PROTECTION OF CHARGE PUMP CIRCUITS FROM HIGH INPUT VOLTAGES
A power converter and method using a flying capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a driver circuit are presented. The first transistor is coupled between an input terminal and a first terminal of the flying capacitor. The second transistor is coupled between the first terminal of the flying capacitor and an output terminal. The third transistor is coupled between the output terminal and a second terminal of the flying capacitor. The fourth transistor is coupled between the second terminal of the flying capacitor and a reference potential. The driver circuit is coupled between a high side power rail and a low side power rail. There is a regulation circuit to regulate a high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an input voltage at the input terminal.
The present document relates to charge pump circuits. In particular, the present document relates to charge pump circuits capable of regulating internal driver supply voltages for protecting the circuit components of a charge pump in case of overvoltages or overcurrents.
BACKGROUNDIn a DC (direct current)/DC power converter, such as e.g. a charge pump circuit, an input voltage may be transformed into a specified output voltage with the help of a plurality of switching elements and at least one capacitor for temporarily storing an electrical charge. At the same time, the input voltage is typically used to control circuitry for controlling the switching behavior of the plurality of switching elements. Said control circuitry may e.g. include driver circuits for driving the gate voltages of said transistors. In case of an overvoltage or overcurrent at the input of the charge pump, both the driver circuits as well as the transistors themselves may be damaged if the driver circuits or the transistors are not designed to withstand high input voltages or currents. As a remedy, one may use driver circuits and transistors which are robust against high input voltages and currents. However, this may result e.g. in a decreased power conversion efficiency or in an increased total area required for implementing the charge pump compared to scenarios where e.g. low voltage components are used.
Several techniques of protecting a charge pump from an overcurrent and/or overvoltage at its input have been presented in the literature. For example, methods of linear voltage regulation have been suggested at the input of a charge pump. By adding a linear regulator (such as e.g. a low-dropout LDO regulator) at the input of a charge pump, the input voltage is dropped (or regulated) before a charge pump divides the dropped voltage to one half for output. However, a power device for the linear regulation must be added in series on the current path of a charge pump. And that additional power device may take significant die area and burn extra power even in the case that the charge pump is switching for voltage division without using the protection/regulation function implemented by the additional linear regulator.
SUMMARYThe present document addresses the above mentioned technical problems. In particular, the present document addresses the technical problem of providing an improved overvoltage/overcurrent protection technique for protecting the internal components of a charge pump such as e.g. transistors and the driving circuits for driving said transistors.
According to an aspect, a power converter comprises a flying capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a driver circuit for driving one of the four transistors. The first transistor is coupled between an input terminal of the power converter and a first terminal of the flying capacitor. The second transistor is coupled between the first terminal of the flying capacitor and an output terminal of the power converter. The third transistor is coupled between the output terminal of the power converter and a second terminal of the flying capacitor. The fourth transistor is coupled between the second terminal of the flying capacitor and a reference potential. The driver circuit is coupled between a high side power rail and a low side power rail. The power converter further comprises a regulation circuit configured to regulate a high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an input voltage at the input terminal of the power converter
Due to the arrangement of transistors relative to the capacitive element, the described power converter may also be denoted as a charge pump. The four transistors may be of the same type or may be of different types. Each transistor may be implemented with any suitable power device, such as, for example, an n-channel or p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor IGBT, a MOS-gated thyristor, or other suitable power device. Each transistor has a gate to which a respective driving voltage or control signal may be applied to control the current flowing through said transistor. The driver circuit may be configured to generate a driving voltage for driving the gate of one of the four transistors. The driver circuit may e.g. comprise an inverter circuit.
Throughout this document, the term “reference potential” is meant in its broadest possible sense. In particular, the reference potential is not limited to ground i.e. a reference potential with a direct physical connection to earth. Rather, the term “reference potential” may refer to any reference point to which and from which electrical currents may flow or from which voltages may be measured.
