VARIANTS OF GROUP 5 ALLERGENS OF THE TRUE GRASSES HAVING REDUCED ALLERGENEITY DUE TO MUTAGENESIS OF PROLINE RESIDUES
The present invention relates to the preparation and use of recombinant variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae (true grasses), which are characterised by reduced IgE reactivity compared with known wild-type allergens and at the same time substantially retained reactivity with T-lymphocytes.
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AREA OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to the preparation and use of recombinant variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae (true grasses), which are characterised by reduced IgE reactivity compared with known wild-type allergens and at the same time substantially retained reactivity with T-lymphocytes.
The reduced IgE reactivity is achieved principally by substitution or deletion of certain proline residues, which are strongly preserved in group 5 allergens. In addition, the amino acid proline at position 211 (Phl p 5.0109 numbering) has been recognised as key position for specifically influencing the solubility behaviour of the variants in aqueous formulations.
These hypoallergenic allergen variants can be employed for specific immunotherapy (hyposensitisation) of patients having grass pollen allergy or for the preventative treatment for preventing the development of grass pollen allergies.
A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to variants of the principal allergen Phl p 5 from the pollen of Timothy grass (Phleum pratense).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONType 1 allergies have worldwide importance. Up to 20% of the population in industrialised countries suffer from complaints such as allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis or bronchial asthma.
These allergies are caused by sources of various origin, such as trees and grasses (pollen), fungi (spores), mites (excrement), cats or dogs. The allergen sources are released directly into the air (pollen, spores) or can reach the air bonded to diesel soot particles (pollen) or house dust (mite excrement, skin particles, hair). Since the allergy-triggering substances are located in the air, the term aeroallergens is also used.
The type 1 allergy-triggering substances are proteins, glycoproteins or polypeptides. After uptake via mucous membranes, these allergens react with the IgE molecules bound to the surface of mast cells in sensitised persons. If these IgE molecules are crosslinked with one another by an allergen, this results in the secretion of mediators (for example histamine, prostaglandins) and cytokines by the effector cell and thus in the corresponding allergic symptoms.
Up to 40% of type 1 allergy sufferers exhibit specific IgE reactivity with pollen extracts of true grasses (Burney et al., 1997, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:314-322; D'Amato et al., 1998, Allergy 53: 567-578; Freidhoff et al., 1986, J. Allergy Clin Immunology, 78, 1190-2002). The family of the true grasses (Poaceae) encompasses more than 10000 species, many more than 20 of which are hitherto known as triggers of allergic symptoms (Andersson & Lidholm, 2003, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130:87-107; Esch, 2008, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, Clinical Allergy and Immunology Series, 107-126).
Most of the allergy-triggering true grasses belong to the Pooideae sub-family. Besides the grass species occurring as wild forms, such as, for example, Holcus lanatus (velvet grass), Phalaris aquatica (canary grass), Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass), Dactylis glomerate (orchard grass), Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue), Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue grass) or Lolium perenne (rye grass), cultivated cereals, such as Triticum aestivum (wheat), Secale cereale (rye) and Hordeum vulgare (barley), are also known members of this sub-family.
One of the Pooideae species which has been investigated best with respect to its allergens is Timothy grass (Phleum pratense), which is widespread worldwide as a wild plant and also plays a commercial role as a pasture plant and hardy feed grass.
Depending on the relative frequency in a population with which the individual allergen molecules react with the IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers, a distinction is made between major and minor allergens.
Six allergens of Timothy grass can be regarded as major allergens: Phl p 1 (Petersen et al., 1993, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92: 789-796), Phl p 5 (Matthiesen and Löwenstein, 1991, Clin. Exp. Allergy 21: 297-307; Petersen et al., 1992, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 98: 105-109), Phl p 6 (Petersen et al., 1995, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 108, 49-54), Phl p 2/3 (Dolecek et al., 1993, FEBS 335 (3): 299-304), Phl p 4 (Haavik et al., 1985, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 78: 260-268; Valenta et al., 1992, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 97: 287-294; Nandy et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 337(2): 563-70) and Phl p 13 (Suck et al., 2000, Clin. Exp. Allergy 30: 1395-1402).
The dominant major allergens of Timothy grass are Phl p 1 and Phl p 5 (Andersson & Lidholm, 2003, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130:87-107), where Phl p 5 occurs in the two forms 5a and 5b, which are encoded by independent genes and differ with respect to their molecular weight. Following the official nomenclature of allergens, Phl p 5a is called Phl p 5.01 and Phl p 5b is called Phl p 5.02 (WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee, www.allergen.org). The amino acid sequences both of Phl p 5a and also of Phl p 5b have been derived from the cloned cDNA sequences. Natural variants of both isoforms have been identified, which differ from one another through point mutations and correspond to different allelic forms (Vrtala et al., 1993, J. Immunol., 151: 4773-4781; Gelhar et al., 1997, Eur. J. Biochem., 247: 217-23). These variants are recorded in the WHO/IUIS database as Phl p 5.01xx and Phl p 5.02xx.
Natural Phl p 5a (nPhl p 5a) is a protein of about 32 kDa and reacts with IgE antibodies of 85-90% of grass pollen allergy sufferers (Rossi et al., 2000, Allergy Int., 49: 93-97).
The pollen of the related true grass species from the Poaceae family and in particular the Pooideae sub-family, such as Lolium perenne or Poa pratensis, contain allergens which are homologous with Phl p 5 and together are known as group 5 allergens. The high structural homology of these group 5 allergens causes correspondingly high cross-reactivity of the molecules with IgE antibodies (Lorenz et al., 2009, Int. Arch. Immunol. 148:1-17). Finally, this cross-reactivity means that sensitisation by one grass species may be sufficient to trigger an allergic reaction by other related grasses.
The high cross-reactivity of group 5 allergens is ultimately based on a similar primary sequence of the homologous allergens. This is shown by an amino acid sequence comparison of group 5 allergens of selected Pooideae species (
Besides the cross-reactivity of the group 5 allergens with one another, cross-reactivity of Phl p 5 with another major allergen of Timothy grass is also known (Løwenstein, 1978, Allergy 33: 30-41; Petersen et al., 1995, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 108: 55-59; Blume et al., 2004, Proteomics 4: 1366-71). The polypeptide chain of the allergen Phl p 6 exhibits great similarity with the N-terminal half of the various Phl p 5 sequences (
The 3D structure of many allergens has been explained in the past by NMR spectroscopy or X-ray structural analysis and served, inter alia, as the basis for localisation of IgE-binding epitopes on the protein surface. In the case of group 5 allergens of grass pollen, it has hitherto not been possible to generate a model which encompasses the entire polypeptide chain (Rajashankar et al., 2002, Acta Cryst. D58:1175-1181; Maglio et al., 2002, Protein Engineering 15: 635-642).
On the basis of 3D structures of the allergen Phl p 6 (RCSB protein data bank entry: 1 NLX) and of a Phl p 5b half-molecule (RCSB protein data bank entry: 1L3P), it has been possible to generate a homology model of Phl p 5a (Wald et al., 2007, Clin. Exp. Allergy 37:441-450). According to this model, Phl p 5a is built up from two helix bundles, but the precise position of the two bundles to one another cannot be explained by the homology model (
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) or hyposensitisation is regarded as an effective approach to the therapeutic treatment of allergies (Fiebig 1995 Allergo J. 4 (6):336-339, Bousquet et al., 1998, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102 (4): 558-562); Cox et al., 2007, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120:S25-85; James & Durham, 2008, Clin. Exp. Allergy 38: 1074-1088).
The classical therapy form of injection therapy (SCIT), in which natural allergen extracts are injected subcutaneously into the patient in increasing doses, has been used successfully for about 100 years. In this therapy, the immune system of the allergy sufferer is repeatedly confronted with allergens, causing reprogramming of the immune system to be achieved together with tolerance of the allergens. After uptake of the antigens from the allergen preparations by antigen-presenting cells, peptides are presented to the antigens on the cell surface. Some particular peptides which contain so-called T-cell epitopes are recognised by antigen-specific T-cells. This binding results, inter alia, in the development of various types of T-cells having a regulatory function. In the course of SIT, the regulatory T-cell response results in tolerance of the allergen, the downregulation of TH2 cytokines, the restoration of the TH1/TH2 equilibrium, the suppression of allergen-specific IgE, the induction of IgG4, IgG1 and IgA antibodies, the suppression of effector cells (mast cells, basophils and eosinophils) and the renewal of inflamed tissue (Akdis et al., 2007, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119 (4):780-789; Larchè et al., 2008, Nature Reviews 6:761-771). The T-cell epitopes are thus of crucial importance for the therapeutic action of allergen preparations in the case of hyposensitisation.
Owing to the cross-reactivity of the major allergens of the true grasses which is present at the IgE and also the T-cell level, successful therapy with an allergen extract of a single representative grass species is usually sufficient (Mailing et al., 1993, EAACI Position Paper: Immunotherapy, Allergy 48: 9-35; Cox et al., 2007, J Allergy Clin Immunol 120: 25-85).
Besides subcutaneous immunotherapy, a sublingual therapy form, in which the allergens or allergen derivatives are taken up via the oral mucous membrane, is undergoing clinical trials and use as an alternative to injection therapy (James & Durham, 2008, Clin. Exp. Allergy 38: 1074-1088).
A further possibility is treatment with expressible DNA which encodes for the relevant allergens (immunotherapeutic vaccination). Experimental evidence of the allergen-specific influencing of the immune response has been furnished in rodents by injection of allergen-encoding DNA (Hsu et al. 1996, Nature Medicine 2 (5):540-544, Weiss et al., 2006, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 139: 332-345).
