von Willebrand Factor (vWF) - Cleaving Protease
This invention is intended to isolate and identify a vWF-specific cleaving protease. The vWF-specific cleaving protease cleaves a bond between residues Tyr 842 and Met 843 of vWF and comprises a polypeptide chain having Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 1) as a partial sequence, and more preferably comprises a polypeptide chain having the partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of a mature protein, Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Leu-His-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 2), and having a molecular weight of 105 to 160 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing or non-reducing conditions. Isolation and identification of this vWF-specific cleaving protease have led to the possibility of replacement therapy for patients having diseases resulting from a deficiency of the protease, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
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This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. Ser. No. 12/103,899, filed Apr. 16, 2011, which is a Divisional Application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/296,294, filed Dec. 8, 2005 Issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,361,748, issue date Apr. 22, 2008, which is a Divisional Application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/475,538, filed Oct. 22, 2003, Issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,666 issue date Sep. 26, 2006, which is a 371 application of PCT/JP02/04141, filed Apr. 25, 2002, which claims priority from Japanese patent applications JP 2001-128342, filed Apr. 25, 2001, JP 2001-227510, filed Jul. 27, 2001, JP 2001-302977, filed Sep. 28, 2001 and JP 2002-017596, filed Jan. 25, 2002. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates to a plasma protein related to the field of medical drugs. More particularly, the present invention relates to a protease that specifically cleaves von Willebrand factor (it may be hereafter referred to as “vWF”), which is associated with blood coagulation. The vWF-cleaving protease of the present invention enables replacement therapy for patients with diseases resulting from defects or decreases in this protease, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (it may be hereafter referred to as “TTP”). In addition, the use thereof as a novel antiplatelet thrombotic agent is expected.
BACKGROUND ARTvWF is produced in vascular endothelial cells or megakaryocytes, and is a blood coagulation factor in which a single subunit comprising 2,050 amino acid residues (monomers of about 250 kDa) are bound by an S—S bond to form a multimer structure (with a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000 kDa). The level thereof in the blood is about 10 μg/ml, and a high-molecular-weight factor generally has higher specific activity.
vWF has two major functions as a hemostatic factor. One of the functions is as a carrier protein wherein vWF binds to the blood coagulation factor VIII to stabilize it. Another function is to form platelet plug by adhering and agglomerating platelets on the vascular endothelial subcellular tissue of a damaged vascular wall.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a disease that causes platelet plug formation in somatic arterioles and blood capillaries throughout the whole body. In spite of recent advances in medical technology, the morbidity associated with this disease approximately tripled from 1971 to 1991. Pathologically, TTP is considered to result from vascular endothelial cytotoxicity or vascular platelet aggregation. Immunohistologically, a large amount of vWFs are recognized in the resulting platelet plugs, and vWF is considered to play a major role in causing them. A normal or high-molecular-weight vWF multimer structure is dominant in a TTP patient, and an unusually large vWF multimer (ULvWFM) or large vWF multimer (LvWFM) is deduced to play a major role in accelerating platelet aggregation or microthrombus formation under high shearing stress. In contrast, vWF was known to degrade at a position between residues Tyr 842 and Met 843 by the action of vWF-cleaving protease in the circulating blood of a healthy person under high shearing stress. Accordingly, TTP is considered to occur in the following manner. The protease activity in the plasma is lowered for some reason, and ULvWFM to LvWFM are increased to accelerate platelet aggregation. This forms platelet plugs in blood vessels.
Recently, Furlan et al. (Blood, vol. 87, 4223-4234: 1996, JP Patent Publication (Kohyo) No. 2000-508918) and Tsai et al. (Blood, vol. 87, 4235-4244: 1996) developed a method for assaying vWF-specific cleaving protease. In their report, this protease activity was actually lowered in TTP. The aforementioned authors reported that this enzyme was metalloprotease in the plasma and partially purified. However, they have not yet succeeded in the amino acid sequencing which would specify the protease. There have been no further developments since then.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTIONUp to the present, plasmapheresis therapy has been performed for treating patients who congenitally lack vWF-specific cleaving protease and patients who had acquired positive antibodies against this protease. Establishment of replacement therapy using purified products or a pure substance such as a recombinant gene product of the aforementioned protease is desired. Familial TTP patients congenitally lack vWF-specific cleaving protease, and non-familial TTP is caused by posteriori production of autoantibodies against the aforementioned protease. Accordingly, replacement therapy for this protease is preferable for familial TTP patients (plasma administration is actually performed), and removal of autoantibodies by plasmapheresis and substitution of this protease are necessary for non-familial TTP. Further, the use of this protease as a novel antiplatelet thrombotic agent can also be expected.
As mentioned above, however, Furlan et al. (Blood, vol. 87, 4223-4234: 1996, JP Patent Publication (Kohyo) No. 2000-508918) and Tsai et al. (Blood, vol. 87, 42354244: 1996) have suggested that the vWF-cleaving protease was metalloprotease in the plasma. It was reported to be partially purified, and concentrated 1,000- to 10,000-fold from the plasma in terms of its specific activity. Even under these conditions, there has been no advancement in the analysis of the properties of this protease, such as the amino acid sequence of its protein, over the period of roughly 5 years that has passed since then. No specific biological information has yet been obtained regarding this protease. As reported by Furlan et al., the protein of interest is supposed to be gigantic, and there may be various problems associated therewith. For example, diversified forms of this protease, such as various interacting molecules or cofactors, are expected. Based on the complexity of purification processes, deteriorated capacity of separation by nonspecific interaction during the purification step, and other factors, it is deduced to be very difficult to isolate and identify the protease from a plasma fraction by the purification process according to Furlan et al.
Under the above circumstances, the present inventors have conducted concentrated studies in order to isolate and identify the vWF-cleaving protease. As a result, they have succeeded in isolating and purifying the vWF-cleaving protease of interest, which had not yet been reported. Thus, they have succeeded in identifying an amino acid sequence of the mature protein and a gene encoding this amino acid sequence.
The vWF-cleaving protease of the present invention can cleave a bond between residues Tyr 842 and Met 843 of vWF. According to one embodiment, this protease has a molecular weight of 105 to 160 kDa or 160 to 250 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing or non-reducing conditions. It is comprised of a polypeptide chain having Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val as a partial sequence. More preferably, it is comprised of a polypeptide chain having the partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of a mature protein, i.e., Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Leu-His-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val. It is a novel substance characterized by the following properties.
1) vWF-Cleaving Activity
According to the N-terminal sequence analysis of the cleavage fragment, the protease of the present invention cleaves a peptide bond between residues Tyr 842 and Met 843.
2) Fractionation by Gel FiltrationWhen fractionation is performed by gel filtration chromatography using FI paste as a starting material, most activities are collected in a fraction with a molecular weight of 150 to 300 kDa. According to one embodiment of the present invention, an actually obtained active substance is found to have a molecular weight of about 105 to 160 kDa in electrophoresis. Accordingly, the protease of the present invention is a substance that is likely to form a dimer or the like or to bind to another molecule or a substance that can be easily degraded or can have a heterogeneous sugar chain added.
3) Ammonium sulfate precipitation
For example, when FI paste is used as a starting material, a large portion of this protease is recovered as a precipitation fraction from a roughly purified fraction with the use of 33% saturated ammonium sulfate.
4) SDS-PAGEFor example, the protease of the present invention derived from FI paste prepared from pooled human plasma or cryoprecipitate mainly has a molecular size of about 105 to 160 kDa determined by a molecular weight marker in SDS-PAGE. Based on the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, when an amino acid sequence represented by a frame between an atg initiation codon at position 445 and a tga termination codon at position 4726 is expressed by gene recombination, there are some variations in molecular sizes depending on a host. However, a molecular size of about 160 to 250 kDa determined by a molecular weight marker is exhibited. This size is observed in the plasma of healthy humans and in that of some TTP patients. Several molecular species of this protease are present in human plasma, caused by the presence of alternative splicing products (SEQ ID NOs: 16 to 21) recognized at the time of gene cloning, differences in post-translational modification such as sugar chain addition, or degradation during purification. Further, this protease could be partially recovered in an active state after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions.