For example, the regulation circuit may be configured to regulate the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter. Alternatively, the regulation circuit may be configured to regulate the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of both the input voltage at the input terminal and the output voltage at the output terminal. As a result, the regulation circuit may be configured to protect said driver circuit and the connected transistor from an overvoltage and/or and overcurrent at the input terminal and/or the output terminal. In other words, the claimed regulation circuit may be configured to counteract a sudden increase of the high side voltage caused e.g. by an overvoltage at the input terminal by reducing said high side voltage towards a pre-determined voltage level.
In particular, the regulation circuit may be configured to regulate the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that a voltage difference between the high side voltage of the high side power rail and a low side voltage of the low side power rail does not exceed a pre-determined value. For instance, the low side power rail may be connected to the reference potential and the regulation circuit may be configured to regulate the high side voltage of the high side power rail towards a reference voltage which may be higher or lower than the input voltage at the input terminal. At this, said reference voltage may be determined by a sum of a target output voltage at the output terminal plus a positive offset voltage. Put in a different way, the high side power rail may represent a static power rail which may be regulated towards a constant voltage which is independent of both the input voltage and the output voltage of the power converter. As an advantage, the power converter can be made with low voltage devices with smaller die size and higher power conversion efficiency.
For instance, the driver circuit may be configured to drive the second transistor, the regulation circuit may comprise a comparator configured to generate an error signal by comparing the high side voltage with the reference voltage, and the regulation circuit may comprise a modulation device configured to modulate a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal. For example, the modulation device may be a further transistor configured control said current via it drain-source-channel based on said error signal. The low side power rail may be coupled to the reference potential. A decoupling capacitor may be coupled between the high side power rail and the low side power rail. For instance, the decoupling capacitor may be a small, internal decoupling capacitor
The power converter may further comprise a bootstrap capacitor and another driver circuit configured to drive the first transistor. The another driver circuit may be coupled between a flying high side power rail and another low side power rail. The bootstrap capacitor may be coupled between the flying high side power rail and the first terminal of the flying capacitor. The another low side power rail may be coupled to the first terminal of the flying capacitor. The regulation circuit may be configured to regulate a flying voltage of the flying high side power rail such that the flying voltage approaches a sum of a voltage at the first terminal of the flying capacitor plus a positive offset voltage. In other words, the flying voltage of the flying high side power rail is a time-varying voltage which is regulated to be always the positive offset voltage above the voltage at the first terminal of the flying capacitor. This regulation of the flying voltage may be done e.g. by temporarily connecting the flying high side power rail with the high side power rail. To be more specific, the regulation circuit may comprise a switching element configured to isolate, during a first time interval, the flying high side power rail from the high side power rail, and to connect, during a second time interval, the flying high side power rail with the high side power rail. The first time interval may have the same length as the second time interval, and the power converter may be configured to alternate between the first time interval and the second time interval and control the switching element accordingly. The flying high side power rail may be charged from the high side power rail during the second time interval. Then, during the subsequent first time interval, the voltage of the flying capacitor may is added to the flying voltage of the flying high side power rail such that the flying voltage may be larger than the input voltage during the first time interval. This increased flying voltage may be required for driving the first transistor during the first time interval.
In the first time interval, the first transistor is selected to be operated as a controllable power source i.e. to be operated as a controlled current source or as a controlled voltage source. In other words, the first transistor is operated as a variable resistive element, i.e. as a resistive element whose resistance value is continuously adaptable. As a result, the current through the first transistor may be continuously adapted or the voltage drop across the first transistor may be continuously adapted. For example, the first transistor may be a MOSFET operated in the linear region. In yet other words, the selected transistor may be controlled to limit the current through the first transistor and, thus, to limit the current which is charging the flying capacitor element during the first time interval. Since the output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter is regulated by operating the first transistor as a controllable power source, the power converter is enabled to not only divide the input voltage of into half, but to truly regulate the output voltage just as an LDO regulator.