In all these therapy forms, there is a fundamental risk of allergic reactions or even anaphylactic shock (Kleine-Tebbe, 2006, Allergologie, 4:135-156). In order to minimise these risks, innovative preparations in the form of allergoids are employed. These are chemically modified allergen extracts which have significantly reduced IgE reactivity, but identical T-cell reactivity compared with the untreated extract (Fiebig 1995 Allergo J. 4 (6):336-339, Kahlert et al., 1999, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol, 120: 146-157).
Therapy optimisation is possible with allergens prepared by recombinant methods. Defined cocktails of high-purity allergens prepared by recombinant methods, which are optionally matched to the individual sensitisation patterns of the patients, could replace extracts from natural allergen sources, since, apart from the various allergens, the latter contain a relatively large number of immunogenic, but non-allergenic accompanying proteins. Initial clinical studies with recombinant allergens have already been carried out with success (Jutel et al., 2005, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 116: 608-613; Valenta & Niederberger, 2007, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119: 826-830).
Realistic prospects which may result in safe hyposensitisation with recombinant expression products are offered specifically by mutated recombinant allergens in which IgE epitopes are modified without impairing the T-cell epitopes which are essential for the therapy (Schramm et al. 1999, J. Immunol. 162:2406-2414). These hypoallergenic proteins could be employed in relatively high doses during SIT without increasing the probability of undesired IgE-promoted side effects.
In the past, such “hypoallergenic” variants with reduced IgE binding have been published for many aeroallergens (inter alia pollen and house dust mite allergens) and food allergens. On the basis of the DNA of unmodified allergens, it has been possible to prepare and express a recombinant DNA, inter alia by fragmentation, oligomerisation, deletions, point mutations or recombination of individual sections of an allergen (DNA shuffling) (Ferreira et al., 2006, Inflamm. & Allergy—Drug Targets 5: 5-14; Bhalla & Singh, 2008, Trends in Biotechnology 26:153-161).
With respect to grass pollen allergens, hypoallergenic variants of groups 1, 2, 5a, 5b, 6, 7 and 12 have been described (Ferreira et al., 2006, Inflamm. & Allergy—Drug Targets 5: 5-14; Westritschnig et al., 2007, J. Immunol. 179: 7624-7634).
A number of publications have to date described approaches to the development of hypoallergenic group 5 allergens. For Phl p 5a and Phl p 5b, it has been shown that the combined deletion of two sequence sections results in a considerable reduction in IgE binding and reduced ability to stimulate basophilic effector cells. However, the T-cell reactivity of the deletion mutants was modified slightly compared with that of the unmodified allergen (Schramm et al., 1999, J. Immunol. 162: 2406-2414; Wald et al., 2007, Clin. Exp. Allergy 37:441-450).
In another paper, the group 5 allergen from Lolium perenne (Lol p 5) was modified by amino acid substitutions and/or short deletions at the C terminal (Swoboda et al., 2002, Eur. J. Immunol. 32: 270-280). The mutations were not restricted to a particular amino acid type. The substituted amino acids were lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine or alanine. The conceptional approach of generating hypoallergenic mutants by specific mutation of a number of residues of an individual amino acid has likewise been described. Gelhar et al. described the generation of a recombinant Phl p 5b fragment by substitution of ten lysine residues localised at the protein surface by alanine (Gelhar et al., 2006, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 140:285-294). However, a mutation strategy based on point mutations in proline residues has hitherto not been published for group 5 grass pollen allergens.
The object on which the present invention is based consisted in the provision of novel recombinant variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae at the protein and DNA level which are distinguished by reduced IgE reactivity at the same time as substantial retention of the T-cell reactivity and are therefore suitable for curative and preventive specific immunotherapy and immunotherapeutic DNA vaccination.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONSurprisingly, it has been found that variants of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211, 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly or in combinations, have reduced IgE reactivity compared with the wild-type allergens and at the same time have substantially retained reactivity with T-lymphocytes and are thus hypoallergenic.
The invention accordingly relates to hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211, 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly or in combinations.
Particular preference is given to allergen variants according to the invention, characterised in that the prolines have been deleted or substituted.
Preference is given to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens from the Pooideae sub-family, preferably from the groups Poodae and Triticodae, preferably represented by Phleum pratense, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris aquatica, Anthoxanthum odoraturn, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, Festuca pratensis, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale and Triticum aestivum. They are preferably hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of Tri a 5, Sec c 5 and Hor v 5 from Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale and Hordeum vulgare. Particular preference is given to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the Poodae. These group 5 allergens are preferably Poa p 5, Dac g 5, Hol p 5, Lol p 5 and Pha a 5 from Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Phalaris aquatica and very particularly preferably Phl p 5 from Phleum pratense. All naturally occurring isomers, polymorphs and variants of the above-mentioned allergens, and precursor proteins thereof, are also in accordance with the invention.
In the hypoallergenic variants according to the invention, the mutated prolines are preferably those which correspond in an alignment (
Although it was known that prolines can exert an influence on the protein structure, specific point mutations of proline residues as starting point for the generation of hypoallergenic mutants of allergens were merely investigated for the group 2 principal allergen of the house dust mite Dermatophaogides farinae (Der f 2, replacement of proline residues by alanine) (Takai et al., 2000, Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 6650-6656). However, the IgE binding ability and ability to stimulate basophilic cells was only slightly reduced in the case of three point mutants, while the other three behaved like the unmodified allergen. The proline mutations in the case of Der f 2 thus exhibited an only very weak reduction in allergeneity, or none at all. Further strategies for the preparation of hypoallergenic mutants by proline exchange mutations have not been published. Thus, the person skilled in the art would not have expected proline mutations to be successful as starting point for the generation of hypoallergenic mutants of allergens.
In addition, it has hitherto not been investigated for any allergen how a specific deletion of proline residues affects the entire IgE binding ability of the expression product and what effects occur on the activation of allergy-relevant effector cells.
The amino acid sequence of Phl p 5.0109 (UniProtKB: Q84UI2) contains 16 proline residues (
Starting from the amino acid sequence of the Phl p 5a isoform Phl p 5.0109, the recombinant unmodified wild-type allergen (rPhl p 5a wt;
In addition to the variations described of group 5 allergens, further modifications at other positions—for example in order to increase the hypoallergeneity—are naturally also possible. These modifications can be, for example, amino acid insertions, deletions, replacements and cleavages of the protein into fragments and fusions of the protein or fragments thereof with other proteins or peptides, and multimers through fusions of identical proteins or fragments.
Fragments according to the invention preferably comprise 20-109 amino acids, preferably 30-100 amino acids, particularly preferably 40-90 amino acids. Variants according to the invention additionally include precursor proteins, such as, for example, ProPhl p 5, with a prior natural or artificial signal sequence. Also in accordance with the invention are fusion proteins having Nor C-terminal fusion tags (for example His tag, as in
Examples of isoforms are the allergens Phl p 5a and Phl p 5b, in which individual amino acids which are not relevant for the action according to the invention have been replaced, or in which regions in the amino acid sequence are missing or have been added (see
The invention thus also relates to hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the true grasses (Poaceae), characterised in that it is a fragment or a variant of a hypoallergenic variant according to the invention or a multimer of one or more hypoallergenic variants according to the invention or characterised in that one or more hypoallergenic variants according to the invention or fragments, variants or multimers thereof are a constituent of a recombinant fusion protein.
In addition, the invention relates to a DNA molecule which encodes for a hypoallergenic variant according to the invention.
The invention furthermore relates to a recombinant expression vector containing a DNA molecule according to the invention of this type functionally connected to an expression control sequence. An expression control sequence is taken to mean, for example, a promoter or a sequence section with the aid of which the expression of the target protein is influenced and which is functionally connected to the target gene, but does not necessarily have to be localised in the direct vicinity of the target gene.
The invention also relates to a non-human host organism transformed by means of a DNA molecule according to the invention or an expression vector according to the invention.
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a hypoallergenic variant according to the invention by cultivation of a non-human host organism according to the invention and isolation of the corresponding allergen variant from the culture.
Suitable non-human host organisms can be pro- or eukaryotic, single- or multicelled organisms, such as bacteria or yeasts. A host organism which is preferred in accordance with the invention is E. coli.
The influence of the deletion of single or of two closely adjacent prolines on the IgE binding ability of Phl p 5a can be investigated by deletion of prolines 57+58, of proline 85, proline 117, proline 146+155, proline 180, proline 221, proline 229 and of proline 256. In the Phl p 5 wild-type protein, these prolines are localised in the loop regions at the beginning or end of α-helices (
For faster high-yield purification, the encoding DNA for these investigations is provided with a sequence encoding for an N-terminal hexahistidine (SEQ ID NO: 6) fusion component (+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) (
Sequences encoding for the proteins rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P85]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P117]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P146, P155]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P180]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P211]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P229]+6His and rPhl p 5a d[P256]+6His are prepared correspondingly (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). The sequences can be expressed in all known eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems, preferably in E. coli. The proteins are subsequently purified as soluble monomers by standard methods. Finally, purity can be checked by analysis in a denaturing polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE).
Analytical gel filtration (SEC) with coupling of a refractometer (RI detector) and a multiangle light-scattering detector (MALS detector) allows online determination of the molecular weight of the eluted proteins (SEC/MALS/RI method).
The recombinant variants according to the invention can, in addition, be investigated with respect to their binding ability to human IgE antibodies by IgE inhibition tests (EAST). In this method, the allergen/IgE interaction can be investigated in solution, which enables interfering masking of epitopes of the test substance, for example due to immobilisation on a membrane, to be excluded.
Reduced IgE binding of the mutants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P117]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P146, P155]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P180]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P211]+6His and rPhl p 5a d[P229]+6His can be observed compared with the unmodified rPhl p 5a wt (
This basically proves that the deletion of proline residues from group 5 allergens reduces the IgE binding ability of these allergens. On the other hand, only the deletion of certain prolines results in reduced IgE binding.
The present invention therefore furthermore relates to hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211 or 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly.
