DEVICE FOR UPGRADING SOLID ORGANIC MATERIALS
A device for upgrading a solid organic material into a resulting product comprises a reactor with an organic material inlet, and a flue gas inlet adapted to introduce flue gas into the reactor, an input driver adapted to continuously transfer the solid organic material to the organic material inlet, an output driver adapted to continuously transfer the solid organic material out of the reactor, a gas flow element operatively connected to the flue gas inlet permitting flue gas to mix with the solid organic material but restricting flow of the solid organic material away from the flue gas inlet, and a rapid cooling device operatively connected to the output driver and adapted to apply a heat transfer liquid directly onto the solid organic material and thereby form the resulting product.
This application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent application 61/705,190, filed on Sep. 25, 2012, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to a device for upgrading of solid organic materials, and more particularly to a device for upgrading of solid organic materials suitable for high volume operations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONSolid organic materials include peat, biomass, garbage, and coal, especially low rank coals. Such solid organic materials have been considered as fuel and a source of energy. However, many of these solid organic materials contain relatively large amounts of water—often on the order of 30-60% by weight or more. Because of this high water content, and related low energy density, such solid organic materials have been commercially unattractive for use in industry, especially when the industry that needs the fuel, such as power plants, are located remote from the source of the fuel.
Large quantities of coal, including low rank coals such as lignite and sub-bituminous coal exist at many places in the world. Technologies have been developed in an effort to dry such organic materials, upgrading their calorific content. However, known technologies for drying such organic materials are either expensive and/or introduce additional problems which have hitherto made the technologies uneconomical. For example, low rank coal can be heated and dried, and its rank increased, but the resulting product can resorb moisture. Also coal can undergo spontaneous combustion, especially low rank coal which has been dried. Further, such dried low rank coals tend to produce undesirably large amounts of dust.
In addition to these problems, low rank coals typically have a high water content, making it generally uneconomical to mine low rank coal and then ship it to a central facility for upgrading. Therefore any process for upgrading the rank of coal would typically be done where the coal is mined. Known technologies include fluidized bed systems, hot steam in pressurized vessels, and a briquetting process. To be economically attractive, the total cost of such upgrading technologies must be less than the cost of available higher rank coals. However, to date, none of the known technologies has seen any significant commercial acceptance.
Many of the known upgrading technologies have used additional additives, heating oils, inert gases, diesel fuel, relatively expensive specialized equipment, etc. Any and all of these additional materials must be shipped to the coal mine, greatly increasing the costs of operation. In addition to cost issues, many of the known technologies have other issues. For example, fluidized bed systems have difficulty with coal fines due to separation of lighter particles from heavier particles (elutriation) during operation. This means that even though fluidized bed systems have often been suggested for use in coal upgrading devices, known fluidized bed systems are not practical for high volume operations. Another technology is the so-called Fleisnner process and its variants. These processes are typically batch operations which inherently run relatively slowly, which is again not desirable for high volume coal mining operations. Another known technology is briquetting. With the briquetting technologies, low rank coal is pulverized to very fine particulates and pressed into a series of briquettes. However, the problems associated with dust have not been eliminated, and typically an additional resin or binder has to be added to the coal to help form the briquettes, and/or the coal used is limited to those types of coals with relatively high amounts of naturally occurring resin.
More recently, other technologies for upgrading organic materials have been described in PCT/ID2012/000002. The reference discusses the use of heating of organic materials by use of flue gas from a gasification burner, described in detail in PCT/ID2012/000001. The flue gas advantageously provides a controlled and uniform heating of the organic material without attendant problems of other upgrading technologies, and provides the source of heat at relatively low cost. However, with large volume operations, high throughput speed of product is greatly desired. It would therefore be desirable to provide a device for upgrading organic materials which still provides controllable and consistent properties yet which is of lower cost and suitable for high volume operations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn accordance with a first aspect, a device for upgrading a solid organic material into a resulting product comprises a reactor with an organic material inlet, and a flue gas inlet adapted to introduce flue gas into the reactor, an input driver adapted to continuously transfer the solid organic material to the organic material inlet, an output driver adapted to continuously transfers the solid organic material out of the reactor, a gas flow element operatively connected to the flue gas inlet permitting flue gas to mix with the solid organic material but restricting flow of the solid organic material away from the flue gas inlet, and a rapid cooling device operatively connected to the output driver and adapted to apply a heat transfer liquid directly onto the solid organic material and thereby form the resulting product.
