System and Method for Processing Casino Table Games Yield Management Data
A system is provided for processing yield management and casino table data. The system provides a graphical presentation of each games table spread, and where the game is overspread or under spread, and by how much. The table spread opportunities can also be aggregated to determine whether what is observed is a trend so that the operator can act on that trend to remedy it. An interactive graphical representation of this data combined with an ability to drill down to the underlying data to verify trends makes it possible to find opportunities to close games, open games and add or remove tables to the gaming floor so as to improve profitability. Displaying graphically how pricing of tables could be changed is particularly useful so that managers can know where opportunities exist to change pricing in order to improve profitability. An ability to drill down to a floor view makes it possible for the manager to verify the casino floor and visually see how the players are seated on tables. Displaying graphically the time periods when an opportunity to price a game differently than the current pricing to improve profitability also helps the manager understand when this happens, how long it lasts and at which price points. Displaying graphically the time periods when an unmet demand exists also helps the manager understand when this happens, how long it lasts and for which price points.
Latest TANGAM TECHNOLOGIES INC. Patents:
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/499,434 filed on Jun. 21, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe following relates to systems and methods for processing casino table games yield management data.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ARTYield management (also known as “revenue management”) systems are used for determining the most profitable price for products and services in response to market demands. Hotel room pricing, airline tickets and car rentals are but some examples of industries that use yield management data processing systems.
In general, the conditions that a service or product should meet for yield management to be applicable are: (1) that there are a fixed amount of resources available for sale; (2) that there is a time limit to selling the resources, after which they may cease to be of value; and (3) that different customers are willing to pay different prices for using the same amount of resources.
In the context of a casino in which gaming tables are operated, it has been suggested that yield management can be applied, see “Table games revenue management: applying survival analysis” by Clayton Peister published in Cornell Hotel and Administration Quarterly, February 2007, and “Table Games: Optimal Utilization”, by Andrew MacDonald and Bill Eadington, published in Global Gaming Business, volume 7, number 8, August, 2008.
These articles teach that occupancy of gaming tables affects the number of plays per hour, namely that more players at a table reduces the number of rounds per hour. While the number of bets made per hour can still be greater at a full table than a table that is half full, revenue can be adversely affected when players betting smaller amounts play at a table with players betting larger amounts. These articles teach that yield management analysis can be used to gain insight into more profitable or optimal utilization of table game resources in a casino.
Applicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/619,671 entitled “Casino Table Game Yield Management System” and published as US 2011/0118007 describes a data processing system that has a minimum bet change recommendation generator. The minimum bet change recommendation generator receives casino table occupancy and player betting data and generates recommendation data based on casino game operations model data and business rule data. A timing filter determines when recommendation data is to be presented to an operator and a quantification filter calculates revenue value data of implementing a minimum bet change and determining whether recommendation data is to be presented to an operator.
Such a system enables casino managers to balance a variety of player and house considerations when deciding on implementing a gaming table betting minimum change. The above-noted co-pending patent application thus recognizes that gaming table betting minimum change recommendations based on yield management principles are advantageously filtered to respect pre-established house rules defining, for example, betting minimums, and minimum numbers of tables operated at such betting minimums, and target occupancy levels for each betting level. Gaming table betting minimum change recommendations are also advantageously filtered to reduce either the frequency or number of changes implemented, or to avoid changes made in response to short-lived conditions. Moreover, the above-noted patent application recognizes that it is advantageous to calculate a financial value associated with gaming table betting minimum change recommendations to only display recommendations that are above a certain value threshold, or to help managers of casino table games decide on implementing a gaming table betting minimum change or to help managers of casino table games evaluate the financial impact of recommendations that were not implemented.
It would be a further advantage to visualize yield management data such as that calculated and provided in the system described in US 2011/0118007.
In the context of a casino, table spread and game mix statistics are also typically of interest to a casino manager. Currently, table spread and game mix statistics are generated and presented using static spreadsheets with some analysis. Current casino managers also strive to ascertain whether or not player segments for a game are being served, in order to improve profitability. Existing tools available to casino managers also lack the ability to provide interactive dashboards to measure or visualize if there was an opportunity to price games differently and further improve profitability.
Although static spreadsheets and other statistics exist or can be generated for a particular casino, the casino industry currently lacks a comprehensive yield management system, in particular, one that can be used for current or real-time data or on-demand analyses, let alone in a manner that can be understood without specialized knowledge.
It is an object of the following to address the above-noted disadvantages.