The present invention preferably relates to hypoallergenic variants of Phl p 5, Poa p 5, Lol p 5, Dac g 5, Hol l 5, Pha a 5 in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211 or 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly.
The present invention particularly preferably relates to hypoallergenic variants of Phl p 5 in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211 or 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly.
The present invention furthermore preferably relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211 or 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have been removed singly.
In addition, the present invention furthermore relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 211 or 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have been substituted individually. Here, proline is replaced by way of example by leucine (L). In accordance with the invention, however, the prolines according to the invention can be replaced by any amino acid.
In particular, the hypoallergenic variants rPhl p 5a d[P57], rPhl p 5a d[P58], rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58], rPhl p 5a d[P117], rPhl p 5a d[P146], rPhl p 5a d[P155], rPhl p 5a d[P146, P155], rPhl p 5a d[P180], rPhl p 5a d[P211], rPhl p 5a d[P229], rPhl p 5a P57L, rPhl p 5a P58L, rPhl p 5a P57, P58L, rPhl p 5a P117L, rPhl p 5a P146L, rPhl p 5a P155L, rPhl p 5a P146L, P155L, rPhl p 5a P180L, rPhl p 5a P211L and rPhl p 5a P229L, and the like, including all hypoallergenic variants according to the invention described below, are in accordance with the invention, where the numbering follows the sequence of Phl p 5.0109.
Furthermore, these examples are not restricted to variants of Phl p 5a, but also relate, in particular, to Phl p 5b, Poa p 5, Hol l 5, Pha a 5, Ant o 5, Dac g 5, Lol p 5, Fes p 5, Hor v 5, Sec c 5, Tri a 5 and the group 5 allergens of all other true grasses. Corresponding variants of Poa p 5, Lol p 5, Dac g 5, Hol l 5, Pha a 5 and Phl p 5b should be particularly emphasised.
Surprisingly, variants with combinations of deletions from the group of mutations d[P57, P58], d[P117], d[P146, P155], d[P180], d[P211] and d[P229] exhibit significantly more reduced IgE binding ability in the EAST method, as shown for the example of variant rPhl p 5a d[P117, 180]+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) (
The present invention therefore furthermore relates to hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the true grass family (Poaceae) in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated in combinations. Preference is given to mutations through deletion and through substitution by other amino acids. Any amino acid can be selected here for replacement by proline.
The present invention preferably relates to hypoallergenic variants of Phl p 5, Poa p 5, Lol p 5, Dac g 5, Hol l 5, Pha a 5 in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated in combinations.
The present invention particularly preferably relates to hypoallergenic variants of Phl p 5 in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated in combinations.
These examples are furthermore not restricted to variants of Phl p 5, but also relate, in particular, to Poa p 5, Hol l 5, Pha a 5, Ant o 5, Dac g 5, Lol p 5, Fes p 5, Hor v 5, Sec c 5, Tri a 5 and the group 5 allergens of all other true grasses. Corresponding variants of Phl p 5a, Phl p 5b, Poa p 5, Lol p 5, Dac g 5, Hol 15, Pha a 5 should be particularly emphasised.
Particular preference is given to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention in which prolines 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 have been removed in combinations. Particular preference is also given to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention in which prolines 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 have been substituted in combinations.
In addition, particular preference is given to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention in which prolines 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211, 229 have been removed and/or substituted in combinations. Hypoallergenic variants rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 117], rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 146], rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 150], rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 180], rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 211], rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 229], rPhl p 5a d[117, 146, 155], rPhl p 5a d[117, 146, 155, 180], rPhl p 5a d[117, 146, 155, 229], rPhl pa 5 P117L, P146L, P155L, P211L, rPhl p 5a d[117, 180, 229] P211L, rPhl p 5a d[117, 180, 229] P211L, rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 117, 180, 229] P211L and the like, including all hypoallergenic variants according to the invention described below, for example, are therefore in accordance with the invention, where the numbering follows the sequence of Phl p 5.0109.
Here, proline is replaced by way of example by leucine (L). In accordance with the invention, however, the prolines according to the invention can be replaced by any amino acid. Accordingly, all hypoallergenic variants mentioned or conceivable in which one or more prolines according to the invention have been substituted by another amino acid are in accordance with the invention. Furthermore, these examples are not restricted to variants of Phl p 5, but also relate, in particular, to Phl p 5b, Poa p 5, Hol 15, Pha a 5, Ant o 5, Dac g 5, Lol p 5, Fes p 5, Hor v 5, Sec c 5, Tri a 5 and the group 5 allergens of all other true grasses. However, particular preference is given to all mentioned hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of Phleum pratense Phl p 5a and Phl p 5b, in particular based on Phl p 5.0109.
On the basis of this knowledge, variants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P85, P117, P146, P155, P180, P211, P229, P256]+6His (short form: MPV.1+6His) and rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P211, P229]+6His (short form: MPV.2+6His) which contain the largest possible number of combined deletions can be prepared (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
When they are expressed, these proteins are deposited in the E. coli cells as insoluble aggregates (inclusion bodies). Inclusion bodies are usually solubilised in denaturing agents, such as 6-8 molar guanidinium hydrochloride or urea solution, and later converted into a non-denaturing aqueous solution. This conversion into a non-denaturing solvent environment represents a crucial step in protein purification. In general, only proteins which behave in a soluble manner after this process can be included in end formulations of therapeutic agents. An industrially used routine method for the conversion of the denatured solubilised proteins into the aqueous solvent is the method of “rapid dilution”. In this method, the proteins dissolved in a denaturing agent are added to a large volume of the non-denaturing solvent, with the denaturing agent being highly diluted.
The solubility behaviour of the mutants described here can be investigated systematically. In this investigation, the inclusion bodies prepared in E. coli and dissolved in guanidinium hydrochloride are diluted in ten different aqueous buffered solutions, and the degree of solubility is subsequently determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
In the UV-Vis spectroscopy, an absorption spectrum of the protein solution is recorded in the wavelength range from 240-800 nm. Insoluble aggregates in protein solutions absorb in the wavelength range >300 nm, while highly soluble proteins do not absorb in this range.
The test solutions cover a broad pH range (4.5-9.0) and in some cases comprise stabilising additives. The additives glycerol, Tween 80 and L-arginine monohydrochloride are very often employed as aid in the solubilisation of recombinant proteins which are difficult to prepare. They represent the three most important groups of such co-solvents: glycerol as polyalcohol, Tween as nonionic surfactant and L-arginine monohydrochloride as amino acid derivative.
Although variants MPV.1+6His and MPV.2+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) can be solubilised through the use of the denaturing agent guanidinium hydrochloride, the systematic investigation of the solubility shows, however, that subsequent conversion of the proteins into a guanidinium hydrochloride-free formulation is always accompanied by the formation of insoluble protein aggregates and is thus not possible (Table 1, 2).
During the PCR experiments carried out for the DNA synthesis, a DNA encoding for the protein rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P229] K61E, E205K, P211L+6His (short form: MPV.3+6His) (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is formed in the present example through a plurality of polymerase errors. This DNA is likewise expressed in E. coli. Like the variants MPV.1 and MPV.2, the protein is deposited as inclusion bodies in the E. coli cell.
However, the protein MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) can, surprisingly, easily be converted into a non-denaturing buffer solution (Table 3).
EAST-IgE inhibition tests show significantly reduced binding ability of the protein to IgE antibodies compared with variants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58]+6His and rPhl p 5a d[P229]+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6), which have proline deletions in only one loop (
For further characterisation of mutations K61E, E205K and P211L of variant MPV.3+6His, the DNA of the three variants rPhl p 5a K61E+6His, rPhl p 5a E205K+6His and rPhl p 5a P211L+6His are prepared and investigated in the EAST (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). All three mutants exhibit slightly reduced IgE binding ability, which indicates a synergistic influence of all mutations on the reduced allergeneity of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) (
By means of a test with basophilic granulocytes isolated from the whole blood of grass pollen allergy sufferers, the effect of the reduced IgE binding ability of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) on the activation of human effector cells is investigated in vitro. At the same concentration of rPhl p 5a wt and of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6), the latter exhibits lower activation of basophilic granulocytes. This indicates functionally reduced allergeneity of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) (
The variant MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) DNA generated randomly now serves as starting point for the targeted construction of further variants. The high solubility of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) should be retained and the IgE binding ability should be reduced further by the insertion of additional proline mutations.
Firstly, the DNA of variants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P229] K61E, E205K, P211L (short form: MPV.4) and rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P180, P229] K61E, E205K, P211L (short form: MPV.5) is prepared. This DNA is constructed both with and without histidine fusion component and expressed in E. coli. The proteins can be purified as soluble proteins from the inclusion bodies of E. coli cells by a simple purification procedure.
Since both the proteins with and also without fusion component can be purified in a soluble manner, the solubility is not dependent on the presence of the histidine fusion component. The histidine fusion component likewise has no influence on the IgE binding ability, as shown by IgE inhibition tests with proteins with and without fusion component (
The DNA of variants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P229] P211L (short form: MPV.6) and rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P180, P229] P211L (short form: MPV.7) are generated exclusively without fusion components and expressed in E. coli. They can likewise be purified as highly soluble proteins from inclusion bodies by a simple purification procedure.
Variant MPV.6 differs from variant MPV.2 only through the modification at position 211. Instead of the deletion of P211, MPV.6 contains an amino acid exchange to leucine. The extremely different solubility behaviour is thus directly dependent on position 211. All mutants which carry mutation P211L (MPV.3-MPV.7) are distinguished by high solubility in various aqueous formulations, whereas the mutants with a deletion at position 211 remain insoluble (Table 1-Table 5).
The present invention therefore relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grasses in which the proline residue of amino acid position 211 corresponding to ripe Phl p 5.0109 is not deleted, but instead is replaced by another amino acid.
The present invention therefore relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grasses in which the proline residue which corresponds in an alignment to proline 211 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5 or ripe Phl p 5.0109 is not deleted, but instead is replaced by leucine.
