METHODS OF AND APPARATUSES FOR UPGRADING A HYDROCARBON STREAM INCLUDING A DEOXYGENATED PYROLYSIS PRODUCT
Methods of and apparatuses for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream are provided. In an embodiment, a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream includes providing the hydrocarbon stream that includes a deoxygenated pyrolysis product. The hydrocarbon stream also includes a residual oxygen-containing compound content. The residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream is reduced to form an upgraded hydrocarbon stream.
This invention was made with Government support under ZFT-0-40619-01 awarded by the United States Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe technical field generally relates to methods of and apparatuses for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream, and more particularly relates to methods of and apparatuses for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream that includes a deoxygenated pyrolysis product.
BACKGROUNDBiofuels encompass various types of combustible fuels that are derived from biomass. Biofuels can be used as combustible fuels themselves, can be used as an additive component of a combustible fuels, or can be co-processed with other hydrocarbon sources, such as a petroleum-based source of hydrocarbons, to produce combustible fuels. Pyrolysis is a commonly-used process for converting biomass into biofuel, and pyrolysis can be conducted through either a thermal process or a catalytic process. In the catalytic pyrolysis process, the biomass is rapidly heated under an inert atmosphere in the presence of a catalyst, such as an acid or zeolitic catalyst, to promote deoxygenation and cracking of pyrolysis vapors into hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds, such as phenol, cresol, and alcohols such as C1 to C4 alcohols. Most of the oxygen-containing compounds can be converted to hydrocarbons during catalytic pyrolysis to produce a deoxygenated pyrolysis product.
Thermal pyrolysis processes include the recently-developed fast pyrolysis process. Fast pyrolysis is a process during which biomass is rapidly heated to about 450° C. to about 600° C. in the absence of air using a pyrolysis unit. Under these conditions, a pyrolysis vapor stream including organic vapors, water vapor, and pyrolysis gases is produced, along with char (which includes ash and combustible carbonaceous solids). A portion of the pyrolysis vapor stream is condensed in a condensing system to produce a pyrolysis oil stream. Pyrolysis oil is a complex, highly oxygenated organic liquid that typically contains about 20-30% by weight water with high acidity (total acid number (TAN)>150). Because the pyrolysis oil contains high amounts of oxygen-containing compounds, deoxygenation unit operations may be employed to remove oxygen-containing compounds from the pyrolysis oil after fast pyrolysis to thereby form a deoxygenated pyrolysis product. For example, hydrotreating is a known deoxygenation unit operation that is commonly used for converting the oxygen-containing compounds present in the pyrolysis oil to produce the deoxygenated pyrolysis product.
Deoxygenated pyrolysis products produced through catalytic pyrolysis and thermal pyrolysis (after deoxygenation) generally contain a residual oxygen-containing compound content. While it would be desirable to use the deoxygenated pyrolysis products in a transportation fuel such as gasoline or kerosene, even small amounts of oxygen-containing compounds can be classified as undesirable contaminants. Hydrotreating of pyrolysis products that include ethanol also converts the ethanol to ethane, which reduces the yield of liquid pyrolysis products. Similarly, hydrotreating can saturate aromatic hydrocarbons, reducing the octane value of the gasoline fraction and consuming excessive amounts of hydrogen. Therefore, while hydrotreating of pyrolysis oil may be effective to remove most of the oxygen-containing compounds from the pyrolysis oil to produce the deoxygenated pyrolysis products, excessive hydrotreating is undesirable to reduce the oxygen-containing compounds to levels that are desirable in gasoline for the deoxygenated pyrolysis products.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide methods of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream to maximize removal of oxygen-containing compounds that may be present in the hydrocarbon stream. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.
BRIEF SUMMARYMethods of and apparatuses for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream are provided. In an embodiment, a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream includes providing the hydrocarbon stream that includes a deoxygenated pyrolysis product. The hydrocarbon stream also includes a residual oxygen-containing compound content. The hydrocarbon stream that includes the residual oxygen-containing compound content is contacted with a solvent composition that has a greater affinity for oxygen-containing compounds over hydrocarbons to reduce the residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream.