Embodiments will now be described by way of example only with reference to the appended drawings wherein:
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the example embodiments described herein may be practised without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the example embodiments described herein. Also, the description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the example embodiments described herein.
It has been found that current table spread data can be improved by providing intuitive data visualization, e.g., using graphical indications of where the actual number of open tables is significantly different from the ideal number of open tables. It has also been found that useful table spread information can be provided by enhancing interactivity and providing a drill down ability in order to allow users to dig deeper into the data provided beginning from high level and intuitive indications to raw data and statistics. By providing flexibility in enabling “what if” analyses and providing immediate results (e.g. by allowing days or weeks to be selectively excluded in the analysis), a user can explore various possibilities to better evaluate changes that could be made to improve profitability. By aggregating this data to show all of the opportunities in a single graphical visualization, an overall picture is provided, enhancing the decision making process.
It has also been found that there lacks an ability to measure if there was a player segment that was not being served, i.e., whether or not there is unmet or “censored” demand, which could improve profitability if this segment was being served. A system is therefore provided that graphically presents this information. The following embodiments also enable unmet or censored demand data to be aggregated over several weeks to determine whether what is found is a trend, such that the operator can act on that trend to remedy it. By presenting this aggregation in an interactive manner, the user is also provided with the ability to drill down to a detailed view.
The following embodiments also provide the ability to measure if there was an opportunity to price games differently and improve profitability. Provided is a graphical presentation of which player segments have betting minimums opportunities, and where the pricing can be adjusted. The betting minimums opportunities can also be aggregated to determine whether what is observed is a trend so that the operator can act on that trend to remedy it. By presenting this aggregation in an interactive manner, user is also provided with the ability to drill down to a detailed view.
It has been recognized that managers of casino table games often need to quickly determine which games and tables they need to close in order to save labour, and which games and tables they need to open in order to increase revenue. An interactive graphical representation of this data combined with an ability to drill down to the underlying data to verify trends makes it possible to find opportunities to close games, open games and add or remove tables to the gaming floor so as to improve profitability.
Displaying graphically how pricing of tables could be changed is particularly useful so that managers can know where opportunities exist to change pricing in order to improve profitability. An ability to drill down to a floor view makes it possible for the manager to verify the casino floor and visually see how the players are seated on tables.
Displaying graphically the time periods when an unmet demand exists helps the manager understand when this happens and for which price points. This helps them decide if they need to open more tables or add tables to meet the demand from this un-served player segment, thus improve profitability. An ability to drill down to the floor view makes it possible for the manager to verify the casino floor and visually see how the players are seated at the tables.
In some embodiments, the following system also provides a grid to show each day of the week and each game to determine how that game is spread. It is useful to have the ability to deselect certain games from the analysis, or certain days from the analysis to find out how the game is spread, compared to other games, or other days of the same game. It is also useful to know which games or time periods have the most opportunity to improve the spread by having a visual element that emphasizes this.
It is also useful to have a grid to show each day of the week and each game to determine how pricing can be changed. It is useful to have the ability to deselect certain games from the analysis, or certain days from the analysis to find out how the pricing for a game can be changed, compared to other games, or other days for the same game. It is useful to know which games or time periods have the most opportunity to change pricing and improve profitability by having a visual element that emphasizes this.
It is also useful to have a grid to show each day of the week and each game to determine where there are unmet customer segments. It is useful to have the ability to deselect certain games from the analysis, or certain days from the analysis to find out how the unmet customer segments are compared to other games, or other days for the same game. It is useful to know which games or time periods have the most opportunity to open more tables to serve the unmet customer segments and improve profitability by having a visual element that emphasizes this.
In one aspect, the following provides a method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing table spread data for a casino environment. The method comprises determining an actual number of open tables associated with a first game type for each of a plurality of time intervals; determining an ideal number of open tables at each of the time intervals; displaying a timeline comprising the time intervals, the timeline comprising, in association with each time interval, a first visual element indicative of the actual number of open tables during that time interval, and a second visual element indicative of whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables; and enabling further detail corresponding to a desired time interval to be displayed upon detecting selection of a corresponding portion of the timeline.
