IMPACT ABSORBING STRUCTURES FOR ATHLETIC HELMET
A garment worn by a wearer has an exterior shell and an interior shell with impact absorbing material comprising various structures between the exterior shell and the interior shell. When force is applied to the exterior shell, the structures of the impact absorbing materials deform (e.g., compress), reducing the force received by the interior shell. For example, the impact absorbing material forms structures such as multiple branched “Y” shapes or multiple cylindrical rods with a surface contacting the exterior shell and a surface contacting the interior shell. The interior of the rods and other impact absorbing structures may be filled with a deformable material, such as foam. The impact absorbing material may be formed into jacks, spherical shapes, bristles, intersecting arches, or other shapes positioned between the exterior shell and the interior shell.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/276,793, filed Jan. 8, 2016, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUNDA helmet protects a skull of the wearer from collisions with the ground, equipment, and other players. Present helmets were designed with the primary goal of preventing traumatic skull fractures and other blunt trauma. In general, a helmet includes a hard, rounded shell and cushioning inside the shell. When another object collides with the helmet, the rounded shape deflects at least some of the force tangentially while the hard shell distributes the normal force over a wider area of the head. Such helmets have been successful at preventing skull fractures but leave the wearer vulnerable to concussions.
A concussion occurs when the skull changes velocity rapidly relative to the enclosed brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The resulting collision between the brain and the skull results in a brain injury with neurological symptoms such as memory loss. Although the cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain from small forces, the fluid does not absorb all the energy from collisions that arise in sports such as football, hockey, skiing, and biking. Helmets include cushioning to dissipate some of the energy absorbed by the hard shell, but the cushioning is insufficient to prevent concussions from violent collisions or from the cumulative effects of many lower velocity collisions.
SUMMARYIn various embodiments, a helmet includes two generally concentric shells with impact absorbing structures between the shells. The inner shell may be somewhat rigid to protect against skull fracture and the outer shell may also somewhat rigid to spread impact forces over a wider area of the impact absorbing structures positioned inside the outer shell, or the outer shell may be more flexible such that impact forces locally deform the outer shell to transmit forces to a smaller, more localized section of the impact absorbing structures positioned inside the outer shell. The impact absorbing structures are secured between the generally concentric shells and have sufficient strength to resist forces from mild collisions. However, the impact absorbing structures undergo deformation (e.g., buckling) when subjected to forces from a sufficiently strong impact force. As a result of the deformation, the impact absorbing structures reduce energy transmitted from the outer shell to the inner shell, thereby reducing forces on the wearer's skull and brain. The impact absorbing structures may also allow the outer shell to move independently of the inner shell in a variety of planes or directions. Thus, impact absorbing structures reduce the incidence and severity of concussions as a result of sports and other activities. When the outer and inner shell move independently from one another, rotational acceleration, which contributes to concussions, may also be reduced.
The impact absorbing structures may include impact absorbing members mechanically secured between the outer shell and the inner shell. In one example embodiment, an impact absorbing member comprises a column having one end secured to the inner shell and an opposite end secured to the outer shell. In another example, the impact absorbing member includes three portions joined at one point to form a branched shape. One of the portions is secured to the inner shell, and the other two portions are secured to the outer shell, or vice versa. By varying the length, width, and attachment angles of the impact absorbing members, the helmet manufacturer can control the threshold amount of force that results in deformation.
Alternatively, the impact absorbing structure may be secured to only one of the shells. When deformation occurs, the impact absorbing structure contacts an opposite shell or an impact absorbing structure secured to the opposite shell. Once the impact absorbing structure makes contact, the overall stiffness of the helmet increases, and the impact absorbing structure deforms to absorb energy. For example, ends of intersecting arches, bristles, or jacks are attached to the inner shell, the outer shell, or both.
The impact absorbing structures may also be packed between the inner and outer shells without necessarily being secured to either the inner shell or outer shell. The space between the impact absorbing structures may be filled with air or a cushioning material (e.g., foam) that further absorbs energy and prevents the impact absorbing structures from rattling if they are not secured to either shell. The packed arrangement of the impact absorbing structures simplifies manufacturing without reducing the overall effectiveness of the helmet.