Another embodiment of a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream includes pyrolyzing a biomass feed to produce a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream or a derivative thereof is contacted with a solvent composition that has a greater affinity for oxygen-containing compounds over hydrocarbons. A spent solvent composition is separated from an upgraded hydrocarbon stream after contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition.
In another embodiment, an apparatus for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream includes a pyrolysis unit for pyrolyzing a biomass feed to produce a pyrolysis product stream. The apparatus optionally includes a deoxygenating unit for receiving the pyrolysis product stream and for deoxygenating the pyrolysis product stream. An extraction unit is downstream of the optional deoxygenating unit for receiving the hydrocarbon stream that includes a deoxygenated pyrolysis product. The extraction unit extracts residual oxygen-containing compounds from the hydrocarbon stream.
The various embodiments will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and wherein:
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the various embodiments or the application and uses thereof. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the following detailed description.
Methods of and apparatuses for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream that includes a deoxygenated pyrolysis product are provided herein. In accordance with the methods and apparatuses described herein, the hydrocarbon stream that includes the deoxygenated pyrolysis product is upgraded to reduce residual oxygen-containing compound content, if the hydrocarbon stream includes any residual oxygen-containing compound, through a downstream unit operation beyond deoxygenation unit operations or intrinsic deoxygenation that may be employed to yield the deoxygenated pyrolysis product. As referred to herein, “deoxygenated pyrolysis product” refers to any component in the hydrocarbon stream that originates from pyrolysis and that has undergone a unit operation that removes at least a portion of oxygen-containing compounds therefrom. The deoxygenated pyrolysis product may be provided as a direct pyrolysis product stream or a derivative of the pyrolysis product stream that is obtained after subjecting the pyrolysis product stream to further unit operations. For example, the deoxygenated pyrolysis product can be a direct product of pyrolysis (such as catalytic pyrolysis) or can be a product that results from a downstream unit operation after pyrolysis, such as for example a fractionation column that is downstream of the pyrolysis unit or a deoxygenating unit that is downstream of a thermal pyrolysis unit. Further, the hydrocarbon stream can be the product of a co-processing unit operation such as, for example, a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit operation, within which a pyrolysis product stream is co-processed or catalytically cracked with another source of hydrocarbons such as a petroleum-based source of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon stream that includes the deoxygenated pyrolysis product may be upgraded by contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a solvent composition that has a greater affinity for oxygen-containing compounds over hydrocarbons. Contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition is effective to reduce any residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream without diminishing inherent fuel properties of the hydrocarbon stream or increasing production costs.
An embodiment of a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream 20 will now be addressed with reference to an exemplary apparatus 10 for upgrading the hydrocarbon stream 20 as shown in
Referring to
Referring to
In accordance with an embodiment and as shown in
Referring back to
Because oxygen-containing compounds to be removed from the hydrocarbon stream 20 are only present in residual amounts, relatively small amounts of the solvent composition 44 compared to the amount of the hydrocarbon stream 20 are required to effectively reduce the residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream 20. In an embodiment, the hydrocarbon stream 20 is contacted with the solvent composition 44 at a fraction of the solvent composition 44 to the hydrocarbon stream 20 of from about 2 to about 10% by volume, such as from about 2 to about 6% by volume, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon stream 20. Such low amounts of the solvent composition 44 to the hydrocarbon stream 20 are particularly suitable when the extraction unit is a mercaptan extraction unit, such as a Merox™ extraction unit commercially available from UOP LLC. Alternatively, in other embodiments and depending upon the type of extraction unit that is employed, the amount of residual oxygen-containing compounds in the hydrocarbon stream 20, and the selectivity of the solvent composition 44, higher fractions of the solvent composition 44 to the hydrocarbon stream 20 may be employed such as a fraction of the solvent composition 44 to the hydrocarbon stream 20 of up to 1000% by volume, such as up to about 500% by volume, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon stream 20.