In another aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that when executed by a casino table game yield management data processing system, perform operations comprising: determining an actual number of open tables associated with a first game type for each of a plurality of time intervals; determining an ideal number of open tables at each of the time intervals; displaying a timeline comprising the time intervals, the timeline comprising, in association with each time interval, a first visual element indicative of the actual number of open tables during that time interval, and a second visual element indicative of whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables; and enabling further detail corresponding to a desired time interval to be displayed upon detecting selection of a corresponding portion of the timeline.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a casino table game yield management data processing system comprising the computer readable medium above.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing table spread data for a casino environment. The method comprises determining an actual number of open tables associated with a game type for each of a plurality of time intervals; determining an ideal number of open tables for the game type at each of the time intervals; and displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the ideal number of tables is above or below the actual number of tables.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that when executed by a casino table game yield management data processing system, perform operations comprising: determining an actual number of open tables associated with a game type for each of a plurality of time intervals; determining an ideal number of open tables for the game type at each of the time intervals; and displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the ideal number of tables is above or below the actual number of tables.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a casino table game yield management data processing system comprising the computer readable medium above.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing pricing data for open tables in a casino gaming environment. The method comprises determining, for each of a plurality of time intervals, that one or more open tables associated with a game type should be priced differently than a current pricing during that time interval; and displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the one or more open tables should be priced differently from the current pricing.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that when executed by a casino table game yield management data processing system, perform operations comprising: determining, for each of a plurality of time intervals, that one or more open tables associated with a game type should be priced differently than a current pricing during that time interval; and displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the one or more open tables should be priced differently from the current pricing.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a casino table game yield management data processing system comprising the computer readable medium above.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing pricing data for open tables in a casino gaming environment. The method comprises determining, for each of a plurality of time intervals, that there is unmet customer demand at one or more price points associated with a game type during that time interval; and displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of unmet customer demand.
Turning now to the figures, a yield management system 35 is shown, which comprises a yield management server 30, which processes data stored in a casino table player database 40 as shown in
A business rules editor and data store 50 is shown for editing and storing business rules. The business rules correspond to data that contains information regarding how the gaming floor will be managed by a yield management analysis module 52. The business rules can function by storing the information in a file for easy access, and modifications by a user. Any basic text editor can be sufficient to access, edit and save the pertinent data. This file or data can be saved in a database indexed on the period of time that this information was applicable for. This allows a historical review of the casino state for any relevant time period.
The business rule data can be accessed on demand by the user, or by the yield management analysis module 52, to review, modify or access its content. Once created or modified, casino game operations model data 54 can be loaded automatically when the system is reset or initialized, or can be manually uploaded to override the current information.
The following describes sample information that a user can provide for the business rules. It can be appreciated that the following example is illustrative and should not be considered exhaustive.
The user can specify optimal occupancy levels (or target occupancy) for each price point. This is the desired average number of players seated on a table game at a specific price point. The target occupancy numbers are specified in the business rules and are used to determine the ideal number of tables that need to be opened for a given time period given the demand at that time period.
The casino game operations model data 54 is a file store that contains the representation of the casino floor and the data relevant to the efficiency in operating these resources. The casino game operations data functions by storing the information in a content centered manner for easy access, and modifications by a user. Any basic text editor is sufficient to access, edit and save the pertinent data. This file or data can be saved in a database indexed on the period of time that this information was applicable for. This allows a historical review of the casino state for any valid time period.
The casino game operations model data 54 may be accessed on demand by the user, or by the yield management analysis module 52, to review, modify or access its content. Once created or modified, the casino game operations model data 54 can be loaded automatically (or otherwise accessed) when the system is reset or initialized, or can be manually uploaded to override the current information.
Information that a user needs to provide for the casino game operations are the list of tables that will be managed by the yield management system 35, the number of spots available on each table, the game type of each table and the location of the table relative to a casino pit.
The purpose of the yield management analysis module 52 is to analyze the data from the player ratings system (e.g. the casino table player database 40) and use the casino game operations model data 54 to determine, for each time period, the aggregated actual number of open tables, the aggregated number of ideal open tables based on the player demand, how pricing for the open tables can be changed, and where there exists unmet demand for a particular game. The yield management analysis module 52 also has the capability to aggregate any of these data over several time periods.
A daily summary dashboard generator 56 is also provided, in order to prepare a summary of an individual day for at least one game in the casino. A graph can be generated for each game of the casino showing the actual number of open tables at each hour, the ideal number of open tables at each hour, and whether the actual number of open tables is above or below the ideal number of open tables during that hour. In addition to this, the daily summary dashboard generator can also be used to show graphically how the pricing at particular open tables could be changed, and where there exists unmet demand for a particular price point.