One advantage of the described power converter is that the first transistor of the power converter may be used (a) as a controllable power source for regulation the output voltage of the power converter and (b) as a switching element when the power converter is used as a regular charge pump for dividing the input voltage into half and for doubling the output current compared to the input current. Therefore, the described implementation does not require any additional power devices and does not have additional power losses when the power converter is operated as charge pump in a pure switching mode.
The power converter may be configured to, during the first time interval, close the third transistor, and open the second transistor and the fourth transistor for generating an electrical path from the input terminal of the power converter via the first transistor and via the flying capacitor to the output terminal of the power converter. The power converter may be configured to, during the first time interval, to operate the first transistor as a controllable power source for regulating an output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter if an overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter, and to operate the first transistor as a switch which is either open or closed if no overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter.
For example, the power converter of claim may comprise a current mirror configured to control a current through the first transistor for regulating the output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter during the first time interval converter if an overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter. Said current mirror may comprise e.g. the first transistor and a complementary mirror transistor. In particular, the current mirror may be configured to copy a potentially scaled version of a reference current flowing through said complementary mirror transistor to the first transistor during said first time interval if an overvoltage is detected.
The other way round, the power converter may be configured to, during the second time interval, open the first transistor and the third transistor, and close the second transistor and the fourth transistor for generating an electrical path from the reference potential via the flying capacitor to the output terminal of the power converter.
Furthermore, the modulation device may be configured to modulate the current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal only during the first time interval. The comparator may be configured to generate another error signal by comparing the flying voltage at the flying high side terminal with another reference voltage during the second time interval. The regulation circuit may comprise another modulation device configured to modulate a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the flying high side power rail based on said another error signal during the second time interval.
According to another aspect, a method for operating a power converter is described. The method may comprise steps which correspond to the features of the power converter described in the present document. Specifically, the method may be tailored for a power converter comprising a flying capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a driver circuit for driving one of the four transistors. The method may comprise coupling the first transistor between an input terminal of the power converter and a first terminal of the flying capacitor, coupling the second transistor between the first terminal of the flying capacitor and an output terminal of the power converter, coupling the third transistor between the output terminal of the power converter and a second terminal of the flying capacitor, coupling the fourth transistor between the second terminal of the flying capacitor and a reference potential, coupling the driver circuit between a high side power rail and a low side power rail, and regulating a high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an input voltage at the input terminal of the power converter.
The method may comprise regulating the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that a voltage difference between the high side voltage of the high side power rail and a low side voltage of the low side power rail does not exceed a pre-determined value. The method may comprise regulating the high side voltage of the high side power rail towards a reference voltage which may be lower or higher than the input voltage at the input terminal. At this, the reference voltage may be determined by a sum of a target output voltage at the output terminal plus a positive offset voltage.
The method may comprise driving, by the driver circuit, the second transistor, generating an error signal by comparing the high side voltage with a reference voltage, and modulating a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal. The method may comprise providing a bootstrap capacitor and another driver circuit configured to drive the first transistor, coupling the another driver circuit between a flying high side power rail and another low side power rail, coupling the bootstrap capacitor between the flying high side power rail and the first terminal of the flying capacitor, and coupling the another low side power rail to the first terminal of the flying capacitor.
The method may comprise regulating a flying voltage at the flying high side power rail such that the flying voltage approaches a sum of a voltage at the first terminal of the flying capacitor plus a positive offset voltage. This may be achieved isolating, by a switching element, during a first time interval, the flying high side power rail from the high side power rail, and connecting, by said switching element, during a second time interval, the flying high side power rail with the high side power rail.
According to a further aspect, a software program is described. The software program may be adapted for execution on a processor and for performing the method steps outlined in the present document when carried out by the processor.
According to another aspect, a storage medium is described. The storage medium may comprise a software program adapted for execution on a processor and for performing the method steps outlined in the present document when carried out by the processor.
According to a further aspect, a computer program product is described. The computer program product may comprise instructions for performing the method steps outlined in the present document when carried out by the processor.