The helmet may include modular rows to facilitate manufacturing. A modular row includes an inner surface, an outer surface, and impact absorbing structures between the inner and outer surfaces. A modular row is relatively thin and flat compared to the assembled helmet, which reduces the complexity of forming the impact absorbing structures between the modular row's inner and outer surfaces. For example, the modular rows may be formed by injection molding, fusible core injection molding, or a lost wax process, techniques which may not be feasible for molding the entire impact absorbing structures in its final form. When assembled, the inner surfaces of the modular rows may form part of the inner shell, and the outer surfaces of the modular rows may form part of the outer shell. Alternatively or additionally, the modular rows may be assembled between an innermost shell and an outermost shell that laterally secure the modular rows and radially contain them. Alternatively or additionally, adjacent rows may be laterally secured to each other.
The base modular row 110 encircles the wearer's skull at approximately the same vertical level as the user's brow. The crown modular rows 120 are stacked horizontally on top of the base modular row 110 so that the long edges of the inner and outer surfaces form parallel vertical planes. The end surfaces of the crown modular rows 120 rest on a top plane of the base modular row. The outer surfaces of the crown modular rows 120 converge with the outer surface of the base modular row 110 to form a rounded outer shell. Likewise, the inner surfaces of the crown modular rows 120 converge with the inner surface of the base modular row 110 to form a rounded inner shell. Thus, the crown modular rows 120 and base modular row 110 form concentric inner and outer shells protecting the wearer's upper head. The outer surface of a crown modular row 120 may form a ridge 122 raised relative to the rest of the outer surface. The ridge 122 may improve distribution of impact forces or facilitate a connection between two halves (e.g., left and right halves) of an outermost layer of a helmet including assembly 100.
The rear modular rows 130 are stacked vertically under a rear portion of the base modular row 110 so that the long edges of the inner and outer surfaces form parallel horizontal planes. The inner surface of the topmost rear modular row 130 forms a seam with the inner surface of the base modular row 110, and the outer surface of the topmost rear modular row 130 forms a seam with the outer surface of the base modular row 110. Thus, the rear modular rows 130 and the rear portion of the base modular row 110 form concentric inner and outer shells protecting the wearer's rear lower head and upper neck.
Modular RowAs illustrated, the impact absorbing structures 105 are columnar impact absorbing member is mechanically secured to both concentric surfaces 103. An end of the impact absorbing structure 105 may be mechanically secured to a concentric surface 103 as a result of integral formation, by a fastener, by an adhesive, by an interlocking end portion (e.g., a press fit), another technique, or a combination thereof. An end of the impact absorbing member is secured perpendicularly to the local plane of the concentric surface 103 in order to maximize resistance to normal force. However, one or more of the impact absorbing members may be secured at another angle to modify the resistance to normal force or to improve resistance to torque due to friction between an object and the outermost surface of a helmet including assembly 100. The critical force that buckles the impact absorbing member increases with the diameter of the impact absorbing member and decreases with the length of the impact absorbing member.
Generally, an impact absorbing member has a circular cross section to eliminate stress concentration along edges, but other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., squares, hexagons) may be used to simplify manufacturing or modify performance characteristics. Generally, an impact absorbing structure is formed from a compliant, yet strong material such as an elastomeric substrate such as hard durometer plastic (e.g., polyurethane, silicone) and may include a core of a softer material such as open or closed-cell foam (e.g., polyurethane, polystyrene) or fluid (e.g., air). After forming the impact absorbing members, a remaining volume between the concentric surfaces 103 (that is not filled by the impact absorbing members) may be filled with a softer material such as foam or a fluid (e.g., air).
The concentric surfaces 103 are curved to form an overall rounded shape (e.g., spherical, ellipsoidal) when assembled into a helmet shape. The concentric surfaces 103 and end surfaces 104 may be formed from a material that has properties stiffer than the impact absorbing members such as hard plastic, foam, metal, or a combination thereof, or formed from the same material as the impact absorbing members. To facilitate manufacturing of the base modular row 110, a living hinge technique may be used. The base modular row 110 may be manufactured as an initially flat modular row, where the long edges of the concentric surfaces 103 form two parallel planes. For example, the base modular row 110 is formed by injection molding the concentric surfaces 103, the end surfaces 104, and the impact absorbing structures 105. The base modular row 110 may then be bent to form a living hinge. The living hinge may be created by injection molding a thin section of plastic between adjacent structures. The plastic is injected into the mold such that the plastic fills the mold by crossing the hinge in a direction transverse to the axis of the hinge, thereby forming polymer strands perpendicular to the hinge, thereby creating a hinge that is robust to cracking or degradation.
