Tailored Properties By Post Hot Forming Processing
A method of forming a product from an initial blank comprises subjecting the initial blank to a hot forming and press hardening operation to form the product with substantially a uniform first tensile strength. Subsequently, the product is subjected to post hot-forming processing in which a first region of the product is heated selectively to above a known temperature, using one of conduction heating, resistance heating, and induction heating. The first region is then cooled, such that the first region attains a second tensile strength that is substantially less than the first tensile strength.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/358,174 filed Jun. 24, 2010, the entire disclosure of the application being considered part of the disclosure of this application, and hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe instant invention relates generally to metallic products having tailored properties, and more particularly to a method of producing regions of reduced hardness and reduced strength in products via post hot-forming processing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn the field of vehicle construction, more and more vehicle parts that are made of high-strength and ultra-high-strength steel are being employed in order to satisfy criteria for lightweight construction. This applies to car body construction where, in order to meet weight goals and safety requirements, for instance structural and/or safety elements such as door intrusion beams, A and B columns, bumpers, side rails and cross rails are increasingly being produced from UHSS (Ultra High Strength Steel), thermo-shaped and press-hardened steel having tensile strengths greater than 1000 MPa.
In different applications of motor vehicle engineering, shaped parts are to have high strength in certain regions while in other regions they are to have higher ductility relative thereto. “Tailoring” the properties of shaped parts in this way facilitates subsequent forming operations, such as for instance trimming or perforating the part, and results in regions that can convert crash energy into deformation by crumpling.
It is known to treat a part using heat treatments such that local regions have higher strength or higher ductility. Lundstrom discloses one such approach in U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,389, wherein a sheet of hardenable steel is heated to an austenitization temperature and then pressed between cooled die halves in order to form a shaped part having a desired profile. Sections of the die halves that are adjacent to portions of the part that are to have higher ductility in the finished product are adapted to prevent rapid cooling, such that hardening does not occur within these portions to the same extent that it occurs within other portions of the finished product. Unfortunately, the die halves must be specially made for each part, which is both laborious and costly. In addition, special effort is required in order to minimize the extent of formation of transition regions between the different portions, since typically these transition regions exhibit properties that are less well defined than the properties of the rest of the finished product.
In another approach, a shaped product having substantially uniform hardness is produced using conventional hot forming and press hardening techniques, followed by separate additional heat treatment processing of the product to form regions of lower tensile strength therein. For instance, in United States patent application Publication 2010/0086803, Patberg discloses a method of forming mild zones along a bend edge of a hot formed and press hardened component. In particular, a laser beam is used to heat a narrow region of the component along the bend edge. Additionally, Patberg suggests that the heat that is produced by welding may result in the formation of mild zones adjacent to a weld joint. Unfortunately, the use of highly specialized laser equipment adds to the cost and complexity of manufacturing the component. In addition, this approach is not well suited either to batch processing or to applications requiring the formation of substantial regions having reduced tensile strength within the component.
It would be advantageous to provide a method that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned limitations of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIONAccording to at least one embodiment of the instant invention, a method of forming a product from an initial blank is provided in which the initial blank is subjected firstly to a hot forming and press hardening operation, so as to form the product with substantially a uniform first tensile strength. In particular, the initial blank is heated to a temperature above its transition temperature Ac3, which is defined as the temperature at which transformation of ferrite into austenite is completed upon heating. By way of a specific and non-limiting example, the initial blank is heated to approximately 950° C. The heated initial blank is inserted into a cooled press having a pair of die halves, which is used for both hot forming and hardening the product. The press is subsequently closed, thereby deforming the initial blank such that it conforms to contours that are defined along facing surfaces of the die halves. Deformation and concomitant rapid cooling of the initial blank within the die halves produces the product, in which the austenite structure has been transformed into martensite structure. The tensile strength and hardness of the product is substantially uniform throughout. Optionally, the die halves are not cooled, provided that a suitably rapid cooling rate of the product can still be achieved to form the martensite structure.