5) Analysis of Amino Acid SequenceThe amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide fragment was analyzed. This presented an example of a polypeptide chain having a sequence Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO:1) as a partial amino acid sequence and a sequence Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Leu-His-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 2) as a N-terminal amino acid sequence of a mature protein. Further, with current bioinformatics (BIOINFORMATICS: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, edited by Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis Ouellette), a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence was highly accurately identified by searching a database based on the aforementioned partial sequence. More specifically, the genome database was searched by the tblastn program. This identified a chromosome clone (AL158826) that is deduced to encode the protease of the present invention. Further, clones (AI346761 and AJ011374) that are deduced to be a part of the protease of interest and a part of the polypeptide to be encoded by the aforementioned genome were identified through collation with the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database. Based thereon, the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 7 was identified as an active vWF-cleaving protease site.
GCT GCA GGC GGC ATC CTA CAC CTG GAG CTG CTG GTG GCC GTG (SEQ ID NO: 5), a sequence deduced from the genome, and more preferably CTG CTG GTG GCC GTG (SEQ ID NO: 4), a portion thereof, the transcriptome of which was confirmed by EST, was obtained. The obtained nucleotide sequence was analyzed, and motif analysis was carried out based on the deduced sequence. As a result, it was found to have a metalloprotease domain as a candidate for the protease of the present invention. Based on the above findings, it became possible to disclose a sequence of a polypeptide chain as a more specific example of the protease. Also, activities of proteases are generally known to vary depending on, for example, substitution, deletion, insertion, or introduction of point mutation into a portion of the amino acid sequence (Blood coagulation factor VII mutants, Soejima et al., JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-61479 A). Similarly, the protease of the present invention can be modified by, for example, deletion, substitution, or addition of one or several amino acids, to prepare optimized proteases.
The protease proteins were further mass-produced, and 29 amino acid sequences from the N-terminus were determined. These amino acid sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. This result is substantially the same as the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 7 deduced by bioinformatics. Only one difference is that the amino acid 27th in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 7 was Glu while it was Arg according to the present analysis of the N-terminal sequence. This was considered to be a gene polymorphism. Thus, this protease was confirmed to be comprised of a polypeptide chain having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 7 at its N-terminus as a mature unit. A gene fragment encoding this protease was then cloned in the following manner.
Based on the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, a sense primer (SEQ ID NO: 9) and an antisense primer (SEQ ID NO: 10) were prepared based on the nucleic acid sequence underlined in
Based on the amino acid sequence deduced from this gene sequence, this protease was deduced to have a preprosequence, and to belong to the disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family having a disintegrin-like domain, a metalloprotease domain, and the like, and particularly to the ADAM-TS family having a thrombospondin Type-1 (TSP-1) domain. Finally, including those having insertion or deletion in a part of the nucleic acid sequence, isoforms as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16 to 21 having sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 7 at the N-terminuses after the mature preprosequence has been cleaved were identified. Thus, the protease of the present invention should cleave vWF between residues Tyr 842 and Met 843 and should have the Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 1) sequence as a partial amino acid sequence.
The vWF-cleaving protease of the present invention can be generally prepared by the following process.
According to the present invention, a process for assaying the protease activity is characterized by the possibility of evaluating activity within a short period of time. According to the report by Furlan et al. (Blood, vol. 87, 4223-4234: 1996, JP Patent Publication (Kohyo) No. 2000-508918 A), activity is assayed by analyzing vWF-cleaving patterns by Western blotting using the anti-vWF antibody, and thus, it takes time to transfer the protease to a filter. More specifically, this process requires approximately at least 45 hours in total, i.e., 24 hours for the enzymatic reaction with a substrate vWF, 17 hours for electrophoresis, and 3 hours to transfer the protease to a filter, followed by detection using the anti-vWF antibody. In contrast, the present inventors completed activity assay in 18 hours in total, i.e., 16 hours for the enzymatic reaction with a substrate vWF, and 2 hours for electrophoresis and detection. This indicates that the time required for the assay can be reduced to one third or less of that required for the conventional assay. This can also shorten the time required for the purification process, and in turn can lower the degree of the protease to be inactivated. Accordingly, purification efficiency is improved compared with that attained by the method of Furlan et al., and as a result, the degree of purification is also enhanced.
Further, the starting material was examined using the aforementioned assay system. As a result, it was found that the protease activity was more concentrated in FI paste than in the cryoprecipitate that had been reported by Furlan et al. in the past. FI paste was used as a starting material, and the aforementioned rapid activity assay systems were combined. This enabled isolation and identification of the protease of interest. In a specific embodiment, a purification process combining gel filtration chromatography with ion exchange chromatography is employed, and the aforementioned activity assay system is also combined.
More specifically, FI paste is solubilized with a buffer, and the resultant is fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The protease activity is fractionated at the elution region with a molecular weight of 150 to 300 kDa deduced from the size marker of gel filtration. Thereafter, the resultant is precipitated and concentrated using 33% saturated ammonium sulfate. This procedure is repeated three times in total. The active fraction obtained in the third gel filtration is pooled, and the resultant is subjected to dialysis at 4° C. overnight with a buffer comprising 50 mM NaCl added to 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.1). Thereafter, the dialysis product is subjected to anion exchange chromatography (DEAE) and eluted stepwise with 0.25 M NaCl. The present inventors have conducted concentrated studies in order to find a process for isolating and identifying the protease of the present invention. As a result, they found that, surprisingly, the protease was recoverable as an active band after non-reducing SDS-PAGE. In order to achieve further mass production, the purified and concentrated fraction was applied to the Biophoresis utilizing the principle of SDS-PAGE. Thus, a fraction having vWF-cleaving activity was isolated from the electrophoresed fraction. According to the approximate calculation of the specific activity up to this phase, purification of about 30,000- to 100,000-fold was achieved. This procedure was efficiently and rapidly repeated several times, and thus, about 0.5 μmole of sample that is the current limit of the analysis of amino acid sequence was obtained. Thus, analysis of amino acid sequence became feasible. More specifically, a final step of separation and purification (Biophoresis) based on the principle of SDS-PAGE is important, and it is based on the findings as a result of concentrated studies, which had led to the completion of the present invention.
According to the report by Furlan et al., specific activity was improved by as much as about 10,000 times, although the protease was not substantially isolated or identified. This could be because of deactivation during purification or the difficulty of isolating and identifying molecules, which were gigantic proteins capable of interacting with various other proteins such as the protease of the present invention by a separation method utilizing various types of liquid chromatography. Further, the protease content in the plasma was deduced to be very small, and thus, it was necessary to await the establishment of the process according to the present invention. Furthermore, the use of this process enables the purification of recombinant genes.
Based on the findings of the present invention, peptides or proteins prepared from the obtained sequences are determined to be antigens. With the use thereof, a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, or a humanized antibody thereof can be prepared by general immunization techniques (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Antibody Engineering: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, edited by J. McCAFFERTY et al. or ANTIBODY ENGINEERING second edition, edited by Carl A. K. BORREBAECK). Alternatively, an antibody that binds to the aforementioned protein can be prepared by antibody-producing techniques utilizing phage display (Phage Display of Peptides and Proteins: A Laboratory Manual, edited by Brian K. Kay et al., Antibody Engineering: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, edited by J. McCAFFERTY et al. or ANTIBODY ENGINEERING second edition, edited by Carl A. K. BORREBAECK). Alternatively, based on these techniques, a neutralizing antibody acting against the protease activity or a simple binding antibody can be isolated from a specimen from a TTP patient who has an autoantibody positive against this protease. These antibodies can be applied to diagnosis and therapy of diseases such as TTP.