In an embodiment and as shown in
In an embodiment, the hydrocarbon stream 20 is in a liquid phase when contacted with solvent composition 44 in a liquid phase, with oxygen-containing compounds transferred from the hydrocarbon stream 20 to the solvent composition 44. However, an alternative embodiment with the hydrocarbon stream 20 as a gas is also feasible, though the higher temperature required makes it a less attractive option. Referring to
In accordance with an embodiment, an oxygenate-rich solvent composition 52 is separated in the liquid phase from an upgraded hydrocarbon stream 21 in the liquid phase after contacting the hydrocarbon stream 20 with the solvent composition 44. For example, as shown in
In another embodiment and although not shown, it is to be appreciated that the extraction unit may only include the extraction column, without the further features that provide for recovery of the solvent composition. In this embodiment, the oxygenate-rich solvent composition may be expelled to waste or remediation without recovery of the solvent composition.
Another embodiment of a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream will now be addressed with reference to an exemplary apparatus 410 for upgrading the hydrocarbon stream 420 as shown in
Referring to
In accordance with an embodiment and as shown in detail in
As the biomass feed 18 is heated by the heat transfer medium 90 to a thermal conversion or pyrolysis temperature, typically about 500° C., the thermal conversion or pyrolysis reaction occurs and pyrolysis vapor 92 and char are formed in the thermal conversion reactor 426. The pyrolysis vapor 92 and char, along with the heat transfer medium 90, are carried out of an outlet 96 in the thermal conversion reactor 426 and through a line 98 to a separator 100, such as, for example, a cyclone. The separator 100 separates the pyrolysis vapor 92 from the char and heat transfer medium 94. As shown, the pyrolysis vapor 92 is directed to a pyrolysis condenser 72 which condenses the pyrolysis vapor 92 to form the pyrolysis oil 433. Uncondensed gas 86 exits the pyrolysis condenser 72, a portion of the uncondensed gas 86 may be recycled as the carrier gas 86, and a portion of the uncondensed gas 86 may be taken as net gas product 85. The net gas product 85 may be burned to dry the biomass feed 18 or used as a combustion fuel to generate electricity.
The char and heat transfer medium 94 are fed to a combustion unit 102, typically referred to as a reheater, for the purpose of reheating the heat transfer medium 90. As shown, a blower 104 feeds air or another oxygen-containing gas 106 into the combustion unit 102. Upon contact with the oxygen, the char combusts, heating the heat transfer medium 90 and forming flue gas and ash 108. The hot heat transfer medium 90 exits the combustion unit 102 and is returned to the thermal conversion reactor 426. The flue gas and ash 108 exit the combustion unit 102 and are directed to a flue gas separator 110, such as a cyclone. The flue gas separator 110 separates the ash 112 and the flue gas 114, which can be disposed of.
The pyrolysis product stream from the pyrolysis unit 412, for purposes of this embodiment, is the pyrolysis oil 433. Because the pyrolysis oil 433 is highly oxygenated coming from the thermal pyrolysis unit 412, the pyrolysis product stream 433 is deoxygenated to produce the deoxygenated pyrolysis product 420. One example of a suitable technique for deoxygenating the pyrolysis product stream 433 is hydrotreating, which reduces the oxygen-containing compound content of the pyrolysis product stream 433 thereby producing the deoxygenated pyrolysis product 420. The deoxygenated pyrolysis product 420 generally has a residual oxygen-containing compound content, which is less than the original oxygen-containing compound content of the pyrolysis product stream 433. In an embodiment and as shown in
In accordance with the exemplary method, the residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream 420 is contacted with the solvent composition 44. In particular, as described above, the hydrocarbon stream 420 may be contacted with the solvent composition 44 as described above to produce the upgraded hydrocarbon stream 421, with the extraction unit 14 being the same as described above.
In another embodiment of a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream 620, the hydrocarbon stream 620 is provided by co-processing a pyrolysis product stream 633 and a petroleum-based source of hydrocarbons 637 to produce the hydrocarbon stream 620, as illustrated in
Catalytic cracking can be conducted in any manner known in the art for co-processing pyrolysis product streams and petroleum-based sources of hydrocarbons 637, such as in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. By way of example and as shown in
Catalytic cracking of the mixture 646 of the pyrolysis product stream 633 and the petroleum-based source of hydrocarbons 637 produces an effluent 659 that includes spent particulate cracking catalyst 676 and a gaseous component 661. The gaseous component 661 includes products from the reaction in the riser 628 such as cracked hydrocarbons. In accordance with an embodiment of the contemplated method, the spent particulate cracking catalyst 676 and the gaseous component 661 are separated. In this embodiment, and as shown in
It is to be appreciated that, although not shown in
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the invention, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing the hydrocarbon stream comprising a deoxygenated pyrolysis product, wherein the hydrocarbon stream comprises a residual oxygen-containing compound content; and
- contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a solvent composition that has a greater affinity for oxygen-containing compounds over hydrocarbons to reduce the residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream.