In analytical gel filtration (SEC), protein species are not separated exclusively in accordance with their molecular weight (molar mass); the conformation, the specific hydrodynamic radius and possible interactions with the matrix likewise play an important role here. A true online determination of the molecular weight can be achieved by coupling of a refractometer (RI detector) and a multiangle light-scattering detector (MALS detector) to the SEC chromatography system (SEC/MALS/RI method). The particle concentration given at the measurement time is determined by the RI detector here, and the light scattering by the particle is recorded by the MALS detector (Wen et al., 1996, Anal. Biochem. 240:155-166). Monomers, dimers, multimers and aggregates can be detected unambiguously by SEC/MALS/RI.
The result of the SEC/MALS/RI of MPV.5 and MPV.7 shows that these variants are in pure form and in the form of soluble monomers (
The IgE binding ability of the optimised variants MPV.4 to MPV.7 is firstly investigated by a method in which the proteins are immobilised on a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with sera of individual grass pollen allergy sufferers comprising IgE antibodies. The allergen variant/antibody complexes are subsequently stained by an enzymatic reaction. In this method, very greatly reduced IgE binding ability of all four proteins is apparent (
This result is confirmed by an EAST-IgE inhibition test with a representative human allergy sufferer serum pool, where variants MPV.4 and MPV.6 have IgE binding which is in each case somewhat lower than the corresponding mutants MPV.5 and MPV.7 without mutation d[P146, P155] (
The lower IgE binding if mutation d[P146, P155] is present can probably be ascribed to the dimerisation tendency of these variants, which possibly results in masking of IgE epitopes at the contact areas of the dimerisation partners.
The test results for activation of basophilic granulocytes show functionally greatly reduced allergeneity for all four variants (
The present invention therefore relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grasses, characterised in that the proline which corresponds in an alignment to proline 211 of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 is not deleted, but instead is replaced by another amino acid.
The invention thus preferably also relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grasses in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines at positions 57, 58, 117, 180 and 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have mutated singly or in combinations, has preferably been deleted, and proline 211 has been replaced by leucine.
The invention thus preferably also relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the true grasses in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines at positions 57, 58 and 229 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have been deleted and proline 211 has been replaced by leucine.
The present invention accordingly also relates to hypoallergenic variants according to the invention in which the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines at positions 146 and 155 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 are not mutated. These are preferably in the form of the monomer.
Also in accordance with the invention are all above-mentioned hypoallergenic variants according to the invention in which, in addition, the amino acids which correspond in an alignment to lysine at position 61 and glutamic acid at position 205 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5 have mutated singly or in combinations. These amino acids have preferably been substituted.
The T-cell reactivity on which the efficacy of specific immunotherapy is based is checked in vitro by a proliferation test with Phl p 5-specific T-lymphocytes of grass pollen allergy sufferers. The results of allergen variants MPV.4 and MPV.7 are described here by way of example. The dimerising variant MPV.4 carries all mutations (d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P229] K61E, E205K, P211L) investigated here and thus represents a molecule having an amino acid sequence which has been modified to the maximum. Mutant MPV.7 is selected as an example of a monomeric form with pure proline mutations. Both mutants exhibit a T-cell reactivity which is comparably good to the unmodified allergen (Table 7; Table 8). The retention of the crucial T-cell epitopes enables immunotherapeutic use of the variants described.
T-helper lymphocytes react with peptide fragments of the allergens which form through degradation processes in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are presented bound to MHC class II molecules at the surface of the APCs. The peptides generally have a length of 13-18 amino acids, but may also be longer owing to the MHC class 2 binding site which is open laterally. The principal contact points of the peptide with the MHC class molecule are to be found in a core sequence of about 7-10 amino acids. The allergen-specific activation of the T-helper lymphocytes is the prerequisite for proliferation and functional differentiation thereof (for example Treg, TH1 and TH2). The ability of an allergen or allergen variant to stimulate allergen-specific T-lymphocytes is regarded as a key for therapeutic efficacy thereof.
All allergen variants produced on the basis of Phl p 5 or Phl p 5.0109 and described here exhibit substantial retention of crucial T-cell epitopes in experiments.
Thus, variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae which have novel protein properties through the modification of proline residues are described for the first time. The proline residues concerned are localised in loop regions. Only the modification of certain proline residues results in the novel variants, which are distinguished by reduced IgE reactivity with substantial retention of the T-cell reactivity and are therefore suitable for curative and preventive specific immunotherapy. Corresponding DNA molecules are are suitable for immunotherapeutic vaccination.
The present invention therefore relates to the described allergen variants, DNA molecules and recombinant expression vectors according to the invention as medicaments.
Hypoallergenic variants, DNA molecules and recombinant expression vectors according to the invention or medicaments according to the invention can be used, in particular, for the prophylaxis and/or for the treatment of diseases and conditions. Medicaments according to the invention are particularly suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of type 1 allergies, i.e. for the specific immunotherapy (hyposensitisation) of patients having grass pollen allergy or for the preventive immunotherapy of grass pollen allergies in the triggering of which group 5 allergens of Poaceae species are involved. DNA molecules and recombinant expression vectors according to the invention can be employed for corresponding immunotherapeutic and -prophylactic DNA vaccination.
The invention also relates to the use of at least one hypoallergenic variant according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies in the triggering of which group 5 allergens of the true grasses are causally involved.
Also in accordance with the invention is the use of at least one DNA molecule according to the invention and/or a recombinant expression vector according to the invention, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for immunotherapeutic DNA vaccination.
The invention furthermore relates to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one hypoallergenic variant according to the invention, at least one DNA molecule according to the invention and/or at least one recombinant expression vector according to the invention, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and optionally further excipients and/or assistants for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies.
In particular, pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention are suitable for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies in the triggering of which group 5 allergens of the true grasses are causally involved.
Pharmaceutical preparations in the sense of this invention can be used as therapeutic agents in human or veterinary medicine and can accordingly be administered to humans and animals, in particular mammals, such as monkeys, dogs, cats, rats or mice, and can be used in the therapeutic treatment of the human or animal body and in the combating of the above-mentioned diseases. They can furthermore be used as diagnostic agents or as reagents.
On use of preparations or medicaments according to the invention, the hypoallergenic variants, DNA molecules or recombinant expression vectors according to the invention are generally used analogously to known, commercially available preparations, preferably in doses between 0.001 and 500 mg, in the case of hypoallergenic variants about 1-500 μg, preferably 5-200 μg, per dose in the maintenance phase. The preparation can be administered once or a number of times per day, for example twice, three times or four times per day. The doses are typically increased to the maintenance dose in a dosage-increase phase. Various dosage-increase and maintenance schemes are possible for this purpose. In the case of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), for example, these may include short-term therapies (limited number of injections before commencement of seasonal complaints, typically 4-7 injections), pre-seasonal therapies (beginning of therapy before the pollen season, typically with weekly injections during the increase phase and monthly injections with the maintenance dose until the beginning of the pollen season) or full-year therapies (dosage-increase phase typically with up to 16 weekly injections followed by monthly injections with the maintenance dose, if necessary reduced dose during the pollen season). In the case of sublingual immunotherapy with aqueous, or solid preparations (tablets, wafers etc.), the therapy can be introduced with or without a dosage-increase phase. The therapy is preferably carried out with daily doses throughout the year, but can also be carried out pre-seasonally or with other application schemes (for example every second day, weekly, monthly).
The expression “effective amount” means the amount of a medicament or pharmaceutical active compound which causes a biological or medical response in a tissue, system, animal or human which is sought or aimed at, for example, by a researcher or physician.
In addition, the expression “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount which, compared with a corresponding subject who has not received this amount, has the following consequence: improved treatment, healing, prevention or elimination of a disease, syndrome, condition, complaint, disorder or prevention of side effects or also the reduction in the progress of a disease, complaint or disorder. The term “therapeutically effective amount” also encompasses the amounts which are effective in increasing normal physiological function.
Medicaments can be adapted for administration via any desired suitable route, for example by oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, pulmonary, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) routes. Such medicaments can be prepared using all processes known in the pharmaceutical area, for example by combining the active compound with the excipient(s) or assistant(s).
Suitable for parenteral use are, in particular, solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, furthermore suspensions, emulsions or implants. The allergen variants according to the invention can also be lyophilised and the resultant lyophilisates used, for example, for the preparation of injection preparations.
The preparations indicated may be sterilised and/or comprise adjuvants, such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilisers and/or wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for modifying the osmotic pressure, buffer substances and/or a plurality of further active compounds. Furthermore, depot preparations can be obtained by corresponding formulation of the allergen variants according to the invention, for example by adsorption onto aluminium hydroxide, calcium phosphate or tyrosine.
Suitable excipients are organic or inorganic substances which are suitable for parenteral administration and do not react with group 5 allergen variants according to the invention. Examples thereof are excipients such as water, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols, glycerol triacetate, gelatine, carbohydrates, such as lactose or starch, magnesium stearate, talc, lanolin or Vaseline.
Parenteral administration is preferably suitable for the administration of the medicaments according to the invention. In the case of parenteral administration, intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal or intralymphatic administration are particularly preferred. In the case of intravenous administration, the injection can take place directly or as an addition to infusion solutions.
Medicaments which are adapted to parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions, which comprise antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostatics and solubilisers by means of which the formulation is rendered isotonic with the blood of the recipient to be treated, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may comprise suspension agents and thickeners. The formulations can be administered in single-dose or multidose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and stored in freeze-dried (lyophilised) state, meaning that only the addition of the sterile carrier liquid, for example water for injection purposes, immediately before use is necessary. Injection solutions and suspensions prepared in accordance with the formulation can be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
If desired, preparations or medicaments according to the invention may comprise one or more further active compounds and/or one or more action enhancers (adjuvants).