Based on the obtained genome or EST sequence, cDNA or a genomic gene encoding the protease of the present invention can be cloned by a common technique (Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition). Further, bioinformatics techniques (BIOINFORMATICS: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, edited by Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis Ouellette) enable cloning of the proteins of other animal species that are homologous thereto, and the resultant gene is fractured by a common technique (for example, Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach, First Edition, edited by A. L. Joyner, Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cell a practical approach) to produce TTP-like animal models. In particular, the identification of the gene sequence encoding the protein derived from a mouse enables the production of a knockout mouse having this gene. Thus, a disease mouse model of congenital TTP or the like can be prepared.
In accordance with a common technique (for example, J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, or CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY), these genes are incorporated into a suitable expression vector, the resultant is transformed into a suitable host cell, and the gene recombinant product of the protease can be thus prepared. In this case, the gene to be incorporated is not necessarily the one that encoded the entire region of the protein. It also includes a partial expression of the protein as defined by a domain depending on its usage.
For example, the polynucleotide according to the present invention is introduced into a host cell using a conventional technique such as transduction, transfection, or transformation. The polynucleotide is introduced solely or together with another polynucleotide. Another polynucleotide is introduced independently, simultaneously, or in combination with the polynucleotide of the present invention.
For example, the polynucleotide of the present invention is transfected in a host cell, such as a mammalian animal cell, by a standard technique for simultaneous transfection and selection using another polynucleotide encoding a selection marker. In this case, the polynucleotide would be generally stably incorporated in the genome of the host cell.
Alternatively, the polynucleotide may be bound to a vector comprising a selection marker for multiplication in a host. A vector construct is introduced to a host cell by the aforementioned technique. In general, a plasmid vector is introduced as DNA of a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or a complex with a charged lipid. Electroporation is also employed for introducing the polynucleotide into a host. When the vector is a virus, this virus is packaged in vitro or introduced into a packaging cell, thereby introducing the packaged virus into a cell.
Extensive techniques that are suitable for producing a polynucleotide and introducing the resulting polynucleotide to a cell in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention are known and common in the art. Such techniques are described in Sambrook et al. (aforementioned), and this document explains a variety of standard experimental manuals describing the aforementioned techniques in detail. In respect of this embodiment of the present invention, the vector is, for example, a plasmid vector, a single- or double-stranded phage vector, or a single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA viral vector. Such a vector is introduced into a cell as a polynucleotide, and preferably as DNA by a common technique for the introduction of DNA or RNA into a cell. When the vector is a phage or virus, the vector is preferably introduced to the cell as a packaged or sealed virus by a known technique for infection and transduction. A viral vector may be of a replication-competent or defective type.
A preferable vector is a vector which expresses the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention in points. In general, such a vector comprises a cis-action control region that is effective for the expression in a host operably bound to the polynucleotide to be expressed. When a suitable trans-action factor (for example, a group of proteases involved with the post-translational processing such as signal peptidase or Furin) is introduced in a host cell, it is supplied by a host, a complementary vector, or the vector itself.
In a preferable embodiment, a vector provides specific expression. Such specific expression is an inducible one or realized only in a certain type of cell. Alternatively, it is an inducible and cell-specific expression. A particularly preferable inducible vector can induce expression by an easily operable environmental factor such as temperature or a nutritional additive. Various vectors suitable for this embodiment including a construction for the use in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell hosts and an inducible expression vector are known, and persons skilled in the art can commonly use them.
A genetically engineered host cell can be cultured in general nutrient medium, and it is modified to be particularly suitable for activation of promoter, selection of transformant, or amplification of a gene. In general, it would be obvious to persons skilled in the art that conventional culture conditions such as temperature or pH level for host cells selected for the expression are suitable for the expression of the polypeptide of the invention.
A wide variety of expression vectors can be used for expressing the polypeptide of the present invention. Examples of these vectors include chromosome, episome, and virus-derived vectors. These vectors are derived from bacterial plasmid, bacteriophage, yeast episome, yeast chromosome element, or viruses such as baculovirus, papovavirus such as simian virus 40 (SV40), vaccinia virus, adenovirus, fowlpox virus, pseudorabies virus, or retrovirus. A vector derived from a combination of the aforementioned, for example, a vector derived from plasmid and bacteriophage gene element, more specifically, a cosmid or phagemid, may also be used. They are used for the expression in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention. In general, since polypeptides were expressed in hosts, any vector that is suitable for maintaining, multiplying, or expressing a polynucleotide can be used for the expression according to the aforementioned embodiment. A suitable DNA sequence is inserted into a vector by various conventional techniques. In general, a DNA sequence for expression is bound to an expression vector by cleavage of a DNA sequence and an expression vector having 1 or more restriction endonucleases, and a restriction fragment is then bound together using T4 DNA ligase. Restriction and ligation techniques that can be used for the above purpose are known and common to persons skilled in the art. With regard thereto, Sambrook et al. (aforementioned) very precisely describe another suitable method for constructing an expression vector utilizing another technique known and common to persons skilled in the art.
A DNA sequence in the expression vector is operably bound to, for example, a suitable expression-regulating sequence including a promoter to orient the mRNA transcription. A few examples of known representative promoters are the phage lambda PI, promoter, E. coli lac, trp, trc, and tac promoters, SV40 early and late promoters, and the retrovirus LTR promoter. Many promoters that are not described are suitable for the use according to the embodiment of the present invention, known, and more easily used as described in the examples of the present invention. In general, an expression construct comprises a ribosome binding site for translation in a transcription initiation or termination site or a transcribed domain. The coding region of the mature transcript that was expressed by the construct comprises the initiation AUG at the initiation and termination codons located substantially at the terminus of polypeptide to be translated. In addition, the construct comprises a regulator region that regulates and induces the expression. In general, such a region is activated through the regulation of the repressor binding site, transcription of an enhancer, or the like in accordance with various conventional methods.
Vectors for multiplication and expression include selection markers. Such markers are suitable for multiplication, or they comprise additional markers for the above-stated purpose. The expression vector preferably comprises one or more selection marker genes to provide phenotypic traits for the purpose of selecting the transformed host cell. A preferable marker includes dihydrofolate reductase- or neomycin-resistance with regard to eukaryotic cell culture. It has tetracycline- or ampicillin-resistance with regard to E. coli and other bacterial cultures. A suitable vector comprising a DNA sequence and a suitable promoter or regulatory sequence as described herein are introduced to a suitable host by various suitable known techniques for the expression of the polypeptide of interest.
Representative examples of suitable hosts include: bacterial cells such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium; fungal cells such as a yeast cell; insect cells such as drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; and adhesive or floating animal or plant cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma cells, and SP2/0. Various hosts for expression constructs are known, and persons skilled in the art can easily select a host for expressing polypeptides in accordance with this embodiment based on the disclosure of the present invention.
More specifically, the present invention includes a recombinant construct, such as an expression construct comprising one or more sequences as mentioned above. The construct is a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector comprising the sequence of the present invention inserted therein. The sequence is inserted in a positive or negative direction. In a preferable specific example thereof, the construct further has a regulatory sequence comprising a promoter or the like that is operably bound to the sequence. Various suitable vectors and promoters are known to persons skilled in the art, and there are many commercially available vectors that are suitably used in the present invention.
Commercially available vectors are exemplified below. Vectors that are preferably used for bacteria are pQE70, pQE60, and pQE-9 (Qiagen); pBS vector, PhageScript vector, Bluescript vector, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, and pNH46A (Stratagene); and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, and pRIT5 (Pharmacia). Examples of preferable eukaryotic vectors are pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1, and pSG (Stratagene) and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVL (Pharmacia). These vectors are commercially available for persons skilled in the art to be used in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention, and they are merely a list of known vectors. For example, other plasmids or vectors suitable for introducing, maintaining, multiplying, or expressing the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention can also be used in hosts in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention.
A promoter region can be selected from a gene of interest using a vector comprising, for example, a candidate promoter fragment, i.e., a reporter transcription unit lacking a promoter region such as a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) transcription unit located downstream of restriction sites for introducing promoter-containing fragments. As known to the public, the introduction of the promoter-containing fragment into the vector at the restriction site located upstream of the cat gene generates CAT activity that can be detected by standard CAT assay. A vector that is suitable for this purpose is known and readily available. Examples of such vectors are pKK232-8 and pCM7. Accordingly, the promoter for expressing the polynucleotide of the present invention includes not only a readily available known promoter but also a promoter that can be readily obtained using a reporter gene in accordance with the aforementioned technique.