It should be noted that the methods and systems including its preferred embodiments as outlined in the present document may be used stand-alone or in combination with the other methods and systems disclosed in this document. In addition, the features outlined in the context of a system are also applicable to a corresponding method. Furthermore, all aspects of the methods and systems outlined in the present document may be arbitrarily combined. In particular, the features of the claims may be combined with one another in an arbitrary manner.
In the present document, the term “couple”, “connect”, “coupled” or “connected” refers to elements being in electrical communication with each other, whether directly connected e.g., via wires, or in some other manner.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar or identical elements, and in which
In the example illustrated in
As illustrated in
In particular,
In
In other words, in the power converter of
The internal regulation circuit of
In the switching phase 2 shown in
However, the small decoupling capacitor 90 may be too small to provide switching current and hold supply voltage without significant voltage drop, when the power switch SW2 92 is turned on before phase 2. To mitigate significant drop of the CLAMP voltage while switching, it must turn on power switch SW2 92 for example in this ordered sequence: Turn on power switch SW4 95 first and bring down CBOOT voltage, connect CLAMP to CBOOT through power device P3 96, and then turn on power switch SW2 97 with supply current from the small decoupling capacitor 90 and the large bootstrap capacitor 94.
In the possible variation illustrated in
This invention allows to use low voltage devices for charge pump design and allows to operate charge pumps in high input voltage that would not be feasible without the novel protection. By using low voltage power switches and gate driver circuits, the area required for the overall layout is smaller and the charge pump will yield better efficiency due to low power switch resistance. When the charge pump is equipped with the switching LDO regulation and with the internal power rail regulation, the charge pump can provide a unique combination of advantages, namely output voltage regulation as well as robustness against high operating input voltage.
Another possible variation is illustrated in
It should be noted that the description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the proposed methods and systems. Those skilled in the art will be able to implement various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and embodiment outlined in the present document are principally intended expressly to be only for explanatory purposes to help the reader in understanding the principles of the proposed methods and systems. Furthermore, all statements herein providing principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.
Claims
1) A power converter comprising a flying capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a driver circuit for driving one of the four transistors, wherein wherein the power converter further comprises a regulation circuit configured to regulate a high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an input voltage at the input terminal of the power converter.
- the first transistor is directly, physically connected to an input terminal of the power converter and to a first terminal of the flying capacitor,
- the second transistor is directly, physically connected to the first terminal of the flying capacitor and to an output terminal of the power converter,
- the third transistor is directly, physically connected to the output terminal of the power converter and to a second terminal of the flying capacitor,
- the fourth transistor is directly, physically connected to the second terminal of the flying capacitor and to a reference potential, and
- the driver circuit is directly, physically connected to high side power rail and to a low side power rail,
2) The power converter of claim 1, wherein the regulation circuit is configured to regulate the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that a voltage difference between the high side voltage of the high side power rail and a low side voltage of the low side power rail does not exceed a pre-determined value.
3) The power converter of claim 2, wherein the reference voltage is determined by a sum of a target output voltage at the output terminal plus a positive offset voltage.
4) The power converter of one of the preceding claims, wherein
- the driver circuit is configured to drive the second transistor,
- the regulation circuit comprises a comparator configured to generate an error signal by comparing the high side voltage with a reference voltage, and
- the regulation circuit comprises a modulation device configured to modulate a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal.
5) The power converter of claim 4, wherein the low side power rail is coupled to the reference potential.
6) The power converter of claim 4, wherein a decoupling capacitor is coupled between the high side power rail and the low side power rail.
7) The power converter of claim 4, further comprising a bootstrap capacitor and another driver circuit configured to drive the first transistor, wherein
- the another driver circuit is coupled between a flying high side power rail and another low side power rail,
- the bootstrap capacitor is coupled between the flying high side power rail and the first terminal of the flying capacitor, and
- the another low side power rail is coupled to the first terminal of the flying capacitor.
8) The power converter of claim 7, wherein the regulation circuit is configured to regulate a flying voltage at the flying high side power rail such that the flying voltage approaches a sum of a voltage at the first terminal of the flying capacitor plus a positive offset voltage.