A game trend dashboard generator 58 is provided in order to prepare a summary of one game in the casino to show the trends for the same game at the same time period for a user defined selection of dates. A graph can be generated for the game in the casino for the selected dates showing the aggregated actual number of open tables during each hour, the aggregated ideal number of open tables during each hour, a graphic showing the aggregated pricing changes of open tables, and a graphic showing the aggregated unmet demand for a particular price point. The aggregation can be an average, median, mean, weighted average or percentile. The user can select any time period for the analysis and can exclude days such as holidays or special events that can skew the trends.
A casino trend dashboard generator 60 is provided to aggregate all the data from all the games for a user defined selection of dates in a grid. This module creates a grid that shows each game and day against each hour of the day. Each element in the grid can show whether the aggregated ideal number of tables is over or under the aggregated actual number of tables for that day and hour, the aggregated pricing changes for that game and hour, and the aggregated unmet demand for that game an hour. The casino trend dashboard generator 60 also allows the user to select/deselect games to show in the grid, and arrange the grid by each game, or by each day of the week, as will be shown in greater detail in the screen shots described below.
A dashboard display unit 62 is also provided to displays the dashboards generated by the daily summary dashboard generator 56, the game trend dashboard generator 58, and the casino trend dashboard generator 60. The dashboard display unit 62 sends the user selected information relevant to each of the dashboard generators 56, 58, 60, so that a particular dashboard generator 56, 58, 60 displays relevant information.
Returning to
(1) Under spread opportunities: These are opportunities where the casino needed to open more games, because the aggregated ideal number of tables is significantly higher than the aggregated actual number of tables for the selected time period. In
(2) Overspread opportunities: These are opportunities where the casino needed to close tables, because the aggregated ideal number of tables is significantly lower than the aggregated actual number of tables for the selected time period. In
(3) Capacity opportunities: These are opportunities where the casino needed to open more games, because there is sufficient demand to open more tables of the game type, but there is no physical capacity on the casino floor to add this game. In
(1) High Occupancy opportunities: These indicate where the players are experiencing higher than optimal occupancy and to convert some tables to the current minimum.
(2) Low Occupancy opportunities: These indicate where the players are experiencing lower than optimal occupancy, and to convert some games to the current minimum to entice other players to join the game. This view gives the user a very clear ideal of how the pricing can be changed to improve profitability for each game type, and when this happens during the week.
It will be appreciated that any module or component exemplified herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to computer readable media such as storage media, computer storage media, or data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Computer storage media may include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by an application, module, or both. Any such computer storage media may be part of the system 35, client 20, gaming station 12, etc., or accessible or connectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may be implemented using computer readable/executable instructions that may be stored or otherwise held by such computer readable media.
It will be appreciated that the example embodiments and corresponding diagrams used herein are for illustrative purposes only. Different configurations and terminology can be used without departing from the principles expressed herein. For instance, components and modules can be added, deleted, modified, or arranged with differing connections without departing from these principles.
The steps or operations in the flow charts and diagrams described herein are just for example. There may be many variations to these steps or operations without departing from the spirit of the invention or inventions. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted, or modified.
Although the above principles have been described with reference to certain specific example embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art as outlined in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing table spread data for a casino environment, the method comprising:
- determining an actual number of open tables associated with a first game type for each of a plurality of time intervals;
- determining an ideal number of open tables at each of the time intervals;
- displaying a timeline comprising the time intervals, the timeline comprising, in association with each time interval, a first visual element indicative of the actual number of open tables during that time interval, and a second visual element indicative of whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables; and
- enabling further detail corresponding to a desired time interval to be displayed upon detecting selection of a corresponding portion of the timeline.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the actual number of open tables and the ideal number of open tables are each aggregated over a plurality of time periods, wherein each time period comprises the plurality of time intervals.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising enabling the timeline to correspond to either a single time period or the aggregate of the plurality of time periods.
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising enabling selection or de-selection of at least one time period to be included in the aggregation.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the actual number of open tables and the ideal number of open tables are each aggregated to correspond to any one of an average, median, mean, weighted average, and percentile.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a third visual element in association with at least one of the time intervals indicative of how pricing at particular open tables could be changed.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the third visual element quantifies an opportunity to improve profitability during the respective time interval.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a third visual element in association with at least one of the time intervals indicative of unmet customer demand at a particular price point.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ideal number of open tables is determined using a different optimal occupancy target for any one or more of different price points and different game types.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the further detail is displayed using a third visual element in association with the desired time interval, the further detail comprising any one or more of player occupancy, number of players, number of seats occupied, number of open tables, and table occupancy.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein upon detecting selection of the corresponding portion of the timeline, the further detail is displayed using a third visual element providing a floor view comprising data associated with at least one open table in an area of the gaming environment.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the floor view displays any one or more of a visual depiction of each open table, players, and bets placed by the players.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first visual element provides a data point on a line graph at a respective time interval.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the second visual element is varied to be indicative of the ideal number of open tables being either above the actual number of open tables or below the actual number of open tables.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein a threshold with respect to the ideal number of open tables is used to trigger variation of the second visual element.