Subsequently, in a second thermal treatment step, a first region of the product is heated in a selective fashion to a known temperature that is lower than the transition temperature Ac3. By way of a specific and non-limiting example, the first region of the product is heated to a temperature between approximately 370° C. and 800° C. In an embodiment, the first region of the product is heated to a temperature within the range of temperatures between about 400° C. and 700° C. By way of several specific and non-limiting examples, the first region of the product is heated using one of conduction heating, resistance heating, and induction heating. The first region is then cooled in such a way that the first region attains a second tensile strength that is substantially less than the first tensile strength. The second thermal treatment at a temperature between approximately 370° C. and 800° C. results in a tempered martensite composition within the first region.
Optionally, the conduction heating may be performed using heating plates, such as for instance a heated die, or using a heated fluid and a suitable contacting medium, such as for instance hot compressed air and one of sand, ceramic, salt, etc. Optionally, the induction heating is performed using one or more induction coils, or alternatively the induction heating is performed using induction plates.
According to an embodiment of the instant invention, the first region of the product is gas-cooled subsequent to the second thermal treatment step. Optionally, the first region of the product is cooled using another suitable cooling technique, such as for instance one of gas-blasting, fluidized bed cooling, die cooling, water/mist cooling, and cooling with the use of cooling fans/jets.
According to an embodiment, other regions of the product are cooled or at least insulated from being heated to the known temperature as a result of the one of conduction heating, resistance heating and induction heating. For instance, the product is gripped using a cooled collar that surrounds a second region of the product that is adjacent to the first region. Alternatively, the second region of the product is protected from being heated using a curtain of a cooled gas, such as for instance air, or by spraying or misting the second region with a suitable cooling liquid, such as for instance water.
Intermediate processing, such as for instance forming and/or cutting and/or perforating, etc., optionally is performed subsequent to the hot stamping and press hardening steps but prior to the post hot-forming processing. Optionally, forming and/or cutting and/or perforating, etc. is performed subsequent to the post hot-forming processing.
According to another embodiment of the instant invention, the hot forming and press hardening steps are omitted. By way of a specific and non-limiting example, the product is roll formed from a coil of Ultra High Strength Steel and subjected subsequently to post-forming thermal treatment by the one of conduction heating, resistance heating and induction heating as described above. In particular, products may be formed having a geometry that is not sufficiently complex so as to require the use of hot forming and press hardening techniques.
Optionally, the initial blank is formed from either a coated material or an uncoated material.
In accordance with an aspect of an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising: subjecting the initial blank to a hot forming and press hardening operation to form the product with substantially a uniform first tensile strength; and subsequently, subjecting the product to post hot-forming processing, comprising selectively heating a first region of the product to above a known temperature, while simultaneously maintaining below the known temperature a second region of the product that is adjacent to the first region, and then cooling the first region such that the first region attains a second tensile strength that is substantially less than the first tensile strength.
In accordance with an aspect of an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising: heating the initial blank to an austenitizing temperature; hot-shaping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product; cooling the product during a first period of time, using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently rapid to support formation of a martensitic structure within substantially the entire product; subjecting a first portion of the product to post hot-forming processing, comprising selectively heating the first portion of the product to a known temperature that is less than the austenitizing temperature, while simultaneously maintaining below the known temperature a second portion of the product that is adjacent to the first portion; and, cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite.
In accordance with an aspect of an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising: providing the initial blank; heating the initial blank to the austenite state; hot-shaping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product; hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure; using conduction heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and, cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite, wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
In accordance with an aspect of an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising: providing the initial blank; heating the initial blank to the austenite state; hot-shaping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product; hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure; using resistance heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and, cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite, wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
In accordance with an aspect of an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising: providing the initial blank; heating the initial blank to the austenite state; hot-shaping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product; hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure; using induction heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and, cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite, wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
The following description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
Referring to
An initial blank 100 is provided. For instance, the initial blank 100 is stamped from a sheet of hardenable steel, such as Usibor® 1500P, Usibor® 1500, another suitable boron steel or any suitable hot stamp press hardened material. Optionally, the initial blank 100 is pre-shaped specifically for producing a B column, such as for instance by an additional cutting step or an additional cold forming step (not shown in
After the product 110 has cooled to the desired temperature, it is subjected to a post hot-forming process 112. The post hot-forming process 112 includes heating a first region 120 of the product 110, which is to have reduced tensile strength in the finished product (i.e., “a soft zone”), to a known temperature. The known temperature is in the range between about 370° C. and about 800° C., and in particular between about 400° C. and about 700° C.