From the foregoing disclosure and the following more detailed description of various embodiments it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention provides a significant advance in the technology of upgrading organic materials. Particularly significant in this regard is the potential the invention affords for providing a low cost, economically viable device for increasing the rank of coal especially suitable for high volume continuous operations. Additional elements and advantages of various embodiments will be better understood in view of the detailed description provided below.
It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various features illustrative of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the device for upgrading solid organic materials as disclosed here, including, for example, the specific dimensions of the reactors will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. Certain features of the illustrated embodiments have been enlarged or distorted relative to others to help provide clear understanding. In particular, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity of illustration. All references to direction and position, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the orientation illustrated in the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTSIt will be apparent to those skilled in the art, that is, to those who have knowledge or experience in this area of technology, that many uses and design variations are possible for the device for upgrading solid organic materials disclosed here. The following detailed discussion of various alternate elements and embodiments will illustrate the general principles of the invention with reference to a device for upgrading low rank coal particular suitable for high volume operations. Other embodiments suitable for other applications, such as drying or upgrading of organic waste materials, will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure.
Turning now to the drawings,
The devices in the representative embodiments shown herein have a reactor where hot flue gas comes into direct contact with the solid organic material. Further, conductive heating occurs where the coal rests on surfaces heated by the flue gas. Combining direct and conductive heating advantageously drives off moisture and volatiles more quickly, and allows for quicker upgrading of the product. A device with direct and conductive heating advantageously reduces total residence time and therefore allows for high volume upgrading. The reactor can be a single reactor, a plurality of reactors where separate functions may be performed, or multiple reactors can perform the same function, either in series or in parallel. The reactor may be vertically mounted such that the solid organic material falls from a top of the device to a bottom of the device, or the reactor may be horizontally mounted such that solid organic material moves generally from side to side. In the embodiment of
Devices for upgrading solid organic materials such as low rank coal need a source of heat to drive off moisture. The source of heat can be supplied from one heat source or a plurality of heat sources, optionally operatively connected together, advantageously allowing for continuous operation even when one is heat source is down for maintenance. Typically the heat source is flue gas which is the product of combustion of a material such as coal, natural gas, syngas, diesel fuel, etc. One or more flue gas generators may be used. In the embodiment shown in
In accordance with a highly advantageous element, the flue gas flows in a direction counter to the movement of the solid organic material through the device. As seen in
At the first reactor 30 the solid organic material is heated by the flue gas to temperatures sufficient to drive off moisture, but not sufficient to drive off much in the way of volatiles (defined as non-water vapour materials present in coal which would vaporize at the temperatures of operation of the device). From the first reactor, the heated solid organic material is routed via an output driver, which can comprise, for example, a screw conveyor 82, optionally shrouded. The output driver can be positioned at the bottom of first reactor, and continuously transfers heated solid organic material out of the reactor at a solid organic material outlet. From there, the solid organic material is routed along a transfer device such as conveyor 71 (partially shown in
In the embodiment of
Residence time at each reactor will vary depending on the properties of the solid organic material. For low rank coals, a typical residence time in the second reactors can be, for example 4-40 minutes, and more particularly 15-30 minutes. Overall residence time in both reactors may be 8-80 minutes, for example. Note that the residence time in each reactor need not be identical. In fact, in the embodiment of
After heating in the reactors, the heated solid organic material is transferred out of the second reactors with output drivers such as screw conveyors 85, 86 and rapidly cooled with a quenching agent. The heat transfer agent can comprise spraying an aqueous liquid directly onto the heated solid organic material using a device such as a sprayer 99. Steam evolved from this process may be routed to exhaust pipes 97. The act of quenching causes rapid cooling of the heated solid organic material, which forms a resultant product. Typically the time to cool is relatively short. For example, it can take less than two minutes, more preferably less than one minute, to reduce the temperature to less than 100° C., and more preferably to reduce the temperature to less than 80° C. Advantageously, such rapid quenching causes the coal particles to contract, and volatile matter will condense in pores in the coal, thereby helping to hold the coal particles together and reduce the Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) of the resulting coal product. HGI is a measurement of the ease with which coal can be pulverized which generally increases with the rank of coal. Optionally the heat transfer agent can comprise a surfactant such as Focust™ mixed with the water for rapid cooling, so that a mixture of both may be delivered to the solid organic material. Application of such a heat transfer agent is useful for resisting spontaneous combustion and for resisting ingress of water after treatment of the resulting coal product.