2. (canceled)
3. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition comprises contacting the hydrocarbon stream in a liquid phase with the solvent composition in a liquid phase, with oxygen-containing compounds transferred from the hydrocarbon stream to the solvent composition.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising separating an oxygenate-rich solvent composition in the liquid phase from the upgraded hydrocarbon stream in the liquid phase after contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising regenerating the oxygenate-rich solvent composition to produce an oxygen-containing compound stream and a oxygenate-lean solvent stream.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising separating the oxygenate-lean solvent stream into a drag stream and a recycle stream, wherein the recycle stream is combined with fresh solvent composition and contacts the hydrocarbon stream to reduce the residual oxygen-containing compound content of the hydrocarbon stream.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition comprises contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition comprising a basic solvent.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition comprises contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition at a fraction of the solvent composition to the hydrocarbon stream of from about 2 to about 10% by volume, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon stream.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the hydrocarbon stream comprises pyrolyzing a biomass feed to produce a pyrolysis product stream.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein pyrolyzing the biomass feed comprises catalytically pyrolyzing the biomass feed.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein catalytically pyrolyzing the biomass feed produces an intermediate pyrolysis stream, and wherein the method further comprises fractionating the intermediate pyrolysis stream to produce the deoxygenated pyrolysis product.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein pyrolyzing the biomass feed comprises thermally pyrolyzing the biomass feed.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising deoxygenating the pyrolysis product stream to produce the deoxygenated pyrolysis product.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the hydrocarbon stream comprises co-processing a pyrolysis product stream and a petroleum-based source of hydrocarbons to produce the hydrocarbon stream.
15. A method of upgrading a hydrocarbon stream, the method comprising the steps of:
- pyrolyzing a biomass feed to produce a pyrolysis product stream;
- contacting the pyrolysis product stream or a derivative thereof with a solvent composition that has a greater affinity for oxygen-containing compounds over hydrocarbons; and
- separating an oxygenate-rich solvent composition from an upgraded hydrocarbon stream after contacting the hydrocarbon stream with the solvent composition.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein contacting the pyrolysis product stream or the derivative thereof with the solvent composition comprises contacting the pyrolysis product stream or the derivative thereof in a liquid phase with the solvent composition in a liquid phase.
17. An apparatus for upgrading a hydrocarbon stream, the apparatus comprising:
- a pyrolysis unit for pyrolyzing a biomass feed to produce a pyrolysis product stream;
- optionally, a deoxygenating unit for receiving the pyrolysis product stream and for deoxygenating the pyrolysis product stream;
- an extraction unit, downstream of the optional deoxygenating unit, for receiving the hydrocarbon stream comprising a deoxygenated pyrolysis product and for extracting residual oxygen-containing compounds from the hydrocarbon stream.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the pyrolysis unit is further defined as a catalytic pyrolysis unit, and wherein the apparatus is free from the deoxygenating unit.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the pyrolysis unit is further defined as a thermal pyrolysis unit, and wherein the deoxygenating unit is present in the apparatus.
20. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a co-processing unit in fluid communication with the extraction unit, upstream of the extraction unit.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the pyrolysis product stream or the derivative thereof is contacted with the solvent composition in an extraction column, and wherein separating the oxygenate-rich solvent composition from the upgraded hydrocarbon stream comprises collecting the oxygenate-rich solvent composition in the extraction column and removing the oxygenate-rich solvent composition from a bottom of the extraction column, with the hydrocarbon stream exiting the extraction column at a top thereof.
Type: Application
Filed: May 9, 2013
Publication Date: Nov 13, 2014
Inventors: Lance Awender Baird (Prospect Heights, IL), Douglas B. Galloway (Mount Prospect, IL), Tom N. Kalnes (LaGrange, IL)
Application Number: 13/890,343
International Classification: C10G 1/00 (20060101);