16. A computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that when executed by a casino table game yield management data processing system, perform operations comprising:
- determining an actual number of open tables associated with a first game type for each of a plurality of time intervals;
- determining an ideal number of open tables at each of the time intervals;
- displaying a timeline comprising the time intervals, the timeline comprising, in association with each time interval, a first visual element indicative of the actual number of open tables during that time interval, and a second visual element indicative of whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables; and
- enabling further detail corresponding to a desired time interval to be displayed upon detecting selection of a corresponding portion of the timeline.
17. A casino table game yield management data processing system comprising the computer readable medium of claim 16.
18. A method, in a casino table game yield management data processing system, of providing table spread data for a casino environment, the method comprising:
- determining an actual number of open tables associated with a game type for each of a plurality of time intervals;
- determining an ideal number of open tables for the game type at each of the time intervals; and
- displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the ideal number of tables is above or below the actual number of tables.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ideal number of open tables is determined using a different optimal occupancy target for any one or more of different price points and different game types.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the game type is arranged in the grid grouped by at least one time period, wherein the time period comprises the plurality of time intervals.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the game type is arranged in the grid displayed in multiple instances, each instance being associated with one of a plurality of time periods, wherein the time period comprises the plurality of time intervals.
22. The method of claim 18, wherein the visual elements are varied in at least one characteristic to indicate whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the characteristic comprises any one or more of a numeric value, a colour, a shade, and a shape.
24. The method of claim 18, further comprising, upon detecting selection of one of the plurality of visual elements, displaying a timeline comprising the time intervals, the timeline comprising, in association with each time interval, a first visual element indicative of the actual number of open tables during that time interval, and a second visual element indicative of whether the ideal number of open tables is above or below the actual number of open tables.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the actual number of open tables and the ideal number of open tables are each aggregated over a plurality of time periods, wherein each time period comprises the plurality of time intervals.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising enabling selection or de-selection of at least one time period to be included in the aggregation.
27. The method of claim 18, wherein the visual elements depict any one or more of the actual number open tables, the ideal number of open tables, and the actual number of open tables being above or below the ideal number of open tables.
28. The method of claim 18, wherein the visual elements depict a duration or frequency that the actual number of open tables is above or below the ideal number of open tables.
29. The method of claim 18, wherein the visual elements depict a numerical currency value that represents any one or more of an improvement in profitability if the ideal number of tables had been opened for each time interval, and a total currency amount of the improvement in profitability if the ideal number of tables had been opened for a plurality of time intervals.
30. The method of claim 18, further comprising enabling further detail corresponding to a desired time interval to be displayed upon detecting selection of a corresponding portion of the grid.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the further detail is displayed using a second visual element in association with the desired time interval, the further detail comprising any one or more of player occupancy, number of players, number of open tables, and table occupancy.
32. The method according to claim 30, wherein upon detecting selection of the corresponding portion of the grid, the further detail is displayed using a second visual element providing a floor view comprising data associated with at least one open table in an area of the gaming environment.
33. A computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that when executed by a casino table game yield management data processing system, perform operations comprising:
- determining an actual number of open tables associated with a game type for each of a plurality of time intervals;
- determining an ideal number of open tables for the game type at each of the time intervals; and
- displaying a plurality of visual elements in a grid comparing the game type against the plurality of time intervals, each visual element being indicative of whether the ideal number of tables is above or below the actual number of tables.
34. A casino table game yield management data processing system comprising the computer readable medium of claims 33.
35-50. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 27, 2011
Publication Date: Dec 27, 2012
Applicant: TANGAM TECHNOLOGIES INC. (Waterloo)
Inventors: Prem GURURAJAN (Kitchener), Maulin GANDHI (Kitchener), Patrick Hermann DENIS (Kitchener), Jason Robert JACKSON (Hamilton), Christopher TAYLOR (Elmira)
Application Number: 13/192,238
International Classification: A63F 9/24 (20060101);