Referring still to
At the end of the post hot-forming processing, the first region 120 of the product 110 is cooled to room temperature. According to one embodiment of the instant invention, the first region 120 is gas-cooled. Optionally, a fixture is used to maintain the dimensions of the product 110 during the cooling process. Further optionally, the first region 120 is cooled using another suitable cooling technique, such as for instance one of gas-blasting, fluidized bed cooling, die cooling, water/mist cooling, and cooling with the use of cooling fans/jets, etc. Optionally, additional not illustrated post processing is performed subsequent to cooling, such as for instance trimming or perforating, etc. Optionally, the additional not illustrated post processing is performed subsequent to the hot forming and press hardening steps, but prior to the post hot-forming processing.
The post hot-forming processing results in the formation of tempered martensite within the first region 120 of the product 110, due to the metal within that region being reheated to between about 370° C. and about 800° C. and then cooled. On the other hand, the second region 122 of the product 110 is not reheated and cooled in this way, such that tempered martensite is not formed within the second region 122. Instead, the original martensite structure that is formed during the hot forming and press hardening operation is retained within the second region 122 in the finished product. Of course, a transition zone (not illustrated) of finite width exists along the “boundary” 124 between the first region 120 and the second region 122. The tensile strength of the product 110 within the transition zone is intermediate the tensile strength within the first region 120 and the tensile strength within the second region 122.
Optionally, additional cycles of heating the product 110, followed by cooling the product 110, are performed in order to form additional “soft zones” within different regions of the product 110. Alternatively, two or more non-contiguous regions of the product 110 are heated at the same time, such that two or more “soft zones” are formed in a single pass.
Referring now to
The first region 120 of the product 110 may be heated by one of conduction heating, resistance heating, and induction heating. Each heating method will now be described in greater detail, below.
Referring to
An actuator, for instance a hydraulic cylinder 510, moves the upper heated plate into and out of contact with the first region 508a of the product 508, and additionally applies sufficient pressure to ensure conduction of heat from the upper and lower heated plates 504 and 506 into the first region 508a of the product 508. Optionally, the first region 508a is soaked for a predetermined amount of time after it reaches a desired temperature, prior to the upper heated plate 504 being withdrawn by the action of the actuator 510. Further optionally, the system 500 includes a not illustrated cooling sub-system, which prevents substantial heating of the second region 508b of the product 508.
The upper and lower heated plates 504 and 506 are fabricated from a suitable, thermally conductive material, such as for instance copper. Although
In order to provide improved clarity,
Referring now to
The product 600 is subsequently removed from the heated fluid/contacting medium 602, and the product 600 is cooled to room temperature. According to one embodiment of the instant invention, the first region 600a is gas-cooled. Optionally, a fixture is used to maintain the dimensions of the product 600 during the cooling process. Further optionally, the first region 600a is cooled using another suitable cooling technique, such as for instance one of gas-blasting, fluidized bed cooling, die cooling, water/mist cooling, and cooling with the use of cooling fans/jets, etc.
In order to provide improved clarity,
Optionally, the post hot-forming processing is performed using conduction heating in which the product is contacted with hot oil or hot gas, or another suitable solid or fluid medium for transferring heat selectively to the first region that is to become a “soft zone” in the final product. Optionally, the post hot-forming processing is performed using conduction heating in which the product is contacted with one or more of a flame, plasma, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, etc.
Referring now to
During use, electrical current is passed through the first region 700a of the product 700 (as illustrated using dashed arrows in
Referring now to
In general, induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object by electromagnetic induction, where eddy currents are generated within the object and resistance leads to Joule heating. Induction heating can produce high power densities, which allow short interaction times to reach the desired temperature. This gives tight control of the heating pattern, with the pattern following the applied magnetic field quite closely and allows reduced thermal distortion and damage. The depth of induction heating can be controlled through the choice of induction-frequency, power-density, and interaction time.
Referring now specifically to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to 11, shown is a simplified flow diagram of a method according to an embodiment of the instant invention. At 1100 the initial blank is heated to an austenitizing temperature. At 1102 the initial blank is hot-shaped in a cooled pair of dies to form the product. At 1104 the product is cooled during a first period of time, using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently rapid to support formation of a martensitic structure within substantially the entire product. At 1106 a first portion of the product is subjected to post hot-forming processing, comprising selectively heating the first portion of the product to a known temperature that is less than the austenitizing temperature, while simultaneously maintaining below the known temperature a second portion of the product that is adjacent to the first portion. At 1108 the product is cooled such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite.