Among them, according to the present invention, examples of known bacterial promoters that are suitably used to express polynucleotides and polypeptides are E. coli lad and lacZ promoters, T3 and T7 promoters, gpt promoter, lambda PR and PL promoters, and trp and trc promoters. Examples of suitable known eukaryotic promoters include the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, early and late SV40 promoters, a retrovirus LTR promoter such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RoSV) promoter, and a metallothionein promoter such as the metallothionein-I promoter.
Selection of a vector and a promoter suitable for expression in a host cell is a known technique. Techniques necessary for the construction of expression vectors, introduction of a vector in a host cell, and expression in a host are common in the art. The present invention also relates to a host cell having the aforementioned construct. A host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell such as a mammalian animal cell, a lower eukaryotic cell such as a yeast cell, or a prokaryotic cell such as a bacterial cell.
The construct can be introduced in a host cell by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, or other methods. These methods are described in a variety of standard laboratory manuals, such as a book by Sambrook et al.
The construct in a host cell can be used by a conventional method, and it produces a gene product encoded by a recombinant sequence. Alternatively, a partial polypeptide of the present invention can be synthesized using a general peptide synthesizer. A mature protein can be expressed under the control of a suitable promoter in a mammalian animal, yeast, bacterial, or other cell. Also, such a protein can be produced in a cell-free translation system with the use of RNA derived from the DNA construct of the present invention. Suitable cloning and expression vectors for prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described in Sambrook et al (aforementioned).
In general, a recombinant expression vector comprises: a replication origin; a promoter derived from a highly expressed gene to orient the transcription of a downstream structural sequence; and a selection marker for bringing the cell into contact with a vector and isolating the vector-containing, cell. A suitable promoter can be induced from a gene encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), α-factor, acid phosphatase, and heat shock protein. A selection marker includes E. coli ampicillin-resistant gene and S. cerevisiae trp1 gene.
Transcription of DNA encoding the polypeptide of the present invention using a higher eukaryotic cell may be enhanced by inserting an enhancer sequence in a vector. The enhancer is generally a cis-acting element for DNA for enhancing the promoter transcription activity in the predetermined host cell. Examples of an enhancer include the SV40 enhancer, the Cytomegalovirus early promoter/enhancer, the polyoma enhancer behind the replication origin, the β-actin enhancer, and the adenovirus enhancer.
The polynucleotide of the present invention encoding a heterologous structural sequence of the polypeptide of the present invention is generally inserted in a vector by standard techniques in such a manner that it is operably bound to the expression promoter. The transcription initiation site of the polypeptide is suitably located at the 5′ site of the ribosome binding site. The ribosome binding site is 5′ relative to AUG that initiates the translation of a polypeptide to be expressed. In general, an initiation codon starts from AUG and another open reading frame located between the ribosome binding site and initiation AUG is not present. The termination codon is generally present at the terminus of the polypeptide, and the adenylation signal and the terminator are suitably located at the 3′ end of the transcription region.
Regarding the secretion of the translated protein in the ER lumen, in the cytoplasm, or to the extracellular environment, a suitable secretion signal is incorporated in the expressed polypeptide. The signal may be endogenous or heterologous to the polypeptide.
Further, a prosequence subsequent to the signal sequence may be endogenous or heterologous (e.g., a preprosequence of another metal loprotease).
The polypeptide is expressed in a modified form such as a fusion protein, and it includes not only a secretion signal but also an additional heterologous functional region. Accordingly, an additional amino acid, especially a charged amino acid region, or the like, is added to the polypeptide to improve stability and storage stability in the host cell during purification or subsequent operation and storage. Alternatively, a given region may be added to the polypeptide to accelerate the purification. This type of region may be removed before the final preparation of polypeptides. Induction of secretion or excretion, stability improvement, or facilitation of purification with the addition of a peptide portion to the polypeptide is a technique common and known in the art.
Examples of prokaryotic hosts that are suitable for multiplying, maintaining, or expressing the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention include E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium. Various types of Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus are suitable hosts in this respect. Furthermore, various other types of hosts known to persons skilled in the art can be also used. Representative examples of expression vectors that are useful for bacterial applications include, but are not limited to, the replication origin of bacteria derived from commercially available plasmid including a selectable marker and a gene element of a known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). Examples of such commercially available vectors include pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis., USA). These pBR322 (main chain) sections are combined with a suitable promoter and structural sequences to be expressed.
Host cells are suitably transformed and multiplied to the optimal cell concentration. Thereafter, the selected promoter is induced by a suitable means (e.g., temperature shifting or chemical inducer), and cells are further cultured. Typically, cells are collected by centrifugation and fractured by a physical or chemical means. The resulting crude extract is further purified. Microbial cells used for the protein expression can be fractured by any convenient means selected from a freezing-thawing cycle, ultrasonication, mechanical fracture, and the use of a cytolytic agent. These methods are known to persons skilled in the art.
Various cell lines for mammalian animal cell culture can be also used for the expression. An example of a cell line for mammalian animal expression includes a monkey kidney fibroblast COS-6 cell described in Gluzrnan et al., Cell 23: 175 (1981). Examples of other cells that are capable of expressing compatible vectors include C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa, human kidney 293, and BHK cells. Further, a floating myeloma cell line such as SP2/0 can be also used.
A mammalian animal expression vector comprises a replication origin, a suitable promoter and enhancer, a necessary ribosome binding site, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, a transcription termination sequence, and a 5′ franking untranscribed sequence necessary for expression. DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice site and the SV40 polyadenylation site arc used for the non-transformed or transcribed gene element of interest. An example thereof is a CAG expression vector (H. Niwa et al. Gene, 108, 193-199 (1991)).
Based on the gene sequence of the above protease, a probe, primer, or antisense is designed by a common technique. The antisense technique can be used for controlling gene expression by the use of antisense DNA or RNA or the formation of a triple helix. This technique is described in, for example, Okano, J., Neurochem., 56: 560 (1991); OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES AS ANTISENSE INHIBITORS OF GENE EXPRESSION, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1988). The triple helix formation is examined in, for example, Lee et al., Nucleic Acids Research 6: 3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science 241: 456 (1988); and Dervan et al., Science 251: 1360 (1991). The method is based on the polynucleotide bond with complementary DNA or RNA. This enables the gene diagnosis or gene therapy.
For example, cells obtained from a patient are subjected to ex vivo genetic engineering using a polynucleotide such as polypeptide-encoding DNA or RNA. The resulting cells are then supplied to patients who should be treated with polypeptides. For example, cells can be subjected to ex vivo genetic engineering using a retrovirus plasmid vector comprising RNA encoding the polypeptide of the present invention. Such a technique is known in the art, and the use thereof in the present invention is obvious according to the description given herein. Similarly, cells are subjected to in vitro genetic engineering in accordance with a conventional process in respect of in vivo polypeptide expression. For example, the polynucleotide of the present invention is genetically engineered for expression in the replication-deficient retrovirus vector as mentioned above. Subsequently, the retrovirus expression construct is isolated, introduced to a packaging cell, and transduced using a retrovirus plasmid vector comprising RNA encoding the polypeptide of the present invention. Thus, the packaging cell produces infectious viral particles having a control gene. These producer cells are subjected to in vitro genetic engineering and then administered to patients to allow polypeptides to be expressed in vivo. This administration method and other methods for administering polypeptides according to the present invention would be clearly understood by persons skilled in the art based on the teaching of the present invention.