The present invention thus furthermore relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising further active compounds and/or assistants. The invention preferably relates to pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention, characterised in that the further active compounds are allergens or variants thereof.
Examples of suitable further active compounds are other allergens, in particular allergens of the true grasses, particularly preferably allergens from the Pooideae sub-family, preferably from the groups Poodae and Triticodae, preferably represented by Phleum pratense, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris aquatica, Dactylis glomerate, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale and Triticum aestivum, for example group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 or 13 allergens and variants thereof, for example hypoallergenic variants, fragments, multimers, hybrid molecules or recombinant fusion proteins. The present invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising at least one further assistant, particularly preferably so-called adjuvants.
Examples of adjuvants are aluminium hydroxide, monophosphoryl lipid A, activators of Toll-like receptors, such as, for example, lipopolysaccharides and CpG oligonucleotides, vitamin D3, mycobacterial antigens and molecules from parasites (for example schistosomes or filariae), such as, for example, Cystatin or ES-62.
The invention also relates to sets (kits) consisting of separate packs of
a) a pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention comprising an effective amount of a hypoallergenic variant, DNA molecule or recombinant expression vector according to the invention
b) a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an effective amount of a further pharmaceutical active compound and/or adjuvant.
The set contains suitable containers, such as boxes or cartons, individual bottles, bags or ampoules. The set may contain, for example, separate ampoules each containing a formulation according to the invention comprising an effective amount of a hypoallergenic variant, DNA molecule or recombinant expression vector according to the invention and a formulation of a further medicament active compound in dissolved or lyophilised form.
Sequence references: Phl p 5.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 8) (Phleum pratense IUIS sequence, UniProtKB Q40960), Phl p 5.0104 (SEQ ID NO: 9) (Phleum pratense IUIS sequence, UniProtKB P93467), Phl p 5.0109 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (Phleum pratense IUIS sequence, UniProtKB Q84UI2), Phl p 5.0201 (SEQ ID NO: 10) (Phleum pratense IUIS sequence, UniProtKB Q40963), Phl p 6.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 11) (Phleum pratense IUIS sequence, UniProtKB P43215), Lol p 5.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 12) (Lolium perenne IUIS sequence, UniProtKB Q40237), Pha a 5.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 13) (Phalaris aquatica IUIS sequence, UniProtKB P56164), Dac g 5 (SEQ ID NO: 14) (Dactylis glomerata, UniProtKB Q93XD9), Hol 15.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 15) (Holcus lanatus IUIS sequence, UniProtKB 023972), Hol 15.0201 (SEQ ID NO: 16) (Holcus lanatus IUIS sequence, UniProtKB 23971), Poa p 5.0101 (SEQ ID NO: 17) (Poa pratensis IUIS sequence, UniProtKB Q9FPR0), Tri a 5 (SEQ ID NO: 18) (Triticum aestivum, UniProtKB Q70JP9), Hor v 5 (SEQ ID NO: 19) (Hordeum vulgare, EST TC190653).
3D homology model of the N-terminal (amino acids 31-139 of Phl p 5.0109; model molecule: Phl p 6, PDB entry 1 NLX; depicted on the left-hand side) and C-terminal 4-helix bundle (amino acids 155-255; model molecule: Phl p 5b fragment, PDB entry 1 L3P; right).
a. Highly simplified model of the two 4-helix bundles. H1-H8: helices 1-8. Prolines are shown with their position designation and atomic structure. Proline residues P146 and P256 are in regions which it has not been possible to show owing to the lack of structural data in the 3D models of the model molecules (dotted lines). The loop depicted between helix 2 and 3 is speculative, since the model molecule Phl p 6 has no region which is homologous to this Phl p 5a region.
b. Surface model. All proline residues which can be depicted are exposed at the surface (coloured black).
(a)+(b): Data from one individual experiment in each case with double determination. The symbols represent the means of the duplicates on measurement of eight inhibitor concentrations in each case. The horizontal lines of the error bars show the individual values of the double determination.
(c): Summary of the results of a number of individual experiments.
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments. The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Summary of the Results of a Number of Individual Experiments:
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments. The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Summary of the Results of a Number of Individual Experiments:
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments.
The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Summary of the Results of a Number of Individual Experiments:
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments.
The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Evidence of the reduced functional allergeneity of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) by means of basophil activation test with basophils of four clinically defined grass pollen allergy sufferers (P). Horizontal line: level of stimulation by a negative control.
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments.
The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Chromatogram of an analytical SEC with online molecular weight determination.
The figure shows the relative UV signal at 280 nm (right-hand Y axis) and the molecular weight (left-hand Y axis; measurement point line in the peak region), plotted against the elution time (X axis).
For online determination of the protein concentration, the OptilabrEX refractive index detector (Wyatt, Santa Barbara, USA) was employed. The light scattering by the particles was determined using the MiniDAWN Treos multiangle detector (Wyatt). The particle weight was calculated using the ASTRA 5.3.2.17 software (Wyatt) via Debeye formalism with a refractive-index increment of 0.180 ml/g.
Column: Superdex 200 GL 10/300 (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The size exclusion (t0) is at 20.45 min (corresponds to ˜670 kD).
Eluent: 20 mM Tris 8.0, 150 mM NaCl
The figure shows the relative UV signal at 280 nm (right-hand Y axis) and the molecular weight (left-hand Y axis; measurement point line in the peak region), plotted against the elution time (X axis).
For online determination of the protein concentration, the OptilabrEX refractive index detector (Wyatt, Santa Barbara, USA) was employed. The light scattering by the particles was determined using the MiniDAWN multiangle detector Treos (Wyatt). The particle weight was calculated using ASTRA 5.3.2.17 software (Wyatt) via Debeye formalism with a refractive-index increment of 0.180 ml/g.
Column: Superdex 200 GL 10/300 (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The size exclusion (t0) is at 20.45 min (corresponds to ˜670 kD).
Eluent: 20 mM Tris 8.0, 150 mM NaCl
Chromatogram of an analytical SEC with online molecular weight determination.
The figure shows the relative UV signal at 280 nm (right-hand Y axis) and the molecular weight (left-hand Y axis; measurement point line in the peak region), plotted against the elution time (X axis).
For online determination of the protein concentration, the OptilabrEX refractive index detector (Wyatt, Santa Barbara, USA) was employed. The light scattering by the particles was determined using the MiniDAWN Treos multiangle detector (Wyatt). The particle weight was calculated using ASTRA 5.3.2.17 software (Wyatt) via Debeye formalism with a refractive-index increment of 0.180 ml/g.
Column: Superdex 200 GL 10/300 (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The size exclusion (t0) is at 20.45 min (corresponds to ˜670 kD).
Eluent: 20 mM Tris 8.0, 150 mM NaCl
Chromatogram of an analytical SEC with online molecular weight determination.
The figure shows the relative UV signal at 280 nm (right-hand Y axis) and the molecular weight (left-hand Y axis; measurement point line in the peak region), plotted against the elution time (X axis).
For online determination of the protein concentration, the OptilabrEX refractive index detector (Wyatt, Santa Barbara, USA) was employed. The light scattering by the particles was determined using the MiniDAWN Treos multiangle detector (Wyatt). The particle weight was calculated using ASTRA 5.3.2.17 software (Wyatt) via Debeye formalism with a refractive-index increment of 0.180 ml/g.
Column: Superdex 200 GL 10/300 (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The size exclusion (t0) is at 20.45 min (corresponds to ˜670 kD).
Eluent: 20 mM Tris 8.0, 150 mM NaCl
Test for binding of IgE to Phl p 5 proteins immobilised on nitrocellulose membrane strips.
rPhl p 5b wt: recombinant Phl p 5b isoform
rPhl p 5a wt: recombinant Phl p 5a isoform
nPhl p 5a/b: Phl p 5 allergen of natural origin, consisting of protein of the a and b isoform (Allergopharma)
MPV.4: d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P229] K61E E205K P211L
MPV.5: d[P57, P58, P117, P180, P229] K61E E205K P211L
MPV.6: d[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P229] P211L
MPV.7: d[P57, P58, P117, P180, P229] P211L
HSA: albumin from human serum (negative control).
Total: control for uniform charging of the strips. Staining with reagent DB71 (Sigma, USA)
SP: serum pool Bor18/100 (Allergopharma)
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments.
The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Left-hand bar (dark grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μg/ml.
Right-hand bar (pale grey): IgE inhibition relative to rPhl p 5a wt at an inhibitor concentration of 1.25 μg/ml.
The bar height shows the mean obtained from a number (n) of individual experiments.
The error bars show maximum (horizontal line of the upper error bar) and minimum (horizontal line of the lower error bar) values obtained in a number (n) of evaluated individual experiments.
Solid phase: rPhl p 5a wt. Serum pool: Bor 18/100, Allergopharma.
Evidence of the reduced functional allergeneity of MPV.4 by means of basophil activation test with basophils of four clinically defined grass pollen allergy sufferers (P).
Horizontal line: level of stimulation by a negative control.
Evidence of the reduced functional allergeneity of MPV.5 by means of basophil activation test with basophils of four clinically defined grass pollen allergy sufferers (P).
Horizontal line: level of stimulation by a negative control.
Evidence of the reduced functional allergeneity of MPV.6 by means of basophil activation test with basophils of clinically defined grass pollen allergy sufferers (P).
Horizontal line: level of stimulation by a negative control.
Evidence of the reduced functional allergeneity of MPV.7 by means of basophil activation test with basophils of four clinically defined grass pollen allergy sufferers (P).
Horizontal line: level of stimulation by a negative control.
Even without further embodiments, it is assumed that a person skilled in the art will be able to utilise the above description in the broadest scope. The preferred embodiments should therefore merely be regarded as descriptive disclosure, which is, however, in no way limiting in any way.