The ends of the arches are mechanically secured to the surface 510, which may be a concentric surface 103 of a modular row or an inner or outer shell. The surface 510 may form an indentation 515 having a cross-sectional shape corresponding to (and aligned with) a projection of the impact absorbing structure 505 onto the surface 510. The indentation extends at least partway through the surface 510. For example, the indentation 515 has a cross-section of a cross to match the perpendicularly intersecting arches of the impact absorbing structure 505 secured above the indentation. When the impact absorbing structure 505 deforms as a result of a compressive force, the impact absorbing structure 505 may deflect into the indentation 515. As a result, the impact absorbing member 505 has a greater range of motion, resulting in absorption of more energy (from deformation) and slower deceleration. Without the indentation 515, a compressive force could cause the impact absorbing structure 505 to directly contact the surface 510, resulting in a sudden increase in stiffness that would limit further gradual deceleration of the impact absorbing structure 505.
The helmet 600 includes an outer shell 605, an inner shell 610, and impact absorbing structures 615 disposed between the outer shell 605 and the inner shell 610. The impact absorbing structures 615 are formed from perpendicularly interlocked rings that together form a spherical wireframe shape. Although the illustrated impact absorbing structures 615 include three mutually orthogonal rings, other structures are possible. For example, the number of longitudinal rings may be increased to improve the uniformity of the impact absorbing structure's response to forces from different directions. However, increasing the number of rings increases the weight of the impact absorbing structure 615 and decreases the space between the rings, which hinders filling an internal volume of the impact absorbing structure 615 with a less rigid material such as foam.
The helmet 600 further includes a facemask 620, which protects a face of the wearer while allowing visibility, and vent holes 625, which improve user comfort by enabling air circulation to the user's skin. For example, the helmet 600 forms the vent holes 625 near the user's ears to improve propagation of sound waves. The vent holes 625 further serve to reduce moisture and sweat accumulating in the helmet 600. In some embodiments, the helmet includes a screen or mesh (e.g., from metal wire) placed over a vent hole 625 to reduce penetration by particles (e.g., soil, sand, snow) and to prevent penetration by blunt objects during collisions.
The helmet 700 includes an outer shell 605, an inner shell 610, impact absorbing structures 715 disposed between the outer shell 605 and the inner shell 610, a face mask 620, and vent holes 625. As illustrated, an impact absorbing structure 715 has a jack shape formed by three orthogonally intersecting bars, which connect a central point to faces of an imaginary cube enclosing the impact absorbing structure 715. Alternatively, the impact absorbing structures may include additional bars intersecting at a central point, such as bars that connect the central point to faces of an enclosing tetrahedron or octahedron. Compared to impact absorbing structures with a column shape, the impact absorbing structures 715 may have increased resistance to forces from multiple directions, particularly torques due to friction in a collision.
The impact absorbing structures 615 or 715 may be mechanically secured to the outer shell 605, the inner shell 610, or both. However, mechanically securing the impact absorbing structures 615 or 715 increase manufacturing complexity and may be obviated by filling the volume between the outer shell 605 and inner shell 610 with another material. This other material may secure the impact absorbing structures 615 relative to each other and the inner and outer shells, which prevents bothersome rattling.
The helmet 800 includes an outer shell 605, an inner shell 610, impact absorbing structures 815 disposed between the outer shell 605 and the inner shell 610, a face mask 620, and vent holes 625. As illustrated, an impact absorbing structure 815 has a bristle shape with multiple bristles arranged perpendicular to outer shell 605, inner shell 610, or both. The impact absorbing structure 815 further includes holes having a same diameter as the bristles. As illustrated, the holes and bristles of the impact absorbing structure are arranged in an array structure with the bristles and holes alternating across rows and columns of the array. The impact absorbing structure may include a base pad secured to the shell 605 or 610. The base pad secures the bristles and forms the holes. Alternatively, the shells 605 and 610 serve as base structures that secure the bristles and forms the holes. Impact absorbing structures 815 on the shells 605 and 610 are aligned oppositely and may be offset so that bristles of an upper impact absorbing structure 815 are aligned with holes of the lower impact absorbing structure 815, and vice versa. In this way, the ends of bristles may be laterally secured when the opposing impact absorbing structures 815 are assembled between the outer shell 605 and the inner shell 610.