Examples of the aforementioned retrovirus, from which the retrovirus plasmid vector is derived, include, but are not limited to, Moloney murine leukemia virus, spleen necrosis virus, Rous sarcoma virus, Harvey sarcoma virus, avian leukosis virus, gibbon leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus, myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, and mammary tumor virus. This type of vector comprises one or more promoters to express polypeptides. Examples of suitable promoters that can be used include, but are not limited to, retrovirus LTR, SV40 promoter, CMV promoter described in Miller et al., Biotechniques 7: 980-990 (1989), and other promoters (e.g., cell promoters such as a eukaryotic cell promoter including, but not limited to, histone, RNA polymerase III, and β-actin promoter). Examples of other viral promoters that can be used include, but are not limited to, adenovirus promoter, thymidine kinase (TK) promoter, and B19 Parvovirus promoter. Persons skilled in the art can readily select a suitable promoter based on the teaching of the present invention.
A nucleic acid sequence that encodes the polypeptide of the present invention is under the control of a suitable promoter. Examples of suitable promoters that can be used include, but are not limited to, adenovirus promoter such as adenovirus major late promoter, heterologous promoter such as CMV promoter, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) promoter, inducible promoter such as MMT promoter or metallothionein promoter, heat shock promoter, albumin promoter, ApoAI promoter, human globin promoter, viral thymidine kinase promoter such as herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter, retrovirus LTR including the aforementioned modified retrovirus LTR, β-actin promoter, and human growth hormone promoter. A promoter may be of a native type that controls the gene encoding polypeptides. A retrovirus plasmid vector is used to transduce the packaging cell line to form a producer cell line.
Examples of packaging cells to be transfected include, but are not limited to, PE501, PA317, Y-2, Y-AM, PA12, T19-14X, VT-19-17-H2, YCRE, YCRIP, GP+E-86, GP+envAm12, and the DAN cell line described in Miller, Human Gene Therapy 1: pp. 5-14 (1990).
A vector is transduced in a packaging cell by a means known in the art. Examples of such means include, but are not limited to, electroporation, the use of a liposome, and CaPO4 precipitation. Alternatively, a retrovirus plasmid vector is sealed in a liposome or bound to a lipid to be administered to a host. A producer cell line produces infectious retrovirus vector particles comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides. Such retrovirus vector particles are used to transduce eukaryotic cells in vitro or in vivo.
The transduced eukaryotic cells express nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides. Examples of eukaryotic cells that may be transduced include, but are not limited to, germinal stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, hematopoietic stem cells, hepatic cells, fibroblasts, sarcoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and bronchial epithelial cells.
The protease of the present invention, an antibody against this protease, an antagonist of this protease, an inhibitor, an agonist, an activity modifier, or the like can be diluted with physiological saline, buffer, or the like to prepare a formulation. Thus, a pharmaceutical composition can be obtained. The pH value of the formulation is preferably between acidulous and neutral: close to the pH level of body fluid. The lower limit thereof is preferably between 5.0 and 6.4, and the upper limit is preferably between 6.4 and 7.4. Alternatively, the formulation can be provided in a state that allows storage for a long period of time, e.g., in a lyophilized state. In such a case, the formulation can be used by being dissolved in water, physiological saline, butler, or the like at a desired concentration level at the time of use.
The formulation of the present invention may comprise a pharmacologically acceptable additive, such as a carrier, excipient, or diluent that is commonly used for pharmaceuticals, a stabilizer, or pharmaceutically necessary ingredients. Examples of a stabilizer include monosaccharides such as glucose, disaccharides such as saccharose and maltose, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, neutral salts such as sodium chloride, amino acids such as glycine, nonionic surfactants such as polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene copolymers (Pluronic), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester (Tween), and human albumin. Addition thereof in amounts of about 1 to 10 w/v % is preferable.
An effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered by, for example, intravenous injection, intramascular injection, or hypodermic injection in one or several separate dosages. The dosage varies depending on symptom, age, body weight, or other factors, and it is preferably 0.001 mg to 100 mg per dose.
Also, sense or antisense DNA encoding the protease of the present invention can be similarly prepared in a formulation to obtain a pharmaceutical composition.
Further, the present invention includes methods for inhibiting platelet plug formation involved with heart infarction or brain infarction, methods for inhibiting arteriosclerosis, methods for preventing restenosis, reembolization, or infarction involved with PTCA, methods for preventing reembolization involved with PTCR, and methods for preventing platelet plug formation caused by HUS or O-157 through the administration of the peptide, protein, and DNA of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention includes the use of the peptide, protein, and DNA of the present invention in the production of pharmaceuticals for inhibiting platelet plug formation involved with heart infarction or brain infarction, pharmaceuticals for inhibiting arteriosclerosis, pharmaceuticals for preventing restenosis, reembolization, or infarction involved with PICA, pharmaceuticals for preventing reembolization involved with PTCR, and pharmaceuticals for preventing platelet plug formation caused by HUS or O-157.
The peptide or protein of the present invention is used as a leading substance for amino acid modification. This enables the preparation of a molecule having activity that is different from that of the protease of the present invention. An example thereof is a variant molecule that can be obtained by preparing an antagonist, which is obtained by preparing a variant deactivated through amino acid substitution between an amino acid residue located around the active center in the metalloprotease domain and another amino acid, separating a molecule recognition site from a catalytic site, or varying one or both of these sites.
The use of an evaluation system for the vWF-cleaving activity described herein enables the production of an antagonist/agonist. For example, an effective antagonist can be a small organic molecule, a peptide, or a polypeptide. An example thereof is an antibody that is bound to the polypeptide of the present invention, thereby inhibiting or eliminating its activity.
Similarly, the use of the aforementioned evaluation system for vWF-cleaving activity enables the screening for a compound that is capable of cleaving vWF. In such a case, the cleaving activity of the test compound may be evaluated using the aforementioned evaluation system.
Lane 1: Mock (host: 293 cell)
Lane 2: vWF-cleaving protease, cDNA+FLAG (host: 293 cell)
Lane 3: Mock (host: HepG2 cell)
Lane 4: vWF-cleaving protease, cDNA+FLAG (host: HepG2 cell)
Lane 5: Mock (host: Hela cell)
Lane 6: vWF-cleaving protease, cDNA+FLAG (host: Hela cell)
Lane 1: Mock (host: Hela cell)
Lane 2: Supernatant in which vWF-cleaving protease was expressed (host: Hela a cell)
Lane 3: Mock (host: HepG2 cell)
Lane 4: Supernatant in which vWF-cleaving protease was expressed (host: HepG2 cell)
Lane 5: Mock (host: 293 cell)
Lane 6: Supernatant in which vWF-cleaving protease was expressed (host: 293 cell)
Lane 7: Mock (host: BHK cell)
Lane 8: Supernatant in which vWF-cleaving protease was expressed (host: BHK cell)
Lane 9: Mock (host: COS cell)
Lane 10: Supernatant in which v-cleaving protease was expressed (host: COS cell)
Lane 11: Mock (host: CHO cell)
Lane 12: Supernatant in which vWF-cleaving protease was expressed (host: CHO cell)
Lane 1: Mouse antiserum (prepared by administering purified protein)
Lane 2: Rabbit antiserum (prepared by hypodermically administering an expression vector to a rabbit)
Lane 3: Untreated rabbit antiserum
Lane 4: Rabbit antiserum (prepared by administering KLH-conjugated partial synthetic peptide)
Lane 1: Partially purified sample derived from human plasma cryoprecipitate
Lane 2: Purified vWF-cleaving protease derived from human plasma
Lane 3: Gel-filtrated FI paste sample obtained from pooled human plasma
Lane 4: Recombinant vWF-cleaving protease (host: 293 cell)
Lane 5: Recombinant vWF-cleaving protease (host: Hela cell)
Lane 1: Gel-filtrated FI paste sample obtained from pooled human plasma
Lane 2: Normal human plasma 1
Lane 3: Normal human plasma 2
Lane 4: Normal human plasma 3
Lane 5: TTP patients plasma 1
Lane 6: TTP patients plasma 2
Lane 7: Recombinant vWF-cleaving protease (host: 293 cell)
Lane 8: Recombinant vWF-cleaving protease (host: Hela cell)
Lane 1: Applied culture supernatant (diluted 10-fold)
Lane 2: Passed-through fraction
Lane 3: Washed fraction
Lane 4: Elution fraction
Lane 1: vWF-cleaving protease solution: normal rabbit serum=1:1
Lane 2: vWF-cleaving protease solution normal rabbit serum (diluted 5-fold)=1:1
Lane 3: vWF-cleaving protease solution: peptide-immunized rabbit serum=1:1
Lane 4: vWF-cleaving protease solution: peptide-immunized rabbit serum (diluted 5-fold)=1:1
Lane 5: vWF-cleaving protease solution: recombinant protein-immunized rabbit serum=1:1
Lane 6: vWF-cleaving protease solution: recombinant protein-immunized rabbit serum (diluted 5-fold)=1:1
Lane 7: vWF-cleaving protease solution: 10 mM EDTA=1:1
Lane 8: vWF-cleaving protease solution: buffer only=1:1
Lane 9: buffer (without vWF-cleaving protease): buffer=1:1
The present invention is hereafter described in detail with reference to the following examples, although it is not limited to these examples.