The following examples are thus intended to explain the invention without limiting it. Unless indicated otherwise, percent data mean percent by weight. All temperatures are indicated in degrees Celsius. “Conventional work-up”: water is added if necessary, the pH is adjusted, if necessary, to values between 2 and 10, depending on the constitution of the end product.
The following hypoallergenic variants according to the invention were prepared by biotechnological methods and characterised. However, the preparation and characterisation of the substances can also be carried out by other methods for the person skilled in the art. For example, the hypoallergenic variants according to the invention can also be synthesised chemically. The invention likewise relates to the hypoallergenic variants according to the invention described below.
EXAMPLE 1: VARIANTS OF PHL P 5A WITH ONE OR TWO ADJACENT PROLINE DELETIONSThe preparation of variants rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P85]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P117]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P146, P155]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P180]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P211]+6His, rPhl p 5a d[P229]+6His and rPhl p 5a d[P256]+6His and immunological characterisation thereof is described below (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The DNA of the variants are synthesised by the bonding of long overlapping DNA oligonucleotides and amplification of the DNA by a PCR standard method. The codons are selected so that the deduced amino acid sequence is based on that of Phl p 5.0109 (
Expression, Purification and Biochemical Analysis:
The expression is carried out in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen). rPhl p 5a wt and the variants are purified by specific binding of the N-terminal histidine residues to an Ni2+ chelate matrix (immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography, IMAC; material: HiTrap, GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Evidence of Reduced IgE Binding:
The investigation of the IgE binding ability of the test substances is carried out using an EAST-IgE inhibition test (enzyme allergosorbent test). In this method, the allergen/IgE interaction can be investigated in solution, enabling interfering masking of epitopes of the test substance to be excluded, for example by immobilisation on a membrane.
The EAST inhibition test is carried out as follows. Microtitre plates are coated with the allergens, here recombinant wild-type Phl p 5.0109 (rPhl p 5a wt).
After removal of the unbound allergen molecules by washing, the plate is blocked with bovine serum albumin in order to prevent later non-specific binding. IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers in the form of a representative pool of individual allergy sufferer sera (serum pool) in suitable dilution are incubated with the allergen-coated microtitre plates. The amount of allergen-bound IgE antibodies is quantified photometrically via an anti-human-IgE/alkaline phosphatase conjugate by the reaction of a substrate to give a coloured end product.
The binding of the IgE antibodies is inhibited substance-specifically by a soluble allergen or the substance to be tested (recombinant modified allergen) as a function of the concentration. The results depicted in
The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant rPhl p 5a d[P117, P180]+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants according to the invention of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of a plurality of proline deletions corresponding to amino acid positions of 57 and 58, 117, 146, and 155, 180, 211 and 229, based on Phl p 5.0109. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The variants are synthesised by the bonding of long overlapping DNA oligonucleotides and amplification of the DNA by PCR. The codons are selected so that the deduced amino acid sequence is based on that of Phl p 5.0109. The mutations for the proline deletions are introduced using specific oligonucleotides which lack the corresponding codons for proline in the PCR reactions. The oligonucleotides are selected so that the deduced protein carries a hexahistidine (SEQ ID NO: 6) fusion component at the 5′ end. The cDNAs are transformed into expression vector pTrcHis2 Topo (Invitrogen) and in Escherichia coli. The correctness of the DNA is confirmed by sequencing.
Expression, Purification and Biochemical Analysis:
The expression is carried out in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen). The variants are purified by IMAC. The purity of the eluted proteins is checked by SDS-PAGE, and the absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Evidence of Reduced IgE Binding:
The investigation of the IgE binding ability of the test substances is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which were employed in the form of a representative serum pool. The results depicted in
Allergen variant MPV.1+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) has a combination of the deletions of all Phl 5a proline residues investigated. The aim of the preparation is IgE binding ability reduced to the maximum with acceptable protein solubility.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The variants are synthesised by the bonding of long overlapping DNA oligonucleotides and amplification of the DNA by PCR. The codons are selected so that the deduced amino acid sequence is based on that of Phl p 5.0109. The mutations for the proline deletions are introduced using specific oligonucleotides which lack the corresponding codons for proline in the PCR reactions.
The oligonucleotides are selected so that the deduced protein carries a hexahistidine (SEQ ID NO: 6) fusion component at the 5′ end. The cDNA are transformed into expression vector pTrcHis2 Topo (Invitrogen) and in Escherichia coli. The correctness of the DNA is confirmed by sequencing.
Expression:
The expression is carried out in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen). The proteins are deposited by the host cell as insoluble inclusion bodies.
Test of Solubility:
The protein aggregates are isolated in a purity of about 80% after cell digestion using a standard method and solubilised in a denaturing manner by treatment with a 6 molar solution of guanidinium hydrochloride.
The denatured proteins are diluted 1:50 in a volume of 25 ml for this testing at 4° C. and kept at 4° C. overnight. On the following day, any visible precipitate formation is checked organoleptically. After partial concentration, the samples are centrifuged, and the clear supernatants are investigated for the presence of insoluble microaggregates by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The systematic investigation of the solubility behaviour of variant MPV.1+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) shows that subsequent conversion of the proteins into a guanidinium hydrochloride-free formulation is always accompanied by the formation of protein aggregates and is thus not possible (Table 1)
EXAMPLE 4: HYPOALLERGENIC VARIANT RPHL P 5A D[P57, P58, P117, P146, P155, P180, P211, P229] (MPV.2+6HIS (“6HIS” DISCLOSED AS SEQ ID NO: 6))The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.2+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of protein deletions corresponding to amino acid positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211 and 229, based on Phl p 5.0109. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The variants are synthesised by the bonding of long overlapping DNA oligonucleotides and amplification of the DNA by PCR. The codons are selected so that the deduced amino acid sequence is based on that of Phl p 5.0109.
The mutations for the proline deletions are introduced using specific oligonucleotides which lack the corresponding codons for proline in the PCR reactions.
The oligonucleotides are selected so that the deduced protein carries a hexahistidine (SEQ ID NO: 6) fusion component at the 5′ end. The cDNA are ligated into expression vector pTrcHis2 Topo (Invitrogen) and transformed in Escherichia coli. The correctness of the DNA is confirmed by sequencing.
Expression:
The expression is carried out in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen). The proteins are deposited by the host cell as insoluble inclusion bodies.
Test of Solubility:
MPV.2+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) exhibits poor solubility throughout the pH range of 4.5-9.0 investigated. The formation of visible precipitates can only be prevented with a solutions comprising Tween 80 and L-arginine monohydrochloride, but microaggregates are also detected in this batch below (Table 2).
EXAMPLE 5: HYPOALLERGENIC VARIANT RPHL P 5A D[P57, P58, P229] K61E, E205K, P211L (MPV.3+6HIS (“6HIS” DISCLOSED AS SEQ ID NO: 6))The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of deletions of proline residues 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180 or 229 corresponding to the amino acid positions in Phl p 5 5.0109, in which proline residue 211 is mutated into any desired other amino acid or in which lysine 61 is additionally converted into glutamate or glutamate 205 is converted into lysine. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
The effect of mutations K61E, E205K and P211L present in the amino acid sequence of MPV.3+6His on the IgE binding ability is investigated by preparing variants rPhl p 5a K61E+6His, rPhl p 5a E205K+6His and rPhl p 5a P211L+6His and characterising them immunologically (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The nucleotide sequence encoding for MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is surprisingly generated in this example by a number of polymerase errors in a cDNA synthesis. The DNA is ligated into expression vector pTrcHis2 Topo (Invitrogen). The DNA encoding for variants rPhl p 5a K61E+6His, rPhl p 5a E205K+6His and rPhl p 5a P211L+6His are prepared specifically and ligated into expression vector pTrcHis2 Topo (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). The correctness of the generated cDNA sequences is checked by DNA sequencing.
Expression:
The expression is carried out in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen). The proteins are deposited by the host cell as insoluble inclusion bodies.
Test of the Solubility of MPV.3+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The protein aggregates are isolated in a purity of about 80% after cell digestion and solubilised in a denaturing manner by treatment with a 6 molar solution of guanidinium hydrochloride. The series testing of various solutions in order to check the solubility properties of MPV.3+6His in a non-denaturing environment is carried out analogously to the experiments with variants MPV.1+6His and MPV.2+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
Surprisingly, it is observed that variant MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) has high solubility at slightly basic pH during the dilution process (Table 3). This behaviour is in contrast to variants MPV.1+6His and MPV.2+6His investigated above and represents a crucial advantage for the preparation of the protein in a non-denaturing environment (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
Purification of MPV.3+6his, and Mutants rPhl p 5a K61E+6his, rPhl p 5a E205K+6his and rPhl p 5a P211L+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The denatured proteins are diluted 1:50 in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, and kept at 8° C. overnight. The chromatographic purification is carried out by IMAC (HiTrap material, GE Healthcare) and SEC (Superdex 75 material, GE Healthcare). The proteins are finally in stable and soluble form in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer with 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
Biochemical Analysis:
The purity is checked by SDS-PAGE. The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Evidence of the Reduced IgE Binding of MPV.3+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The investigation of the IgE binding ability of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which are employed in the form of a representative serum pool. The results depicted in
For further characterisation of mutations K61E, E205K and P211L of variant MPV.3+6His, the three variants rPhl p 5a K61E+6His, rPhl p 5a E205K+6His and rPhl p 5a P211L+6His are investigated by EAST (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
Variant rPhl p 5a P211L+6His exhibits a comparably low inhibition behaviour to the point mutant rPhl p 5a d[P211]+6His tested previously (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). Variants rPhl p 5a K61E+6His and rPhl p 5a E205K+6His exhibit slightly reduced IgE binding (
It can be concluded that the three point mutations K61E, E205K and P211L contribute to the significantly reduced IgE binding of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
Evidence of the Reduction of the Functional Allergeneity of MPV.3+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The functional action of MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) in the crosslinking of membrane-bound IgE of the effector cells and activation thereof is investigated in vitro.
