COOLING DEVICE
This disclosure relates to a low-profile cooling device (100) for applications such as spot cooling. The low-profile cooling device can include a first rotor (102), a second rotor (104), a motor (106) including a drive shaft (108) for driving and rotating each rotor, an upper plate (110), a middle plate (112), and a lower plate (114).
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This claims priority to and the benefit of Irish Patent Application No. 2009/0417, filed on May 28, 2009, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Also incorporated herein by reference is the entire contents of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0145584 A1, published on Jun. 11, 2009. The entirety of International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2010/016046 A1, published on Feb. 11, 2010, also is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe invention relates to cooling devices and, more particularly, to low-profile cooling devices for applications such as spot cooling. The types of things that can be cooled with one or more low-profile cooling devices according to the invention include one or more semiconductor chips, circuits, circuit boards, and generally various components of portable and non-portable devices and systems such as mobile phones, laptop computers, desktop computers, server computers, and telecommunications devices.
BACKGROUND INFORMATIONIn the semiconductor industry, high temperatures of components threaten reliability and compromise user comfort. In large scale electronic systems, Moore's law causes the heat flux of many electronic devices to double every 18 months, thus threatening component reliability. Thus, at the micro scale, electronic devices incorporate cooling devices which include a number of heat transfer surfaces known as fins. However, in such micro scale systems, the problem of pressure losses becomes greater as an unfavorable relationship exists between channel size, flow rate and pressure drop. Other problems include space constraints, partial blockage of flow path, weight, difficulty of manufacture and integration, reduced effectiveness of fins as heat transfer surfaces, and ultimately, non-optimal thermal performance. In addition, as flow remains laminar and typically parallel with a heated surface within such systems, a thermal boundary layer grows along the surface and effectively acts as an insulator to heat flow.
It is known to use nozzles to generate jets which impinge upon a heated surface for impingement cooling. However, this provides significant difficulties which include nozzle back pressure, acoustic emissions, and practical limits due to enclosure size and design.
Therefore, various techniques have been employed to enhance fin heat transfer efficiency, such as staggering fins, and modifying manufacturing techniques to improve heat transfer through increased fin density. The presence of the fins results in an increase in heat transfer surface area and hence higher levels of heat transfer for a given mass flow. However, the fins also induce shear losses leading to higher pressure losses, which ultimately reduce the mass flow rate through and the hence the potential for heat transfer for a given pressure drop within the heat transfer surfaces.
One technique to enhance fin heat transfer efficiency is to use small ribs in an inverted V-shape to generate impingement zones. The ribs intersect the flow of fluid through the heat sink. Another technique is the use of corrugations in a heat exchanger for blending air passing between adjacent fins.
Such methods consist of physically modifying the heat sink structure to generate vortex fluidic structures, which is difficult and costly in a manufacturing process at small to micro scale applications. In addition, small diameter fans are very limited in the flow rate they can achieve, as above aspect ratios of greater than 0.2, little or no gain is achieved in flow rate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates to low-profile cooling devices for applications such as spot cooling. One or more of the low-profile devices can be used to cool one or more chips, circuits, and other components in portable electronic devices as well as non-portable systems such as desktops, servers, and telecommunications devices. Cooling devices according to the invention have lower thermal resistance relative to existing cooling devices.
One cooling device according to the invention is a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device. Its performance is better than that of a single-inlet cooling device such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0145584 A1. The inventive dual-inlet low-profile cooling device is configured for receiving air axially through two separate air inlets, each of which is disposed on an opposite face of the device. This axial inlet air is circulated within interior volumes defined between upper, middle, and lower plates. Two separate rotors (typically driven simultaneously by a common drive shaft coupled to a single motor, although a separate motor and drive shaft for each rotor is possible) force air from the axial air inlets radially into two separate interior volumes. This creates one or more vortices in each of the volumes, and this results in cooling of the plates as well as anything in direct or indirect thermal contact with one or more of the plates. The heated air is then expelled from the volumes through one or more radial air outlets associated with each interior volume.