Example 1 Preparation of vWFA plasma cryoprecipitation (2g) was dissolved in 20 ml of buffer (0.01% Tween-80/50 mM Tris-HCl/100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4), and the resultant was subjected to gel filtration using a Sephacryl S-500 HR Column (2.6×90 cm, Amersham Pharmacia) to prepare vWF. Fractions were recovered at a flow rate of 2 ml/min in amounts of 6 ml each, vWF was analyzed by Western blotting using a peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-human vWF antibody (DAKO), and high-molecular-weight vWF fractions were pooled. The pooled fractions were subjected to multimer analysis using agarose electrophoresis as described below.
As shown in
vWF-cleaving activity was assayed as follows. A sample comprising 10 mM barium chloride (final concentration) was pre-incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes to activate protease. A buffer (15 to 20 ml, 1.5 M urea/5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) was placed in a 50 ml Falcon Tube. Subsequently, a membrane filter (0.025 μm. Millipore) was floated therein, and 100 μl of activated sample prepared by mixing with 50 μl of vWF substrate solution was added. The resultant was allowed to stand in an incubator (37° C.) overnight and recovered from the filter on the next day. The recovered sample was evaluated based on the vWF cleavage pattern as described below in the “SDS-PAGE” section.
SDS-PAGESDS-5% polyacrylamide gel was autologously prepared and used. An SDS electrophoresis buffer (2 in the presence or absence of a reducing agent, i.e., 2-mercaptoethanol) was added to 10 μl of the sample described in the “vWF-cleaving activity assay” section, and the resultant was boiled for 3 minutes to prepare an electrophoresis sample. The gel was subjected to electrophoresis at 30 mA for 1 hour and then stained with the Gel Code Blue Stain Reagent (PIERCE) utilizing CBB staining. As shown in
Low gelling temperature agarose (Type VII, Sigma) was added to 375 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) until a concentration of 1.4% was reached, followed by heating in a microwave oven to completely dissolve the gel. Thereafter, 0.1% SDS was added, and the resultant was maintained at 56° C. The resultant was made to flow into a gel mold and solidified by cooling at 4° C. overnight (running gel). The next day, high gelling temperate agarose (SeaKem) was mixed with 375 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) until a concentration of 0.8% was reached, and dissolved by boiling in a microwave oven. Thereafter, the resultant was maintained at 56° C. (stacking gel). The gel prepared on the previous day was cleaved, leaving a 10-cm fraction from the end uncleaved. The aforementioned gel was made to flow into the cleaved portion, and the gel was made to keep flowing at 4° C. for at least 3 hours, followed by solidification. Pyronin Y was added to the sample described in the “vWF cleaving activity assay” section above, and the gel was prepared under non-reducing conditions without boiling. The gel was subjected to electrophoresis at 10 mA for at least 24 hours using an SDS-PAGE buffer.
Western BlottingAfter the electrophoresis, the gel was immersed in a transcription buffer (0.005% SDS, 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) for 10 minutes, and the resultant was transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane using a transcription apparatus at 4° C. at 0.5 A overnight. Blocking was performed using a blotting solution (5% skim milk, PBS) for 30 minutes, and the gel was then allowed to react for at least 6 hours with the peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-human vWF antibody (DAKO), which was diluted 1,000-fold with the blotting solution. Thereafter, the gel was washed three times with the blotting solution and once with PBS, and color was developed using Konica Immunostain HRP-1000 (Konica), which was a substrate reaction solution for peroxidase. The purified vWF analyzed in this assay was found to have been undegraded, but was sufficiently usable as a substrate in the present invention (
Plasma was subjected to ethanol fractionation developed by Cohn. A protease having high vWF-cleaving activity (one with high specific activity) when protein levels in four fractions (i.e., starting plasma, cryoprecipitate, fraction I (FI) supernatant, and a paste) are made equivalent to each other was selected. As shown in
The FI paste was fractionated in fractions of 12g each and then cryopreserved. The paste was allowed to melt at 4° C. the day before its use. The next day, 120 ml of solubilizing buffer (0.05% azide, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl) was added at 10 mg/ml, and the mixture was stirred at 37° C. for 2 hours. The product was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was then recovered, followed by filtration with a prefilter, a 5.0 μm filter, and a 0.8 um filter in that order. The resultant was determined to be a solubilized sample.
Gel Filtration Chromatography of vWF-Cleaving Protease
The solubilized FI paste was applied to a Sephacryl S-300 HR Column (5×90 cm, Amersham Pharmacia) to conduct the first gel filtration. A buffer comprising 0.05% azide, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), and 100 mM NaCl (hereinafter referred to as an “elution buffer”), which was the same as the solubilizing buffer, was used. The flow rate was 5 ml/min, fractionation was initiated at 600 ml after the sample application, and fractions were recovered in amounts of 10 ml each. Fractions were subjected to the vWF-cleaving reaction, and their activities were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Fractions that exhibited protease activity were pooled, and a small amount of saturated ammonium sulfate was gradually added dropwide thereto until a final concentration of 33% saturation was reached. The mixture was further allowed to stand at 4° C. overnight. The next day, the product was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and an active fraction of interest was recovered as a precipitate. The procedures comprising solubilization, gel filtration, and ammonium sulfate precipitation were performed for 5 batches and the resultant was cryopreserved at −20° C.
The ammonium sulfate precipitates (2 to 3 batches) obtained by the first gel filtration were dissolved in 50 ml of elution buffer, and passed through the Sephacryl S-300 HR Column (5×90 cm) in the same manner as in the first gel filtration to perform the second gel filtration. The elution buffer, conditions, operations, and the like were the same as those in the first gel filtration. Fractions were subjected to the vWF-cleaving reaction, and their activities were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Fractions with activity were pooled, and ammonium sulfate precipitation was similarly performed. These procedures were repeated two times.
The ammonium sulfate precipitates (2 batches) obtained by the second gel filtration were dissolved in 50 ml of elution buffer, and applied to the Sephacryl S-300 HR Column (5×90 cm) in the same manner as in the first and the second gel filtration to perform the third gel filtration. The elution buffer, conditions, operations, and the like were the same as those in the first and the second gel filtration. Fractions were subjected to the vWF-cleaving reaction, and their activities were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE, followed by pooling.
DEAE Anion Exchange Chromatography
The pooled fraction obtained by three gel filtration operations was subjected to dialysis overnight with a buffer comprising 50 mM Tris-HCl and 50 mM NaCl (pH 7.1). After the dialysis, anion exchange chromatography was performed using a 5 ml HiTrap DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column (Pharmacia) to conduct further purification and concentration. Equilibrating and washing were performed using a buffer comprising 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.1), and elution was performed using 0.25 M NaCl. The flow rate was 5 ml/min, and 5 fractions of 5 ml each were recovered and pooled.
The sample (5 ml) purified and concentrated by DEAE anion exchange chromatography was further concentrated to 0.5 ml using Centricon (molecular weight cut off: 10,000 Da, Amicon). The protease of the present invention was isolated by Biophoresis III (Atto Corporation) utilizing SDS-PAGE. In accordance with the Laemmli method (Nature, vol. 227, 680-685, 1970), a buffer for electrophoresis tanks was prepared, and developed with 8% polyacrylamide gel to recover the electrophoresis fraction.