In some embodiments, the impact absorbing structures 615, 715, or 815 are secured in a ridge that protrudes from an outer shell of the helmet 100 (e.g., like a mohawk). In this way, the ridge may absorb energy from a collision before the force is transmitted to the outer shell of the helmet 100.
Additional Impact Absorbing StructuresA support portion 1015 is coupled to the base portion 1010 at an angle and is coupled to a concentric surface 103 at an additional angle. In various embodiments, the angle equals the additional angle. Varying the angle at which the support portion 1015 is coupled to the base portion 1010 or the additional angle at which the support portion 1015 is coupled to the concentric surface 103 modifies a critical force that, when applied, cause the impact absorbing member 1005 to buckle.
Any number of supplemental portions 1215 may be coupled to the base portion 1210 of the impact absorbing structure in various embodiments. Additionally, the supplemental portions 1215 are coupled to the base portion 1210 at an angle relative to an axis parallel to the base portion 1210. In some embodiments, each supplemental portion 1215 is coupled to the base portion 1210 at a common angle relative to the axis parallel to the base portion 1210. Alternatively, different supplemental portions 1215 are coupled to the base portion 1210 at different angles relative to the axis parallel to the base portion 1210. Similarly, each support portion 1220 is coupled to a supplemental portion 1215 at an angle relative to an axis parallel to the supplemental portion 1215. In some embodiments, each support portion 1220 is coupled to a corresponding supplemental portion 1215 at a common angle relative to the axis parallel to the supplemental portion 1215. Alternatively, different support portions 1220 are coupled to a corresponding supplemental portion 1215 at different angles relative to the axis parallel to the corresponding supplemental portion 1215.
Additionally, a supporting structure 1420A is coupled to a portion of a surface of the bracing member 1415 and to an additional portion of the surface of the bracing member 1415. Similarly, an additional supporting structure 1420B is coupled to a portion of an additional surface of the bracing member 1415 that is parallel to the surface of the bracing member 1415 and to an additional portion of the additional surface of the bracing member 1415. As shown in
While
Although described throughout with respect to a helmet, the impact absorbing structures described herein may be applied with other garments such as padding, braces, and protectors for various joints and bones.
Additional Configuration ConsiderationsThe foregoing description of the embodiments of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure.
The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1. A helmet comprising:
- an inner shell formed to partially enclose a portion of a wearer's head;
- an outer shell enclosing the portion of the wearer's head concentrically with the inner shell; and
- a plurality of impact absorbing structures partially filling a volume between the inner shell and the outer shell, an impact absorbing structure having a proximal end contacting the inner shell and a distal end contacting the outer shell.
2. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises:
- a base portion having an end coupled to the inner shell; and
- a plurality of branched portions, each branched portion having an end coupled to the outer shell of the helmet to form an angle between the branched portions, and each branched portion having an additional end coupled to an additional end of the base portion opposite the end of the base portion coupled to the inner shell.
3. The helmet of claim 2, wherein the angle between the branched portions is between 30 degrees and 120 degrees.
4. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises two arches that intersect perpendicular to each other at an apex of the impact absorbing structure, each arch forming half a circle and secured to the inner shell of the helmet.
5. The helmet of claim 4, wherein the inner shell of the helmet has an indentation aligned with a projection of the impact absorbing structure on the surface, the indentation having a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the impact absorbing structure.
6. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises three arches that intersect perpendicular to each other at an apex of the impact absorbing structure at angles of 60 degrees, each arch forming half a circle.
7. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises a plurality of perpendicularly interlocked rings that together form a spherical wireframe shape.
8. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises a jack shape formed by three orthogonally intersecting bars that connect a central point to faces of an imaginary cube enclosing the impact absorbing structure.
9. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises a circular base coupled to a circular top via a conical structure, the circular base coupled to the inner shell of the helmet.