The resulting product is routed away from the device 10 via a conveyor assembly 73, 75. When the resulting product is upgraded coal, the processed resulting product inherently has different physical and optical properties than naturally occurring coal. Advantageously such new properties can be tailored for particular customer requirements and reduce known problems with dried coals. When used on low rank coal, the device disclosed herein advantageously produces a resulting coal product that has lower water content than the original low rank coal, a higher calorific value, an (HGI) and an ash fusion temperature (which provides an indication of softening and melting behavior of the ash in the coal) can be modified in a controlled manner.
Optionally a controller 49 may be provided. The controller 49 is operatively connected to the device 10 and can control all aspects of the device, including rate of transfer of solid organic material into the reactors by the input drivers 80, 81, 83, 43, rate of transfer out of the reactors by the output drivers 82, 85, 86, rate of flue gas introduced to the reactors, rate delivery of the solid organic material on the conveyor belts 70, 71, 73, 75, etc. The controller can also be configured to control a flow rate of any additional gases introduced into the reactors, and also control the position of any valves and operation of any fans, if present. Sensors including temperature sensors may be positioned within the reactors to monitor conditions, and the data generated by the sensors may be routed to the controller and used to help ensure high quality and consistent upgrading of the solid organic material. The controller can be programmed to turn off the heat source at specific temperatures, for example, or to introduce additional hot gases as needed, to help provide controlled production of the resulting product.
The t-air flows are mounted in a hopper 93. As shown, the hopper is generally cylindrical in shape, and has a diameter less than a diameter of the reactor 30 such that a gap exists between the reactor and the hopper wall 91. Mounting elements securing the hopper to the reactor have been removed for clarity of illustration. Flue gas travels through constriction 57 up into the hopper, and flue gas travels through the gap to the t-air flows, allowing for further mixing of the flue gas and the solid organic material. Generally the solid organic material flows around and between the t-air flows, through constriction 57 and accumulates in a pile 55 above the output driver 82, where it is gradually removed via the output driver(s).
Generally drying occurs first.
As shown, the solid organic material forms a pile 98. A constriction 66 is shown between the second output driver 86 and the setting zone 56. The flue gas inlet is located at the setting zone, below the second organic material inlet and above the solid organic material outlet 89. As with the first reactor, the walls of the reactor may be formed as a bilayer 43, 44. The wall of the second reactor may be formed of stainless steel, with an interior layer formed of high temperature alloy such as SS317 or 253 MA, for example. Alternatively a firebrick may be used. Since the solid organic material has been previously heated and moisture has been reduced, additional heating performed at the setting zone 56 drives off most of the remaining moisture, but also drives off volatiles.
Output driver 86 is shown as a screw conveyor. In operation, second output driver continuously transfers heated solid organic material out of the reactor through a second solid organic material outlet 89. As noted above, when the solid organic material exits the constriction 66 and enters the output driver, it is quite hot. In accordance with a highly advantageous element, a rapid cooling device 99 or quencher may be provided the spray a liquid directly onto the heated solid organic material, rapidly cooling the solid organic material and forming the resulting product. Vapour generated by this quenching process may be routed to column 97. The column may be optionally routed to the other exhaust columns.
In accordance with a highly advantageous feature, flue gas from the second reactor can be routed or transferred into the first reactor via exhaust gas links or connectors 79 and 33 as shown in
In some embodiments, one of the reactors such as the second reactor may be positioned at least partially below one of the other reactors to help with the transfer of the heated solid organic material. This may allow for the use of a conveyor which can be positioned generally horizontal. This avoids the need for a connector angled upward which would be forced to compete against gravity. Optionally and as can be seen in Figs., the first reactor 30 and the second reactor 35 each have a cross sectional area which is greater than a cross sectional area of the transfer device, i.e., greater than a cross sectional area of the screw connector 82.
Flue gas is low in oxygen and hot. Heat transfer from the flue gas to the solid organic material occurs in the hopper, first driving off water, and then, as the solid organic material heats further, driving off volatiles. Once the solid organic material has been heated for a residence time, output driver, here a screw conveyor 182 removes the solid organic material via solid organic material outlet 134. The screw conveyor continuously transfers the heated solid organic material to the rapid cooling device 99 to form the resulting product. Optionally an additional air inlet 133 may be provided to flare off or combust volatiles released during the heating process, advantageously providing an additional source of heat to the device.
The flue gas is routed in a flow counter the solid organic material, from flue gas generators 40 through the setters 335 and 235, via connective piping 279 and 233 to the dryer 230, and from there to flue gas outlet 272 (as shown by arrows). In this embodiment, a pair of flue gas generators are used at the second setter 335, and a single flue gas generator is used at the first setter 235. Controller 249 is operatively connected to the device 210 and can control all aspects of the device in a manner similar to the embodiment of
From the foregoing disclosure and detailed description of certain embodiments, it will be apparent that various modifications, additions and other alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiments discussed were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.