Another cooling device according to the invention is a low-profile cooling device that includes one or more fin plates. This cooling device may be a single-inlet low-profile cooling device or a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device. At least one fin plate is disposed within each interior volume of the device. The single-inlet device has just one interior volume in which the one or more fin plates would be disposed, but the dual-inlet device has two separate interior volumes and thus typically uses one or more fin plates which each of those two volumes. A specific embodiment uses a single fin plate in each interior volume. These single-inlet and dual-inlet devices operate similarly to the operation described in the preceding paragraph.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device that includes a first rotor, a second rotor, a motor, an upper plate, a middle plate, and a lower plate. Each of the first and second rotors includes a plurality of blades. The motor includes a drive shaft for driving and rotating each of the first and second rotors. The upper, middle, and lower plates are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor. The upper plate defines a first axial air inlet and the lower plate defines a second axial air inlet. The upper and middle plates are spaced apart to define a first interior volume and at least two first radial air outlets. The lower and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second interior volume and at least two second radial air outlets. Air from the first axial air inlet is forced radially into the first interior volume by the first rotor when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor. This forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two first radial air outlets. Air from the second axial air inlet is also forced radially into the second interior volume by the second rotor when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor. This forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two second radial air outlets.
In one embodiment according to this aspect of the invention, one or more vortices can be created within each of the first and second interior volumes without the need for physical structures within each of the first and second interior volumes. In addition, the cooling device can be comprised of support pillars for interconnecting the upper, middle, and lower plates. The cooling device can also be comprised of at least one heat pipe. The cooling device can be one in a stack of a plurality of cooling devices.
In another embodiment according to this aspect of the invention, the cooling device can be integrated within a portable device. The portable device can be a mobile phone or a laptop computer. The cooling device can also be integrated within a non-portable device or system such as a desktop computer or a server computer. The cooling device is useful for spot cooling generally, whether in a portable or a non-portable device or system. One or more of the cooling devices can be used to cool one or more graphics processing units, central processing units, and field programmable gateway arrays. At least one of the upper and lower plates of the cooling device can be formed by a wall of a housing of a device or system being cooled.
In a second aspect, the invention relates to a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device with fin plates. The cooling device includes a first rotor, a second rotor, a motor, an upper plate, a middle plate, a lower plate, a first fin plate, and a second fin plate. Each of the first and second rotors includes a plurality of blades. The motor includes a drive shaft for driving and rotating each of the first and second rotors. The upper plate defines a first axial air inlet and the lower plate defines a second axial air inlet. The first fin plate is disposed between the upper plate and the middle plate. The second fin plate is disposed between the middle plate and the lower plate. All five of the plates are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor. Each of the first and second fin plates defines openings at least as large as the first and second axial air inlets. The upper and first fin plates are spaced apart to define a first part of a first interior volume. The first fin and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the first interior volume. The lower and second fin plates are spaced apart to define a first part of a second interior volume. The second fin and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the second interior volume. Air from the first axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the first interior volume by the first rotor when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor. Air from the second axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the second interior volume by the second rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor.
In one embodiment according to this aspect of the invention, the cooling device can be comprised of support pillars for interconnecting the upper, middle, lower, first fin, and second fin plates. The upper, middle, lower, first fin, and second fin plates can be substantially rectangular-shaped. The cooling device can also be comprised of at least one heat pipe. In addition, the cooling device can be integrated within a portable device. The portable device can be a mobile phone or a laptop computer. The cooling device can also be integrated within a non-portable device or system such as a desktop computer or a server computer. The cooling device is useful for spot cooling generally, whether in a portable or a non-portable device or system. One or more of the cooling devices can be used to cool one or more graphics processing units, central processing units, and field programmable gateway arrays. At least one of the upper and lower plates of the cooling device can be formed by a wall of a housing of a device or system being cooled.
In a third aspect, the invention relates to a single-inlet low-profile cooling device with a fin plate. The cooling device includes a rotor, a motor, an upper plate, a middle fin plate, and a lower plate. The rotor includes a plurality of blades. The motor includes a drive shaft for driving and rotating the rotor. The upper, middle fin, and lower plates are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor. The upper plate defines an axial air inlet. The middle fin plate defines an opening at least as large as the axial air inlet. The upper and middle fin plates are spaced apart to define a first part of an interior volume. The middle fin and lower plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the interior volume. Air from the axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the interior volume by the rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor.
In one embodiment according to this aspect of the invention, the cooling device can be comprised of support pillars for interconnecting the upper, middle fin, and lower plates. The upper, middle, lower, first fin, and second fin plates can be substantially rectangular-shaped. The cooling device can also be comprised of at least one heat pipe. The cooling device can be integrated within any one or more of a portable device, a desktop computer, a server, a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, and field programmable gateway arrays, for example.
These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the invention herein disclosed, will become apparent through reference to the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations.
In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same or similar parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
In general, the invention relates to low-profile cooling devices which lower thermal resistance. In the following description, embodiments of various types of low-profile cooling devices which receive air in an axial direction and expel air in a radial direction are disclosed. For example, low-profile cooling devices include a single-inlet low-profile cooling device including a fin plate, a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device, and a dual-inlet low-profile cooling device including fin plates.