The partial amino acid sequence of the isolated protease was determined. This protease, which was isolated using Biophoresis, was transferred to a PVDF membrane after SDS-PAGE by a conventional technique, air-dried, and then subjected to analysis using the automated protein sequencer (model 492; PE Applied Biosystems). As a result, the vWF-cleaving protease of the present invention isolated under the above conditions was found to comprise a polypeptide chain having a molecular weight of 105 to 160 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. This protease was also found to have, as a partial sequence, Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 1), and preferably Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Leu-His-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 2).
Deduction of Isolated Protease Utilizing BioinformaticsAt present, bioinformatics enables the deduction of full nucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide without substantial gene cloning through collation with information in the database accumulated in the past (BIOINFORMATICS: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, edited by Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis Ouellette). Based on the partial amino acid sequencing by the aforementioned process (Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Leu-His-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 2)), the database was searched by the tblastn program. As a result, a chromosome clone (AL158826) that was deduced to encode the protease of the present invention was identified by genomic database search. Further, a part of the protease of interest as the expressed sequence tag (EST) and a clone that was deduced to be a part of the polypeptide encoded by the aforementioned genome (AI346761 and AJ011374) were identified. The amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 7 was deduced based thereon to be an active vWF-cleaving protease site.
Example 5 Gene IdentificationSynthesis of all the following synthetic primers was performed by Greiner Japan Co. Ltd. by request. Further, reagents used for gene recombination were those manufactured by TAKARA. TOYOBO, and New England Biolabs unless otherwise specified.
Preparation of a Gene Fragment as a Northern Blotting ProbeA sense primer (SEQ ID NO: 9) and an antisense primer (SEQ ID NO: 10) were prepared. PCR was carried out using Universal QUICK-Clone™ cDNA (Clontech), which was a mixture of cDNA derived from normal human tissue, as a template and TaKaRa LA Taq with GC rich buffer. A gene sandwiched between these primers was amplified, and the amplified fragment was cloned using a TOPO TA Cloning™ kit (Invitrogen). DNAs having the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 were isolated from several clones.
A vector portion was removed from this cloned DNA by EcoRI digestion, separated and purified by agarose electrophoresis, and the resultant was determined to be a template for preparing probes for Northern blotting.
Northern BlottingThe gene fragment prepared above was employed as a template to prepare a radioactive probe using [α-32P]dCTP (Amersham Pharmacia) and a BcaBEST™ labeling kit (TAKARA). Hybridization was carried out using the Human 12-lane Multiple Tissue Northern Blots™ (Clontech) filter in accordance with the method described in Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition, pp. 9.52-9.55. Detection was carried out by autoradiography. As shown in
As a result of Northern blotting, mRNA was found to be expressed mainly in the liver. Thus, the protease gene of the present invention was isolated and identified in accordance with the RACE technique using normal human liver-derived poly A+ RNA and MARATHON-READY™ cDNA (Clontech), which is a premade full length cDNA library of adaptor-ligated ds cDNA ready for use.
More specifically, the first PCR was carried out as 5′ RACE using normal human liver-derived MARATHON-READY™ cDNA, which is a premade full length cDNA library of adaptor-ligated ds cDNA ready for use, in accordance with the product's manual and using the AP-1 primer attached to the kit and antisense primers (SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 13) arbitrarily selected from the group of Gene Specific Primers (GSP) excluding the primer 1 located in the uppermost stream as shown in
3′ RACE was started from normal human liver-derived poly A+ RNA using the 3′-Full RACE Core Set (TAKARA), and reverse transcription was carried out in accordance with the attached manual using the attached oligo dT primer. The band amplified by PCR using the sense primer (SEQ ID NO:14) located at “primer 2” in
cDNA encoding the protein was subjected to one-stage PCR by, for example, using a sense primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 22) comprising an XhoI restriction site and an initiation codon and an antisense primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 23) comprising an SalI restriction site and a termination codon (see
Restriction sites AccI and AvrII that cleaved cDNA only at one point on the inner sequence of the cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 15) encoding the protein were found. With the use thereof, full-length cDNA was divided into three fragments as shown in
DNA obtained in Example 6 or 7 was digested with restriction enzymes XhoI/SalI, ligated to, for example the SalI site in the pCAG vector (Nivea, H. et al., Gene, vol. 108, 193-199), and the direction of the insertion and the full-length sequence were confirmed using an automatic DNA sequencer.
Example 9 Transfection of an Expression Vector Comprising Full-Length cDNA into an Animal CellThe animal cell expression vector prepared in Example 8 was transfected in the following manner using the 293 cell (human embryonic kidney cell line), the Hela cell, and the HepG2 cell. At the outset, cells were disseminated at 1 to 3×105 cells per 35 mm dish 24 hours before the transfection. The next day, 2 μl of polyamine transfection reagent, TransIT (TAKARA), per μg of the expression vector, were added to 100 μl of a serum-free medium such as Opti-MEM to prepare a complex with DNA in accordance with the instructions included with the reagent. Thereafter, the complex was added dropwise to the various types of previously prepared cells, and the resultants were incubated for 2 to 8 hours, followed by medium exchange. The medium was further exchanged three days later with the selective medium to which G418 had been added. Thereafter, medium was exchanged every three days to produce a stably expressed strain. An example thereof is shown in
Subsequently, the vWF-cleaving activity of the recombinant strain was confirmed by the method described in Example 2 (
Partial cDNA encoding the metalloprotease domain of the protein was subjected to PCR using a sense primer comprising an NcoI restriction site and an initiation codon (SEQ ID NO: 30) and an antisense primer comprising an HindIII restriction site and a termination codon (SEQ ID NO: 31), the aforementioned normal human liver-derived MARATHON-READY™ cDNA, which is a premade full length cDNA library of adaptor-ligated ds cDNA ready for use, or the cDNA obtained in Example 6 or 7 as a template, and the TaKaRa LA Taq with GC rich buffer. The PCR product was then digested with NcoI/HindIII, ligated to the NcoI/HindIII digest of an E. coli expression vector such as pUT1 (Soejima et al. J. Biochem. Tokyo, vol. 130, 269-277 (2001)), and transformed to the E. coli competent cell JM 109 by a conventional technique. Several clones were collected from the formed colony group, and genes were prepared therefrom. Thereafter, the resulting genes were confirmed to be the genes encoding the polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the insertion site of the plasmid vector was equivalent to SEQ ID NO: 32 or substantially represented by SEQ ID NO: 33, using an automatic DNA sequencer.
Example 11 Expression of Partial cDNA-Containing Expression Vector in E. coliAn E. coli host with the expression vector constructed in Example 10 introduced therein was precultured in 200 ml of LB medium comprising 50 μg/ml ampicillin at 30° C. overnight. The resultant was sowed in a fermenter comprising 8 liters of LB medium, and culture was conducted at 30° C. until the turbidity at 600 nm became 0.2 to 0.5. Thereafter, isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside was added to a final concentration of 1 mM, and the mixture was further cultured overnight to induce the metalloprotease domain of the protein to be expressed. The cultured E. coli were collected using a centrifuge (4° C. for 30 minutes).
Subsequently, the collected E. coli pellet was resuspended in distilled water, and lysozyme (final concentration: 0.6 mg/ml) was added thereto. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, allowed to stand at 4° C. overnight, and cells were then destroyed. After the ultrasonication, centrifugation was carried out using a centrifuge (4° C. for 20 minutes), and the pellet was recovered. The recovered pellet was resuspended in a buffer comprising 50 mM Tris, 10 mM EDTA, and 1% Triton X-100 (pH 8.0). These procedures of centrifugation, ultrasonication, and resuspension were repeated several times, and the pellet was then resuspended in distilled water. Similarly, procedures of centrifugation, ultrasonication, and resuspension were repeated several times to recover an inclusion body. This inclusion body was used as an antigen when producing an antibody.