10. The helmet of claim 9, wherein the conical structure has a hollow interior.
11. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises:
- a base portion coupled to the inner shell of the helmet and coupled to the outer shell of the helmet;
- a plurality of support portions, each support portion coupled to the base portion at an angle and coupled to and to the outer shell of the helmet at an additional angle.
12. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing member comprises:
- a base portion coupled to the inner shell of the helmet and coupled to the outer shell of the helmet;
- a plurality of supplemental portions, each supplemental portion having an end coupled to the base portion; and
- a plurality of support portions, each support portion coupled to an opposing end of a corresponding supplemental portion and coupled to the outer surface of the helmet.
13. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the impact absorbing member comprises a circular base coupled to the inner shell of the helmet, an additional circular base coupled to the outer shell of the helmet and having a smaller diameter than a diameter of the circular base, and a vertical member coupling to a circumference of the circular base to a circumference of the additional circular base.
14. An apparatus comprising:
- an inner shell;
- an outer shell concentric with the inner shell; and
- a plurality of impact absorbing structures partially filling a volume between the inner shell and the outer shell, an impact absorbing structure having a proximal end contacting the inner shell and a distal end contacting the outer shell.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises:
- a base portion having an end coupled to the inner shell; and
- a plurality of branched portions, each branched portion having an end coupled to the outer shell of the helmet to form an angle between the branched portions, and each branched portion having an additional end coupled to an additional end of the base portion opposite the end of the base portion coupled to the inner shell.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the angle between the branched portions is between 30 degrees and 120 degrees.
17. The apparatus of of claim 14, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises two arches that intersect perpendicular to each other at an apex of the impact absorbing structure, each arch forming half a circle and secured to the inner shell of the apparatus.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the inner shell of the apparatus has an indentation aligned with a projection of the impact absorbing structure on the surface, the indentation having a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the impact absorbing structure.
19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the impact absorbing structure comprises three arches that intersect perpendicular to each other at an apex of the impact absorbing structure at angles of 60 degrees, each arch forming half a circle.
20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the impact absorbing member comprises:
- a base portion coupled to the inner shell of the helmet and coupled to the outer shell of the apparatus;
- a plurality of supplemental portions, each supplemental portion having an end coupled to the base portion; and
- a plurality of support portions, each support portion coupled to an opposing end of a corresponding supplemental portion and coupled to the outer surface of the apparatus.
21. An apparatus comprising:
- an inner shell;
- an outer shell concentric with the inner shell; and
- a plurality of impact absorbing structures partially filling a volume between the inner shell and the outer shell, an impact absorbing structure comprising a support member having a proximal end contacting the inner shell and a distal end contacting the outer shell, an additional support member having an additional proximal end contacting the inner shell and an additional distal end contacting the outer shell, and a connecting member coupling the support member to the additional support member.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the connecting member comprises a rectangular structure perpendicular to the inner shell and perpendicular to the outer shell.
23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein a proximal end of the rectangular structure contacting the inner shell and a distal end of the rectangular structure contacts the outer shell.
24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the connecting member comprises an arched structure perpendicular to the inner shell and perpendicular to the outer shell and arched in a plane parallel to the inner shell and to the outer shell.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein a proximal end of the arched structure contacting the inner shell and a distal end of the arched structure contacts the outer shell.
26. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein an impact absorbing structure comprises a structural group comprising a plurality of support members positioned relative to each other and having pairs of support members coupled to each other by connecting members.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the structural group comprises a central support member and a plurality of radial support members positioned along a circumference of a circle having an origin of the support member and a plurality of connecting members, each connecting member coupling the central support member to a radial support member.
28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the structural group comprises six support members coupled to each other by a plurality of connecting members to form a hexagon.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 5, 2017
Publication Date: Jul 13, 2017
Inventors: Travis Edward Glover (Seattle, WA), André Hunter Paggao Stone (Lynnwood, WA), Kurt V. Fischer (Edmonds, WA), Kayla Yukiko Fukuda (Bellevue, WA), Anton Perry Alferness (Seattle, WA), Paul C. Leonard (Woodinville, WA), Mike Czerski (Seattle, WA), Susan Lucille Rogers (Coupeville, WA)
Application Number: 15/399,034