For the basophil activation test, heparinised whole blood of grass pollen allergy sufferers is incubated with various concentrations of the test substances. Allergenic substances are able to bind specific IgE antibodies which are associated with the high-affinity IgE receptors of the basophilic granulocytes. The crosslinking of the IgE/receptor complexes triggered by the allergen molecules results in signal transduction, which results in degranulation of the effector cells and thus the triggering of the allergic reactions in vivo.
The allergen-induced activation of basophilic immunocytes can be determined in vitro by quantification of the expression of a surface protein (CD203c) coupled to the signal transduction of IgE-receptor crosslinking (Kahlert et al., Clinical Immunology and Allergy in Medicine Proceedings of the EAACI 2002 (2003) Naples, Italy 739-744). The number of surface proteins expressed on a cell and the percentage value of the activated cells of a cell pool is measured highly sensitively via the binding of a fluorescence-labelled monoclonal antibody to the surface protein and subsequent analysis by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry.
MPV.3+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) exhibits reduced activation of basophilic granulocytes of grass pollen allergy sufferers here compared with rPhl p 5a wt and thus functionally reduced allergeneity (
The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.4 is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of deletions of proline residues 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180 or 229 corresponding to the amino acid positions in Phl p 5.0109), in which proline residue 211 is mutated into any desired other amino acid or in which lysine 61 is additionally converted into glutamate or glutamate 205 is converted into lysine. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction of MPV.4 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) by Genetic Engineering:
In order to prepare the cDNA of the histidine fusion protein of MPV.4 (MPV.4+6His), a fragment of the already cloned cDNA of MPV.1+6His is re-cloned into the plasmid MPV.3+6His/pTrcHis2 Topo which is already present (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
In order to prepare the fusion component-free protein (MPV.4), the DNA is ligated into vector pTMP (Allergopharma, Reinbek) without the section encoding for the histidine fusion component. The correctness of the sequence is checked by DNA sequencing.
Expression of MPV.4 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The expression is carried out either as histidine fusion protein (expression vector pTrcHis2Topo; Invitrogen) in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen) or without fusion component (expression vector pTMP) in Escherichia coli (BL21 strain; Merck, Darmstadt). In both cases, the recombinant proteins are deposited as inclusion bodies. The proteins are solubilised using a 6 molar solution of guanidinium hydrochloride.
Test of the Solubility of MPV.4+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The series testing of various solutions in order to check the solubility properties of MPV.4+6His in a non-denaturing environment is carried out analogously to the experiments with variant MPV.1+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6). It is observed that variant MPV.4+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) has solubility at slightly basic pH (Table 4)
Purification of MPV.4+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The fusion protein is purified on a preparative scale by IMAC (HiTrap material, GE Healthcare) and SEC (Superdex 75 material, GE Healthcare) and is finally present in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer with 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
Purification of the Non-Fusion Protein MPV.4:
The solution of the denatured non-fusion protein are firstly diluted 1:50 with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, analogously to the purification scheme of the fusion protein and kept at 4° overnight. In a first purification step, the target protein is enriched by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).
At high ion strength, proteins bind to an HIC column with specific strength, depending on their surface hydrophobicity, enabling them to be eluted selectively by gradual reduction of the salt concentration.
The diluted protein solution is firstly diluted further 1:2 with 20 mM Tris, 2 M ammonium sulfate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, in order to achieve a final ammonium sulfate concentration of 1 M. This protein solution is then passed through a HiTrap butyl-S FF HIC column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and, after binding of the target protein, eluted gradually with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0.
As preparation for the second purification step, the HIC eluates are re-buffered in 20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, via a Sephadex G25 column (GE Healthcare).
As the second purification step, the eluates are applied to an anion exchange chromatography column (HiTrap Q HP, GE Healthcare), and the material passing through the column is collected. The target protein is located in the material passing through the column, while foreign proteins bind to the column and are effectively removed.
In the AIEX process, proteins having a negative surface charge are bound to the column material at low ion strength, while uncharged or positively charged proteins do not bind.
In the final step, the AIEX output is subsequently purified via an SEC column (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare), so that the target protein is finally present in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Biochemical analysis of MPV.4 (+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)): The purity of the proteins is checked by SDS-PAGE. The identity of the fusion component-free MPV.4 is confirmed by determination of the molecular weight by means of mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and sequencing of the N-terminal amino acids (sequence: A-D-L-G-Y-G-P-A-T (SEQ ID NO: 7)) (Table 6). The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Molecular weight analysis of MPV.4 by means of SEC/MALS/RI surprisingly shows that the mass of the eluted proteins is between 28.2 and 49.3 kD (average mass 36.9 kD). Since the theoretical mass of the monomer is 27.6 kD, it can be assumed that a mixture of monomers and dimers is present (
Evidence of the Reduced IgE Binding of MPV.4 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The investigation of the IgE binding ability is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which are employed in the form of a representative serum pool.
The results depicted in
A simple test method for the determination of the IgE reactivity of specific IgE from allergy sufferer sera on membrane-bound test proteins is the strip test. For this purpose, the test substances in the same concentration and amount are bound alongside one another to a strip of nitrocellulose membrane under non-denaturing conditions. A series of such membrane strips can be incubated in parallel with different allergy sufferer sera. After a washing step, the specifically bound IgE antibodies are rendered visible on the membrane by a colour reaction, promoted by an anti-human IgE/alkaline phosphatase conjugate.
The results of variant MPV.4 using individual grass pollen allergy sufferer sera are depicted in
It is clear that the Phl p 5-specific IgE antibodies of all allergy sufferer sera bind variant MPV.4 to a greatly reduced extent, while recombinant wild-type proteins rPhl p 5a wt and rPhl p 5b wt are bound just as strongly as nPhl p 5a/b.
Evidence of the reduction of the functional allergeneity of MPV.4: The functional action of MPV.4 in the crosslinking of membrane-bound IgE of the effector cells and activation thereof is investigated both with fusion proteins and with non-fusion proteins in vitro. Both the fusion protein and the fusion component-free MPV.4 exhibit greatly reduced activation of basophilic granulocytes of grass pollen allergy sufferers here compared with rPhl p 5a wt and thus highly functionally reduced allergeneity (
The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.5 is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of deletions of proline residues 57, 58, 117, 180 or 229 corresponding to the amino acid positions in Phl p 5.0109, in which proline residue 211 is mutated into any desired other amino acid or in which lysine 61 is additionally converted into glutamate or glutamate 205 is converted into lysine. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction of MPV.5 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) by Genetic Engineering:
In order to prepare the cDNA of the histidine fusion protein (MPV.5+6His), a fragment of the already cloned cDNA of rPhl p 5a d[P117, P180]+6His is re-cloned into the plasmid MPV.3+6His/pTrcHis2 Topo which is already present (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6).
In order to prepare the fusion component-free protein (MPV.5), the DNA is ligated into vector pTMP (Allergopharma, Reinbek) without the section encoding for the histidine fusion component. The correctness of the sequence is checked by DNA sequencing.
Expression of MPV.5 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The expression is carried out either as histidine fusion protein (expression vector pTrcHis2Topo; Invitrogen) in Escherichia coli (Top10 strain; Invitrogen) or without fusion component (expression vector pTMP; Allergopharma) in Escherichia coli (BL21 strain; Merck, Darmstadt).
In both cases, the recombinant proteins are deposited as inclusion bodies. The proteins are solubilised by means of a 6 molar solution of guanidinium hydrochloride.
Purification of MPV.5+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6):
The fusion protein is purified on a preparative scale by IMAC (HiTrap material, GE Healthcare) and SEC (Superdex 75 material, GE Healthcare) and is finally present in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer with 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
Purification of the Non-Fusion Protein:
The IB solution of the denatured non-fusion protein are firstly diluted 1:50 with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, analogously to the purification scheme of the fusion protein and kept at 4° overnight.
In a first purification step, the target protein is enriched by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The dilute protein solution is firstly diluted further 1:2 with 20 mM Tris, 2 M ammonium sulfate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, in order to achieve a final ammonium sulfate concentration of 1 M. This protein solution is then passed through a HiTrap butyl-S FF HIC column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and, after binding of the target protein, eluted gradually with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0.
As preparation for the second purification step, the HIC eluates are re-buffered in 20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, via a Sephadex-G25 column (GE Healthcare). As the second purification step, the eluates are applied to an anion exchange chromatography column (HiTrap Q HP, GE Healthcare), and the material passing through the column, which comprises the target protein, is collected.
In the final step, the AIEX output is subsequently purified via an SEC column (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare), so that the target protein is finally present in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Biochemical Analysis of MPV.5 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The purity of the proteins is checked by SDS-PAGE. The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The identity of the fusion component-free MPV.5 is confirmed by determination of the molecular weight by means of mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and sequencing of the N-terminal amino acid sequence (sequence: A-D-L-G-Y-G-P-A-T (SEQ ID NO: 7)) (Table 6).
Analysis of MPV.5 by SEC/MALS/RI shows that the protein is exclusively in the form of the monomer (
Evidence of the Reduced IgE Binding of MPV.5 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The investigation of the IgE binding ability is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which are employed in the form of a representative serum pool. MPV.5 exhibits IgE binding ability which is reduced to an equal extent both with and without fusion component. The IgE binding ability is somewhat higher than that of variant MPV.4, which may be due to better accessibility of IgE epitopes in the case of MPV.5, which is exclusively in monomeric form (
The results of variant MPV.5 in the strip test using individual grass pollen allergy sufferer sera are depicted in
Evidence of the Reduction of the Functional Allergeneity of MPV.5 (+6his (“6his” Disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)):
The functional action of MPV.5 in the crosslinking of membrane-bound IgE of the effector cells and activation thereof is investigated both with fusion proteins and with non-fusion proteins in vitro. MPV.5 exhibits greatly reduced activation of basophilic granulocytes of grass pollen allergy sufferers here compared with rPhl p 5a wt and thus highly functionally reduced allergeneity (
The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.6 is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of deletions of proline residues 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180 or 229 corresponding to the amino acid positions in Phl p 5.0109, in which proline residue 211 is mutated into any desired other amino acid. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
For the preparation of the DNA, a DNA fragment of MPV.2+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6) is ligated into vector rPhl p 5a d[57, 58, 117, 180, 229] P211L/pTMP (Allergopharma) present at this time. The correctness of the sequence is checked by DNA sequencing.