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The first rotor 102 includes a first inner hub 103 and a plurality of blades 116. Like the first rotor 102, the second rotor 104 includes a second inner hub 105 and a plurality of blades 116. The drive shaft 108 is coupled to the motor 106 such that the drive shaft 108 drives and rotates each of the first rotor 102 and the second rotor 104. The drive shaft 108 extends from the motor 106 into the first inner hub 103 of the first rotor 102. The drive shaft 108 continues through the first rotor 102 and into the second inner hub 105 of the second rotor 104. The drive shaft 108 terminates at the second rotor 104. The drive shaft 108 may be configured such that it is longer or shorter in length. In addition, a second motor can be provided such that motor 106 can be configured to independently control the first rotor 102 and the second motor can be configured to independently control the second rotor 104.
The upper plate 110, middle plate 112, and lower plate 114 are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft 108. Each of the plates can act as heat transfer surfaces and the upper plate 110, middle plate 112, and lower plate 114 can have a substantially rectangular shape. Each of the plates can also be interconnected via support pillars. Each of the upper plate 110 and the lower plate 114 includes air inlets. The upper plate 110 includes a first axial air inlet 118, which is defined as an opening on the surface of the upper plate 110. The lower plate 114 includes a second axial air inlet 120, which is defined as an opening on the surface of the lower plate 114. The first rotor 102 is disposed between the top plate 110 and the middle plate 112. The second rotor 104 is disposed between the lower plate 114 and the middle plate 112. The top plate 110 and the middle plate 112 are spaced apart to define a first interior volume 122. The top plate 110 and the middle plate 112 also define at least two first radial air outlets 126 when coupled together. The lower plate 114 and the middle plate are also spaced apart to define a second interior volume 124. The lower plate 114 and the middle plate 112 also define at least two second radial air outlets 128 when coupled together. The middle plate 112 includes an opening 119 which is sufficient in diameter to allow passage of the drive shaft 108. The opening 119 has a significantly smaller diameter in comparison to the diameters of each of the first axial air inlet 118 and the second axial air inlet 120.
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Depending on the configuration of the device 100, steady or unsteady fluid flow vortices may be created within each of the first interior volume 122 and the second interior volume 124 without need for physical structures such as a fin. For example, the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0145584 A1 are configured to create steady or unsteady fluid vortices.
By “unsteady”, the vortices at a particular location within each of the first interior volume 122 and the second interior volume 124 change with time. The resulting flow field enhances heat transfer rates locally through impingement cooling and thermal transport by the vortices, whether generated to be steady or unsteady in nature. Also, the vortices drive a secondary flow within the device 100, which entrains fluid at each outlet, and draws it into each of the first interior volume 122 and the second interior volume 124, effectively creating a secondary pumping mechanism which further enhances heat transfer. Air is entrained into the vortices and expelled, thereby adding to the net heat transfer rate.
The cooling device 100 enhances heat flux in a given volume and is particularly appropriate for portable devices, such as mobile phones, and also for spot cooling in low-profile applications generally (whether in a portable device or a non-portable device or system) such as to cool a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, field programmable gateway arrays, and/or one or more components in non-portable and portable devices and systems. The avoidance of fins from the first interior volume 122 and the second interior volume 124 makes the device 100 easier and cheaper to manufacture. The avoidance of fins also results in reduced aerodynamics noise. The pressure drop across each of the first interior volume 122 and the second interior volume 124 is less as there is less surface area to add to the viscous drag. Further, the vortices may be generated in small volumes.
In one embodiment according to the invention, cooling device 100 may have the following dimensions. These dimensions are merely exemplary and other dimensions may be contemplated. For example, the height of the device 100 is about 8 millimeters. Each of the first rotor 102 and the second rotor 104 has a diameter of about 15, 24, 30, 60, and 80 millimeters. In addition, each of the upper plate 110, the middle plate 112, and the lower plate 114 has a thickness of about 1 millimeter.
In other embodiments of the invention, the cooling device 100 may be presented in various configurations. For example, the height and diameter of the blades 116 of each of the first rotor 102 and the second rotor 104 may be adjusted to identify optimal acoustic noise levels and flow rate levels. For example, the optimal height of the blades 116 could be 8 to 12 millimeters when the first rotor 102 has a diameter of 80 millimeters. Such configuration could yield a low acoustic noise level for the cooling device 100. Additionally, each of the first axial air inlet 118 and the second axial air inlet 120 of cooling device 100 could be designed to incorporate a cover in order to improve acoustics.