9) The power converter of claim 7, wherein the regulation circuit comprises a switching element configured to isolate, during a first time interval, the flying high side power rail from the high side power rail, and to connect, during a second time interval, the flying high side power rail with the high side power rail.
10) The power converter of claim 9, wherein the power converter is configured to, during the first time interval, for generating an electrical path from the input terminal of the power converter via the first transistor and via the flying capacitor to the output terminal of the power converter.
- close the third transistor, and
- open the second transistor and the fourth transistor
11) The power converter of claim 10, wherein the power converter is configured to, during the first time interval,
- operate the first transistor as a controllable power source for regulating an output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter if an overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter, and
- operate the first transistor as a switch which is either open or closed if no overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter.
12) The power converter of claim 11 comprising a current mirror configured to control a current through the first transistor for regulating the output voltage at the output terminal of the power converter during the first time interval converter if an overvoltage is detected at the input terminal of the power converter.
13) The power converter of claim 8, wherein the power converter is configured to, during the second time interval, for generating an electrical path from the reference potential via the flying capacitor to the output terminal of the power converter.
- open the first transistor and the third transistor, and
- close the second transistor and the fourth transistor
14) The power converter of claim 8, wherein
- the modulation device is configured to modulate the current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal only during the first time interval,
- the comparator is configured to generate another error signal by comparing the flying voltage at the flying high side terminal with another reference voltage during the second time interval, and
- the regulation circuit comprises another modulation device configured to modulate a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the flying high side power rail based on said another error signal during the second time interval.
15) A method for operating a power converter, wherein the power converter comprises a flying capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a driver circuit for driving one of the four transistors, the method comprising:
- directly, physically connecting the first transistor to an input terminal of the power converter and to a first terminal of the flying capacitor,
- directly, physically connecting the second transistor to the first terminal of the flying capacitor and to an output terminal of the power converter,
- directly, physically connecting the third transistor to the output terminal of the power converter and to a second terminal of the flying capacitor,
- directly, physically connecting the fourth transistor to the second terminal of the flying capacitor and to a reference potential,
- directly, physically connecting the driver circuit to a high side power rail and to a low side power rail,
- regulating a high side voltage of the high side power rail such that the regulated high side voltage is independent of an input voltage at the input terminal of the power converter.
16) The method of claim 15, further comprising
- regulating the high side voltage of the high side power rail such that a voltage difference between the high side voltage of the high side power rail and a low side voltage of the low side power rail does not exceed a pre-determined value.
17) The method of claim 16, comprising regulating the high side voltage of the high side power rail towards a reference voltage, wherein the reference voltage is determined by a sum of a target output voltage at the output terminal plus a positive offset voltage.
18) The method of claim 15, further comprising
- driving, by the driver circuit, the second transistor,
- generating an error signal by comparing the high side voltage with a reference voltage, and
- modulating a current between the input terminal of the power converter and the high side power rail based on said error signal.
19) The method of claim 18, the method further comprising
- providing a bootstrap capacitor and another driver circuit configured to drive the first transistor,
- coupling the another driver circuit between a flying high side power rail and another low side power rail,
- coupling the bootstrap capacitor between the flying high side power rail and the first terminal of the flying capacitor, and
- coupling the another low side power rail to the first terminal of the flying capacitor.
20) The method of claim 19, the method further comprising
- regulating a flying voltage at the flying high side power rail such that the flying voltage approaches a sum of a voltage at the first terminal of the flying capacitor plus a positive offset voltage.
21) The method of claim 20, the method further comprising
- isolating, by a switching element, during a first time interval, the flying high side power rail from the high side power rail, and
- connecting, by a switching element, during a second time interval, the flying high side power rail with the high side power rail.
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 31, 2018
Publication Date: Jul 2, 2020
Inventors: Jong Lee (Pleasanton, CA), Sabin Eftimie (San Jose, CA)
Application Number: 16/237,168