Expression:
The expression is carried out exclusively as fusion component-free protein in expression vector pTMP (Allergopharma) in Escherichia coli (strain BL21; Merck, Darmstadt). The recombinant proteins are deposited as inclusion bodies (IB).
Purification:
The IB solution of the denatured non-fusion protein is firstly diluted 1:50 with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, and kept at 4° overnight.
In a first purification step, the target protein is enriched by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).
The dilute protein solution is firstly diluted further 1:2 with 20 mM Tris, 2 M ammonium sulfate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, in order to achieve a final ammonium sulfate concentration of 1 M. This protein solution is then passed through a HiTrap butyl-S FF HIC column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and, after binding of the target protein, eluted gradually with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0.
As preparation for the second purification step, the HIC eluates are re-buffered in 20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, via a Sephadex G25 column (GE Healthcare). As the second purification step, the eluates are applied to an anion exchange chromatography column (HiTrap Q HP, GE Healthcare), and the material passing through the column, which comprises the target protein, is collected. In the final step, the AIEX output is subsequently purified via an SEC column (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare), so that the target protein is finally present in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Biochemical Analysis:
The purity of the proteins is checked by SDS-PAGE. The identity of the fusion component-free MPV.6 is confirmed by determination of the molecular weight by means of mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and sequencing of the N-terminal amino acid sequence (sequence: A-D-L-G-Y-G-P-A-T (SEQ ID NO: 7)) (Table 6).
The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. In the analysis of MPV.6 by means of SEC/MALS/RI, the purified proteins elute in two peaks. Peak 1 represents the monomeric form and peak 2 the dimeric form (
The dimerisation ability is, as also shown with reference to variants MPV.4 and MPV.5, attributable to the presence of mutation d[P146, 155].
Evidence of Reduced IgE Binding:
The investigation of the IgE binding is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which are employed in the form of a representative serum pool. The results depicted in
Evidence of the Reduction of Functional Allergeneity:
The functional action of MPV.6 in the crosslinking of membrane-bound IgE and the activation of basophilic granulocytes is greatly reduced compared with rPhl p 5a wt, as shown by the results with whole blood of two grass-pollen allergy sufferers (
The preparation and immunological characterisation of variant MPV.7 is described below by way of example for hypoallergenic variants of group 5 allergens of the Poaceae with combinations of deletions of proline residues 57, 58, 117, 180 or 229 corresponding to the amino acid positions in Phl p 5a wild-type or Phl p 5.0109, in which proline residue 211 is mutated into any desired other amino acid. The recombinant unmodified allergen (rPhl p 5 wt+6His (“6His” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 6)) is prepared and investigated analogously, and the hypoallergenic variants of the other group 5 allergens according to the invention of the true grasses and their wild-type proteins, in particular Lol p 5 and Poa p 5, can also be prepared and investigated analogously.
Construction by Genetic Engineering:
The DNA is prepared by preparation of a DNA fragment by means of specific oligonucleotides by PCR processes and then re-cloning into vector rPhl p 5a d[P57, P58, P117, P180, P211, P229]/pTMP (Allergopharma) already present at this time. The correctness of the sequence is checked by DNA sequencing.
Expression:
The expression is carried out as fusion component-free protein in expression vector pTMP (Allergopharma) in Escherichia coli (strain BL21; Merck, Darmstadt). The recombinant proteins are deposited as inclusion bodies (IB).
Test of Solubility:
The series testing in order to check the solubility properties of the recombinant protein in a non-denaturing environment shows high solubility of the protein in the slightly basic pH range (Table 5).
Purification:
The IB solution of the denatured non-fusion protein is firstly diluted 1:50 with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, and kept at 4° overnight. In a first purification step, the target protein is enriched by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The dilute protein solution is firstly diluted further 1:2 with 20 mM Tris, 2 M ammonium sulfate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0, in order to achieve a final ammonium sulfate concentration of 1 M. This protein solution is then passed through a HiTrap butyl-S FF HIC column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and, after binding of the target protein, eluted gradually with 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 9.0.
As preparation for the second purification step, the HIC eluates are re-buffered in 20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, via a Sephadex G25 column (GE Healthcare). As the second purification step, the eluates are applied to an anion exchange chromatography column (HiTrap Q HP, GE Healthcare), and the material passing through the column, which comprises the target protein, is collected. In the final step, the AIEX output is subsequently purified via an SEC column (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare), so that the target protein is finally present in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Biochemical Analysis:
The purity of the proteins is checked by SDS-PAGE. The identity of the fusion component-free MPV.7 is confirmed by determination of the molecular weight by means of mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and sequencing of the N-terminal amino acid sequence (sequence: A-D-L-G-Y-G-P-A-T (SEQ ID NO: 7)) (Table 6). The absence of insoluble protein aggregates is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Analysis by SEC/MALS/RI shows that the eluted proteins are exclusively in the form of monomers (
Evidence of Reduced IgE Binding:
The investigation of the IgE binding is carried out using an EAST inhibition test with IgE antibodies of allergy sufferers which are employed in the form of a representative serum pool. The results depicted in
Evidence of the Reduction of Functional Allergeneity:
The functional action of MPV.7 in the crosslinking of membrane-bound IgE and the activation of basophilic granulocytes of grass pollen allergy sufferers is greatly reduced compared with rPhl p 5a wt (
T-Cell Reactivity of the Hypoallergenic Phl p 5a Variants:
In order to investigate the T-cell reactivity, oligoclonal T-cell lines of grass pollen allergy sufferers are established by conventional methods with stimulation with natural nPhl p 5a or rPhl p 5a wt molecules. In a proliferation test, the different T-cell lines were stimulated with the reference allergen rPhl p 5a wt and the modified recombinant allergen variants. The proliferation rate was determined by conventional methods by the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine.
The results of the proliferation tests of MPV.4 and MPV.7 with T-cell lines of 12 grass pollen allergy sufferers are depicted here by way of example for the modified allergen variants described.
The T-cell reactivity of variant MPV.4, which carries the most mutations of all molecules investigated, is not reduced, in spite of the modifications of the amino acid sequence compared with unmodified rPhl p 5a wt, which demonstrates the retention of crucial T-cell epitopes (Table 7).
Mutant MPV.7 contains the smallest number of modified amino acid positions of all multiproline mutants investigated. As expected, the molecule stimulates human T-lymphocytes comparably well to the unmodified allergen rPhl p 5a (Table 8).
Claims
1. A hypoallergenic variant of a group 5 allergen of the true grass family (Poaceae) wherein the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 57, 58, 117, 146, 155, 180, 211 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have been mutated singly or in combinations.
2. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, wherein the proline which corresponds in an alignment to proline 211 of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 is not deleted, but instead is replaced by another amino acid.
3. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, wherein the prolines which correspond in an alignment to the prolines in positions 146 and 155 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 are not mutated.
4. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, further wherein the amino acids which correspond in an alignment to lysine in position 61 and glutamic acid in position 205 in the amino acid sequence of wild-type Phl p 5.0109 have been mutated singly or in combinations.
5. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, wherein the group 5 allergen is a group 5 allergen of the Pooideae sub-family.
6. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, wherein the group 5 allergen is selected from the group consisting of Phl p 5, Lol p 5, Poa p 5, Hol l 5, Dac g 5, Pha a 5, Ant o 5, Fes p 5, Hor v 5, Sec c 5 and Tri a 5.
7. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, wherein it is a fragment or a variant of a hypoallergenic variant of claim 1 or a multimer of one or more hypoallergenic variants of claim 1 or wherein one or more hypoallergenic variants of claim 1 or fragments, variants or multimers thereof are a constituent of a recombinant fusion protein.
8. A DNA molecule which encodes for a hypoallergenic variant of claim 1.
9. A recombinant expression vector containing a DNA molecule of claim 8 functionally connected to an expression control sequence.
10. A non-human host organism transformed with a DNA molecule of claim 8.
11. A process for the preparation of a hypoallergenic variant by cultivation of a non-human host organism of claim 10 and isolation of the corresponding allergen variant from the culture.
12. The hypoallergenic variant of claim 1, formulated as medicament.
13. The DNA molecule of claim 8, formulated as medicament.
14. A recombinant expression vector of claim 9 as medicament.
15. A method for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies in the triggering of which group 5 allergens of the true grasses are causally involved, comprising administering a hypoallergenic variant of claim 1.
16. A method for immunotherapeutic DNA vaccination comprising administering to a patient at least one DNA molecule of claim 8.
17. Pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one hypoallergenic variant of claim 1 and optionally further active compounds and/or assistants for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies.
18. A pharmaceutical preparation of claim 17, wherein the further active compounds are allergens of the true grasses or variants thereof.
19. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one hypoallergenic variant of claim 8 and optionally further active compounds and/or assistants for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies.
20. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one hypoallergenic variant of claim 9 and optionally further active compounds and/or assistants for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of type 1 allergies.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 11, 2017
Publication Date: Jan 4, 2018
Applicant: Merck Patent GmbH (Darmstadt)
Inventors: Martin WALD (Hamburg), Andreas NANDY (Hamburg), Helmut FIEBIG (Schwarzenbek), Bernhard WEBER (Hamburg), Helga KAHLERT (Hamburg), Gerald REESE (Langen), Oliver CROMWELL (Suesel-Fassenberg)
Application Number: 15/700,430