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Like the cooling device 100 depicted in
The upper plate 306 defines a first axial air inlet 316 and the lower plate defines a second axial air inlet 318. The first fin plate 312 is disposed between the upper plate 306 and the middle plate 308. The second fin plate 314 is disposed between the middle plate 308 and the lower plate 310. All five of the plates are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor. The first fin plate 312 includes a first opening 320. The second fin plate 314 includes a second opening 322. Each of the first opening 320 and the second opening 322 is at least as large as the first axial air inlet 316 and the second axial air inlet 318, respectively.
The first rotor 302 is partially disposed within the first opening 320. The second rotor 304 is partially disposed within the second opening 322. Each of a portion of the first rotor 302 and the second rotor 304 may partially extend above and below the first opening 320 and the second opening 322 respectively.
The upper plate 306 and the first fin plate 312 are spaced apart to define a first part 324a of a first interior volume 324. The first fin plate 312 and the middle plate 308 are spaced apart to define a second part 324b of the first interior volume 324. The lower plate 310 and the second fin plate 314 are spaced apart to define a first part 326a of a second interior volume 326. The second fin plate 314 and the middle plate 308 are spaced apart to define a second part 326b of the second interior volume 326.
Air received axially from the first axial air inlet 316 is forced radially into the first part 324a and second part 324b of the first interior volume by the first rotor 302 when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor. In addition, air received axially from the second axial air inlet 318 is forced radially into the first part 326a and the second part 326b of the second interior volume by the second rotor 304 when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor. Air entering the device 300 through the first axial air inlet 316 and the second axial air inlet 318 does not pass through an opening 328 of the middle plate 308. The opening 328 is sufficient in diameter to allow passage of the drive shaft. This configuration prevents the flow from either inlet to interact until it exits the device 300.
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Like the cooling device 300 depicted in
The upper plate 404 defines an axial air inlet 410. The middle fin plate 406 is disposed between the upper plate 404 and the lower plate 408. All three of the plates are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor. The middle fin plate 406 has a generally rectangular-shaped configuration. The middle fin plate 406 may also have other configurations, such as, but not limited to, flat, and square. The middle fin plate 406 includes an opening 412. The opening 412 is at least as large as the axial air inlet 410. In addition, the rotor 402 is partially disposed within the opening 412. A portion of the rotor 402 may partially extend above and below the opening 412.
The upper plate 404 and the middle fin plate 406 are spaced apart to define a first part 414a of an interior volume 414. The middle fin plate 406 and the lower plate 408 are spaced apart to define a second part 414b of the interior volume 414. Air received axially from the axial air inlet 410 is forced radially into the first part 414a and second part 414b of the interior volume 414 by the rotor 402 when it is driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor.
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In this configuration, the distance between the fan inlets can be varied for optimum thermal performance. For example, a distance of 10 millimeters between each inlet can provide for enhanced performance. This configuration may continue to be stacked indefinitely based upon both height and heat spreading constraints.
It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. Those modifications are considered part of the disclosure. The above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as illustrative of some embodiments according to the invention.
Claims
1.-20. (canceled)
21. A rectangular-shaped dual-inlet low-profile cooling device with only two flat fin plates, comprising:
- a first rotor and a second rotor, each of the first and second rotors including a plurality of blades;
- a single motor including a drive shaft for driving and rotating each of the first and second rotors;
- an upper plate, a middle plate, and a lower plate, the upper plate defining a first axial air inlet and the lower plate defining a second axial air inlet; and
- a single first flat fin plate and a single second flat fin plate, the single first flat fin plate disposed between the upper plate and the middle plate, the single second flat fin plate disposed between the middle plate and the lower plate, wherein all five of the plates are substantially parallel to each other, substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor, and substantially rectangular-shaped, each of the single first and single second flat fin plates defines an opening at least as large as the first and second axial air inlets respectively, the single first flat fin and upper plates are spaced apart to define a first part of a first interior volume without any physical structure within the first part of the first interior volume, the single first flat fin and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the first interior volume without any physical structure within the second part of the first interior volume, the upper and middle plates thus are spaced apart to define the first interior volume with the single first flat fin plate disposed within the first interior volume, and the upper and middle plates are spaced apart to define at least two first radial air outlets, the single second flat fin and lower plates are spaced apart to define a first part of a second interior volume without any physical structure within the first part of the second interior volume, the single second flat fin and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the second interior volume without any physical structure within the second part of the second interior volume, the middle and lower plates thus are spaced apart to define the second interior volume with the single second flat fin plate disposed within the second interior volume, and the middle and lower plates are spaced apart to define at least two second radial air outlets, at least a first heat pipe is disposed along one side of the rectangular-shaped device, and at least a second heat pipe is disposed along an opposite side of the rectangular-shaped device, and air from the first axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the first interior volume by the first rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two first radial air outlets, air from the second axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the second interior volume by the second rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two second radial air outlets.