Claims
1. A device for upgrading a solid organic material into a resulting product comprising, in combination:
- a reactor with an organic material inlet, a reactor wall, a solid organic material outlet, a flue gas inlet adapted to introduce low oxygen flue gas having a temperature greater than 600° C. into the reactor, and a flue gas outlet;
- an input driver adapted to continuously transfer the solid organic material to the organic material inlet;
- an output driver adapted to continuously transfers the solid organic material out of the reactor through the solid organic material outlet, wherein gravity urges the solid organic material from the organic material inlet to the solid organic material outlet;
- a gas flow element operatively connected to the flue gas inlet permitting flue gas to mix with the solid organic material, wherein the flue gas inlet is positioned below the gas flow element and above the solid organic material outlet, and the flue gas outlet is positioned above the gas flow element and is adapted to receive flue gas from the reactor; and
- a rapid cooling device operatively connected to the output driver and adapted to apply a heat transfer liquid directly onto the solid organic material and thereby form the resulting product.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the reactor defines at least one dryer, and the dryer contains the gas flow element, and the reactor further comprises a first setter operatively connected to the at least one dryer and adapted to receive both solid organic material from the at least one dryer and flue gas.
3. (canceled)
4. The device of claim 2 wherein the reactor further comprises a second setter operatively connected to the at least one dryer and adapted to receive both solid organic material from the at least one dryer and flue gas.
5. The device of claim 4 wherein the first setter and second setter are connected to the dryer in series.
6. The device of claim 5 further comprising a flue gas generators operatively connected to the second setter, and a flue gas generator operatively connected to the first setter; and
- the first setter has a flue gas outlet connected to the flue gas inlet of the dryer.
7. The device of claim 6 wherein the second setter has a flue gas outlet operatively connected to the flue gas inlet of the dryer.
8. The device of claim 2 further comprising an air inlet into the setter, adapted to introduce air into the setter.
9. The device of claim 1 further comprising a hopper positioned within the reactor, with a hopper wall separated from the reactor wall by a gap, wherein the hopper is adapted to receive the solid organic material from the organic material inlet.
10. The device of claim 9 wherein the gas flow element comprises a plurality of gas flow elements extending through the hopper wall to the gap in one direction and a plurality of gas flow elements extending in another direction through the hopper wall to the gap.
11. The device of claim 10 wherein the hopper forms a constriction beneath the plurality of gas flow elements.
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cyclone adapted to receive flue gas in a flue gas outlet extending from the reactor, wherein the cyclone is adapted to remove fine particles of the solid organic material present in the flue gas.
15. The device of claim 14, further comprising a scrubber adapted to receive flue gas from the flue gas outlet.
16. The device of claim 1 further comprising a controller operatively connected to the input driver, the output driver, and the flue gas generator; wherein the controller can control flow of the solid organic material and the flue gas into the reactor.
17. A method for upgrading a solid organic material into a resulting product comprising, in combination, the steps of:
- introducing the solid organic material into a reactor having an organic material inlet and a solid organic material outlet;
- introducing a flue gas having a temperature of at least 600° C. into a flue gas inlet of the reactor and into contact with the solid organic material, and thereby heating the solid organic material, wherein the flue gas flows from the flue gas inlet, past the solid organic material and to a flue gas outlet;
- removing heated solid organic material from the reactor through the solid organic material outlet positioned below the flue gas inlet, wherein gravity urges the solid organic material from the organic material inlet to the solid organic material outlet; and
- rapidly cooling the heated solid organic material by applying a liquid directly into the solid organic material and thereby form the resulting product.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of introducing the solid organic material into the reactor and the step of removing the heated solid organic material from the reactor occurs continuously.
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. The method of claim 17 wherein the reactor comprises a dryer, a first setter, and a second setter, and further comprising the step of transferring the heated solid organic material from the dryer to the first setter, and then from the first setter to the second setter.
22. (canceled)
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the flue gas is supplied by flue gas generators, each operatively connected to a corresponding one of the first setter and the second setter; and
- further comprising the step of transferring flue gas after the flue gas has traveled through each of the first setter and second setter to a flue gas inlet on the dryer.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 24, 2013
Publication Date: Oct 2, 2014
Inventor: Harsudi Supandi (Jakarta Utara)
Application Number: 14/354,463
International Classification: C10L 9/08 (20060101);