Referring now to
Numerous other embodiments may be envisaged without departing from the scope of the instant invention.
Claims
1. A method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising:
- subjecting the initial blank to a hot forming and press hardening operation to form the product with substantially a uniform first tensile strength; and subsequently,
- subjecting the product to post hot-forming processing, comprising selectively heating a first region of the product to above a known temperature, while simultaneously maintaining below the known temperature a second region of the product that is adjacent to the first region, and then cooling the first region such that the first region attains a second tensile strength that is substantially less than the first tensile strength.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the post hot-forming processing comprises using conduction heating to heat the first region of the product to above the known temperature.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the conduction heating is performed using a heated die including at least one of an upper heated die half and a lower heated die half.
4. A method according to claim 2, wherein the conduction heating is performed using at least one heated plate.
5. A method according to claim 2, wherein the conduction heating is performed using a heated fluid.
6. A method according to claim 2, wherein the conduction heating is performed using a heated fluid and a contacting medium.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the contacting medium is selected from the group consisting of sand, salt and ceramic.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the post hot-forming processing comprises using resistance heating to heat the first region of the product to above the known temperature.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the post hot-forming processing comprises using induction heating to heat the first region of the product to above the known temperature.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the induction heating is performed using a pair of induction coils disposed one each along opposite sides of the first region.
11. A method according to claim 9, wherein the induction heating is performed using a single induction coil.
12. A method according to claim 9, wherein the induction heating is performed using a pair of induction plates disposed one each along opposite sides of the first region.
13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the initial blank is heated to an austenitization temperature during the hot forming and press hardening operation, and wherein the known temperature is substantially lower than the austenitization temperature.
14. A method according to claim 1, comprising protecting the second region from being heated to substantially the known temperature.
15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the known temperature is between approximately 370° C. and approximately 800° C.
16. A method according to claim 1, wherein the known temperature is between approximately 400° C. and approximately 700° C.
17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the initial blank is fabricated from a press hardenable steel alloy material.
18. A method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising:
- heating the initial blank to an austenitizing temperature;
- hot-shaping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product;
- cooling the product during a first period of time, using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently rapid to support formation of a martensitic structure within substantially the entire product;
- subjecting a first portion of the product to post hot-forming processing, comprising selectively heating the first portion of the product to a known temperature that is less than the austenitizing temperature, while simultaneously maintaining below the known temperature a second portion of the product that is adjacent to the first portion; and,
- cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite.
19. A method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising:
- providing the initial blank;
- heating the initial blank to the austenite state;
- hot-stamping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product;
- hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure;
- using conduction heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and,
- cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite,
- wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
20. A method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising:
- providing the initial blank;
- heating the initial blank to the austenite state;
- hot-stamping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product;
- hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure;
- using resistance heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and,
- cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite,
- wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
21. A method of forming a product from an initial blank, comprising:
- providing the initial blank;
- heating the initial blank to the austenite state;
- hot-stamping the initial blank in a cooled pair of dies to form the product;
- hardening substantially the entire product while it is still inside the pair of dies by cooling the product using a rate of cooling that is sufficiently fast to form a martensitic structure;
- using induction heating, heating a first portion of the product to at least a predetermined first temperature, while at the same time maintaining a second portion of the product below a predetermined second temperature that is lower than the first temperature; and,
- cooling the product such that tempered martensite is formed within the first portion of the product while at the same time the second portion of the product remains substantially free of tempered martensite,
- wherein subsequent to cooling, a tensile strength of the first portion of the product is less than a tensile strength of the second portion of the product.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 23, 2011
Publication Date: Dec 29, 2011
Applicant: MAGNA INTERNATIONAL INC. (Aurora)
Inventors: Pascal Charest (Caledon), Nicholas Adam (Trenton), Jaswinder Pal Singh (Sterling Heights, MI), Alexander Zak (Moedling)
Application Number: 13/166,942
International Classification: C22F 1/00 (20060101);