Example 12 Isolation of Homologous Gene of Other Animal SpeciesThe nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15 was used as a probe, and a homology search was conducted using the BLASTN program at the GenomeNet WWW server (http://www.genome.ad.jp/). As a result, chromosome clones AC091762 and AC090008 that were mapped at mouse chromosome 10 were obtained. Based on these sequences, a mouse homolog of the protease of the present invention as shown in SEQ ID NO: 34 was deduced. A new primer was designed from this sequence, and Northern blot analysis was conducted by the technique used in isolating and identifying the gene encoding the human vWF-cleaving protease. Thus, the occurrence of the specific expression in the liver was observed as with the case of humans. Further, normal mouse liver-derived poly A+ RNA and MARATHON-READY™ cDNA (Clontech) which is a premade full length cDNA library of adaptor-ligated ds cDNA ready for use, were used to isolate and identify the protease gene of the present invention by the RACE technique as in the case of humans. As a result, the mouse homologous gene sequences of the protease as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36 were determined.
Based on the thus determined mouse homologous partial sequence, the Exon/Intron structure on the 5′ side of the aforementioned mouse chromosome 10 was determined. In accordance with a conventional technique (e.g., Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach First Edition, edited by A. L. Joyner, Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cell a practical approach), a targeting vector for knock-out (knock-in) mice can be prepared based thereon. This enabled the production of mutated mice. Further, this protein can be subjected to recombinant expression by a conventional technique.
Example 13 Production of an Antibody and Construction of a Detection System for the Present Protease Using the AntibodyIn accordance with a conventional technique (e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology: Chapter 11 immunology, Antibody Engineering: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, edited by J. McCAFFERTY et al. or ANTIBODY ENGINEERING second edition, edited by Carl A. K. BORREBAECK), an expression vector was administered to a mouse or rat. This expression vector comprises a substance prepared by optionally binding an antigen protein partially purified from human plasma or a synthetic peptide having a partial amino acid sequence thereof (e.g., a C-terminal peptide sequence Phe-Ser-Pro-Ala-Pro-Gln-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gln-Glu-Asn-Ser-Val-Gln-Ser-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 37), which was one isoform of the protease of the present invention) to an optimal carrier substance such as KLH (Cys was added to, for example, the N- or C-terminus to facilitate KLH addition), the aforementioned gene recombinant protein, or a gene encoding this protein. Thus, a monoclonal antibody-expressing hybridoma was established, and a polyclonal antibody (antiserum) was produced.
Subsequently, the antibodies prepared by the various aforementioned techniques were used to detect the protease of the present invention by Western blotting in accordance with a conventional technique (e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology: Chapter 10 analysis of proteins, Chapter 11 immunology). More specifically, the culture supernatant of the recombinant unit-expressing 293 cell obtained in the procedure as described in Example 9 was subjected to SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, transferred to a PVDF membrane, and confirmed using mouse or rabbit antiserum to confirm the expression of the genetically recombinant unit (
Further, the C-terminal peptide sequence Phe-Ser-Pro-Ala-Pro-Gln-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gln-Glu-Asn-Ser-Val-Gln-Ser-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 37), which was one isoform of the protease of the present invention, was bound to KLH. The resultant was used as an immunogen to obtain a peptide antibody. With the use thereof, the protease of the present invention was detected from the plasma of healthy persons, plasma of TTP patients, or a culture supernatant of the recombinant unit under reducing conditions. As a result, a band of approximately 250 kDa that was deduced to be a signal derived from the protease of the present invention was found, although it was not clear based on plasma derived from some TTP patients (
Furthermore, enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) constructed by combining the obtained antibodies enabled the preparation of a calibration curve that is concentration-dependent at the culture supernatant level of the recombinant protein (
The obtained antibody was bound to a suitable immobilization carrier to prepare an affinity column, and the resulting column was used to purify the protease of the present invention. The affinity column was prepared by immobilizing an antibody using Cellulofine for NHS activation (Chisso Corporation) in accordance with the included instructions. The thus prepared swollen carrier (about 1 ml) was used to apply the culture supernatant in which the recombinant gene had been expressed in the 293 cell of the protease as described in Example 9. Thereafter, the column was washed with 50 mM Tris-HCl and 0.1M NaCl (pH 7.5, hereafter referred to as “TBS”), and elution was carried out using a urea-containing 0.1M glycine buffer (pH 3). The eluted fraction was neutralized with 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.5) and then dialyzed against TBS.
Subsequently, the partial amino acid sequence of the purified protease was determined. In accordance with a conventional technique, the protease was subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to a PVDF membrane, air-dried, and then subjected to analysis using an automated protein sequencer (model 492; PE Applied Biosystems). As a result, the protease was found to comprise the first five amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 as a partial N-terminal sequence. This sequence was congruous with the N-terminal sequence of the mature unit of the protease of the present invention that was deduced from the genetic construction.
Example 15 Neutralization of the Protease Activity Using an AntibodyActivity of the aforementioned rabbit polyclonal antibody to neutralize the vWF-cleaving protease was evaluated. Normal rabbit serum, rabbit antiserum comprising the C-terminal peptide sequence, Phe-Ser-Pro-Ala-Pro-Gln-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gln-Glu-Asn-Ser-Val-Gln-Ser-Ser (SEQ ID NO:37) bound to KLH as an immunogen, and antiserum, the immunity of which had been induced by the protein expressed by the expression vector as shown in Example 7 or 8, were respectively allowed to pre-react at 37° C. for 1 hour with 1 to 10 of gene recombinant vWF-cleaving protease (approximated by the Bradford technique) at a volume ratio of 1:1. Alternatively, a 5-fold diluted antiserum was allowed to pre-react under the above conditions with the protease at a volume ratio of 1:1. Thereafter, vWF-cleaving activity was evaluated by the method described above. As a result, it was found that antiserum, which had activity of inhibiting the protease of the present invention, were prepared by immunizing the protein (
Based on the strategy shown in
The findings of the present invention have led to the possibility of replacement therapy for patients having diseases resulting from deficiency of a protease, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This also realizes the establishment of methods for gene cloning and efficient purification from serum or plasma. In particular, the information provided by the present invention enables gene recombination based on the obtained nucleotide sequence and stable production and provision of the protease according to the present invention, which have been heretofore difficult to achieve. Also, these can be applied to replacement therapy for TTP patients, inhibition of platelet plug formation involved with heart infarction or brain infarction, inhibition of arteriosclerosis, prevention of restenosis, reembolization, or infarction involved with PICA, prevention of reembolization involved with PTCR, and prevention of platelet plug formation caused by HUS or O-157. Diagnosis and therapy utilizing the gene encoding the protease of the present invention or an antibody thereagainst can be realized.
All publications cited herein are incorporated herein in their entirety. A person skilled in the art would easily understand that various modifications and changes of the present invention are feasible within the technical idea and the scope of the invention as disclosed in the attached claims. The present invention is intended to include such modifications and changes.
Claims
1. An antibody against a protease comprising a polypeptide chain having the amino acid sequence Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val, wherein the protease is capable of cleaving a bond between residues Tyr-842 and Met-843 of von Willebrand factor.
2. The antibody according to claim 1, wherein the antibody inhibits or neutralizes the activity of a von Willebrand factor cleaving protease.
3. A pharmaceutical composition or diagnostic agent comprising an antibody against an isolated protease comprising a polypeptide chain having the amino acid sequence Leu-Leu-Val-Ala-Val (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the protease is capable of cleaving a bond between residues Tyr-842 and Met-843 of von Willebrand factor.
Type: Application
Filed: Oct 12, 2011
Publication Date: Feb 14, 2013
Applicant:
Inventors: Kenji SOEJIMA (Kikuchi-gun), Noriko Mimura (Kikuchi-gun), Hiroaki Maeda (Kikuchi-gun), Chikateru Nozaki (Kikuchi-gun), Takayoshi Hamamoto (Kumamoto-shi), Tomohiro Nakagaki (Kumamoto-shi)
Application Number: 13/271,761
International Classification: C07K 16/40 (20060101);
