency induction heating means 3. With this arrangement, the surface layer 11a in the vicinity of the first surface 11 that changed to an austenite phase in the above-described heating process is quenched so as to change to a martensite+finely dispersed austenite dual phase structure.
Furthermore, the temperature distribution, quenched structure, and the like in the vicinity of the first surface of the pre-treated leaf spring material 10-1 can be adjusted by adjusting the tensile stress T, high frequency induction heating conditions (output, movement speed, and the like), and cooling conditions (cooling ability, movement speed, and the like). That is, factors such as the thickness of the surface layer 11a, the austenite content of the surface layer 11a, and the residual stress in the vicinity of the first surface 11 can be adjusted.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Several advance experiments were conducted when preparing the embodiment and the comparison example samples described later.
Next,
Furthermore,
Lastly,
Further, the cross-sectional structure of the leaf spring material 10′ wherein the above-described leaf spring material 10 was subjected to heat treatment for one hour at 150° C. was observed.
As shown in
Next, the retained austenite distribution in the induction-hardened structure of the leaf spring material 10 wherein the substantially strip-shaped spring material 10-1 of an 18 mm plate thickness comprising SUP11A steel plate was subjected to stress-induced hardening so as to impart the surface layer 11a of 1.5 mm was examined before and after a fatigue test. Furthermore, the retained austenite was calculated in X-ray analysis from the diffraction intensity (integrated value) ratios of (200)α and (211)α, (200)γ and (220)γ at a tube voltage of 40 kV and a tube current of 200 mA using a Co tube.
As indicated by a curve 41 of
Next, the heat treatment temperature and retained austenite of the leaf spring material 10 wherein the substantially strip-shaped spring material 10-1 of an 18 mm plate thickness comprising SUP11A steel plate was subjected to stress-induced hardening so as to imparted the surface layer 11a of 1.5 mm were measured.
As indicated by a curve 51 of
Furthermore, as shown in
Next, the relationship between a tensile stress T and the depth direction distribution of the retained austenite of the leaf spring material 10 wherein the substantially strip-shaped spring material 10-1 of an 1 mm plate thickness comprising SUP11A steel plate was subjected to stress-induced hardening so as to impart the surface layer 11a of 1.5 mm was measured.
As shown in
Based on the above experiment results, quenching conditions were changed to the substantially strip-shaped pre-treated leaf spring material 10-1 of an 18 mm plate thickness comprising SUP11A steel plate and, as shown in Table 1, 18 samples for embodiments 1 to 5 and comparison examples 1 to 13 were prepared.
First, fatigur tests were conducted with each sample, that is, with embodiment 2 (reference code 81), embodiment 4 (reference code 82), embodiment 5 (reference code 83), comparison example 3 (reference code 84), comparison example 4 (reference code 85), and comparison example 9 (reference code 86) of Table 1, given 1000 MPa as the tensile stress T.
Embodiment 2 (reference code 81), embodiment 4 (reference code 82), and embodiment 5 (reference code 83) are located on the greater number of cycles to failure than the dashed line M. On the other hand, comparison example 3 (reference code 84), comparison example 4 (reference code 85), and comparison example 9 (reference code 86) are located less than the dashed line M. That is, the spring material in which the induction hardening depth is 10% or less and the heat treatment temperature is 150° C. or less reliably exhibits a fatigue life equivalent to three times of the known and typical modified-ausformed material at the B10 life or higher.
Next,
Furthermore,
With the above, according to the spring material of the present embodiment, a fatigue life equivalent to three times of a known and typical modified-ausformed material at the B10 life or higher is reliably achieved.
Furthermore, while representative embodiments according to the present invention and modifications based thereon have been described, the present invention is not limited thereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A manufacturing method of a leaf spring material that comprises the steps of: imparting tensile stress on a first surface along the longitudinal direction of said first surface and compressive stress on a second surface along the longitudinal direction of said second surface of a substantially strip-shaped steel plate; and subjecting said first surface to induction hardening, wherein:
- said induction hardening imparts in the vicinity of said first surface an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than a parent material structure in the vicinity of said second surface and comprising martensite and finely dispersed austenite.
2. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein said parent material structure comprises one or more of martensite, tempered martensite structure, troostite, sorbite, bainite, ferrite, and pearlite.
3. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 2, wherein said induction-hardened structure has a grain size smaller than that of said parent material structure.
4. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 3, wherein the grain size number of said parent material structure is 8 to 10, and the grain size number of said induction-hardened structure is 11 to 13.
5. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, comprising the step of:
- releasing the load of said tensile stress after said induction hardening, wherein said tensile stress is 1000 MPa or higher at ambient temperature.
6. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 5, comprising the step of low-temperature tempering after the step of releasing the load of said tensile stress.
7. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 6, wherein said the step of low-temperature tempering is processed at the temperature of 80° C. to 160° C. for a duration shorter than 120 minutes.
8. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein said induction-hardened structure has a hardness of 650 HV or higher.
9. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 8, wherein the volumetric content of said austenite of said induction-hardened structure is 15% or higher.
10. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein said austenite of said induction-hardened structure has an average grain size of 500 mm or less.
11. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein said induction-hardened structure is distributed at a thickness of 5 to 10% of the thickness of said steel plate.
12. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein said induction-hardened structure has a compressive residual stress of 650 MPa or higher.
13. The manufacturing method of a leaf spring material according to claim 1, wherein a half value breadth of an Fe (200)α diffraction peak of said induction-hardened structure based on a CrKα beam diffractometer is 8° or higher.
14. A leaf spring material that comprises a substantially strip-shaped steel plate having a first surface and a second surface, comprising:
- in the vicinity of said first surface an induction-hardened structure having a higher average hardness than that of a parent material structure in the vicinity of said second surface and comprising martensite and finely dispersed austenite.
15. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein said parent material structure comprises one or more of martensite, tempered martensite structure, troostite, sorbite, bainite, ferrite, and pearlite.
16. The leaf spring material according to claim 15, wherein said induction-hardened structure has a grain size smaller than that of said parent material structure.
17. The leaf spring material according to claim 16, wherein the grain size number of said parent material structure is 8 to 10, and the grain size number of said induction-hardened structure is 11 to 13.
18. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein said induction-hardened stricture has a hardness of 650 HV or higher.
19. The leaf spring material according to claim 18, wherein the volumetric content of said austenite of said induction-hardened structure is 15% or higher.
20. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein said austenite has an average grain size of 500 nm or less.
21. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein said induction-hardened structure is distributed at a thickness of 5 to 10% of the thickness of said steel plate.
22. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein said induction-hardened structure has a compressive residual stress of 650 MPa or higher.
23. The leaf spring material according to claim 14, wherein a half value breadth of an Fe (200)α diffraction peak of said induction-hardened structure based on a CrKα beam diffractometer is 8° or higher.
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 26, 2008
Publication Date: Jun 4, 2009
Applicants: NHK SPRING CO., LTD (Yokohama), HORIKIRI, INC. (Yachiyo-shi)
Inventors: Michihiko Ayada (Yokohama), Yoshiki Ono (Yokohama), Fumio Takahashi (Yokohama), Hironori Ebashi (Chiba), Sakae Kikuchi (Chiba)
Application Number: 12/324,472
International Classification: C21D 1/10 (20060101); C22C 38/00 (20060101);