22. The device of claim 21 wherein the cooling device is integrated within any one or more of a portable device, a desktop computer, a server, a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, and field programmable gateway arrays.
23. A rectangular-shaped dual-inlet low-profile cooling device without any fin plates, comprising:
- a first rotor and a second rotor, each of the first and second rotors including a plurality of blades;
- a single motor including a drive shaft for driving and rotating each of the first and second rotors; and
- an upper plate, a middle plate, and a lower plate, wherein the upper, middle, and lower plates are substantially parallel to each other, substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the motor, and substantially rectangular-shaped, the upper plate defines a first axial air inlet and the lower plate defines a second axial air inlet, the upper and middle plates are spaced apart to define a first interior volume and at least two first radial air outlets without any physical structure within the first interior volume, the lower and middle plates are spaced apart to define a second interior volume and at least two second radial air outlets without any physical structure within the second interior volume, at least a first heat pipe is disposed along one side of the rectangular-shaped device, and at least a second heat pipe is disposed along an opposite side of the rectangular-shaped device, and air from the first axial air inlet is forced radially into the first interior volume by the first rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two first radial air outlets, air from the second axial air inlet is forced radially into the second interior volume by the second rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two second radial air outlets.
24. The device of claim 23 wherein the cooling device is integrated within a portable device.
25. The device of claim 24 wherein the portable device is a mobile phone or a laptop computer.
26. The device of claim 23 wherein the cooling device is integrated within any one or more of a desktop computer, a server, a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, and field programmable gateway arrays.
27. A rectangular-shaped single-inlet low-profile cooling device with only a single flat fin plate, comprising:
- a single rotor including a plurality of blades;
- a single motor including a drive shaft for driving and rotating the single rotor; and
- an upper plate, a single middle flat fin plate, and a lower plate, wherein the upper, single middle flat fin, and lower plates are substantially parallel to each other, substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the single motor, and substantially rectangular-shaped, the upper plate defines a single axial air inlet, the single middle flat fin plate defines an opening at least as large as the single axial air inlet, the single middle flat fin and upper plates are spaced apart to define a first part of an interior volume without any physical structure within the first part of the interior volume, the single middle flat fin and lower plates are spaced apart to define a second part of the interior volume without any physical structure within the second part of the interior volume, the upper and lower plates thus are spaced apart to define the interior volume with the single middle flat fin plate disposed within the interior volume, and the upper and lower plates are spaced apart to define at least two radial air outlets, at least a first heat pipe is disposed along one side of the rectangular-shaped device, and at least a second heat pipe is disposed along an opposite side of the rectangular-shaped device, and air from the single axial air inlet is forced radially into the first and second parts of the interior volume by the single rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the single motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two radial air outlets.
28. The device of claim 27 wherein the cooling device is integrated within any one or more of a portable device, a desktop computer, a server, a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, and field programmable gateway arrays.
29. A rectangular-shaped single-inlet low-profile cooling device with any fin plate, comprising:
- a single rotor including a plurality of blades;
- a single motor including a drive shaft for driving and rotating the single rotor; and
- an upper plate and a lower plate, wherein the upper and lower plates are substantially parallel to each other, substantially perpendicular to the drive shaft of the single motor, and substantially rectangular-shaped, the upper plate defines a single axial air inlet, the upper and lower plates are spaced apart to define an interior volume without any physical structure within the interior volume, the upper and lower plates are spaced apart to define at least two radial air outlets, at least a first heat pipe is disposed along one side of the rectangular-shaped device, and at least a second heat pipe is disposed along an opposite side of the rectangular-shaped device, and air from the single axial air inlet is forced radially into the interior volume by the single rotor when driven and rotated by the shaft of the single motor and this forced air ultimately exits from at least one of the at least two radial air outlets.
30. The device of claim 29 wherein the cooling device is integrated within a portable device.
31. The device of claim 30 wherein the portable device is a mobile phone or a laptop computer.
32. The device of claim 29 wherein the cooling device is integrated within any one or more of a desktop computer, a server, a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, and field programmable gateway arrays.
Type: Application
Filed: May 28, 2010
Publication Date: May 24, 2012
Applicant: UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK (Limerick)
Inventors: Edmond Walsh (Newport), Patrick Walsh (Pallaskenry), Jeff Punch (Patrickswell), Ronan Grimes (Newport)
Application Number: 13/322,405
International Classification: F28D 15/04 (20060101);