ULTRATHIN FILM COATING AND ELEMENT DOPING FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ELECTRODES
The present invention relates to various lithium ion battery cathodes as well as lithium ion batteries incorporating one or more of these cathodes. The present invention further relates to processes of preparing the lithium ion battery cathode.
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This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/034,239, filed Jun. 3, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCHThis invention was made with Government support under DMR 1464111 awarded by National Science Foundation. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to various lithium ion battery cathodes as well as lithium ion batteries incorporating one or more of these cathodes. The present invention further relates to processes of preparing these lithium ion battery cathodes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONNi-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) is considered as a next-generation Li-ion battery (LIB) cathode material powering electric vehicles, owing to its high specific capacity (>200 mAh/g), high average voltage (˜3.8 V), and low cost (compared with LiCoO2). However, its application is still restricted due to significant capacity fading and poor thermal characteristic. The reasons of degradation lie in the facts that active Ni4+ cations form on the surface at high delithiated state and readily convert active layered structure to inert rocksalt phase, parasitic reactions catalyzed by transition metals on the cathode surface, and the intrinsic structural instability due to H2→H3 phase transition above ˜4.1 V. Also, there is a sudden anisotropic lattice collapse during H2→H3 phase transition, which will cause microcracks and electrolyte penetration through them. These defects increase internal resistance of batteries, consume cyclable Li, and finally induce cell failure. The utilization of Ni-rich LIB cathodes has to compromise by limiting degree of discharge or upper cutoff voltage, which decreases energy density of batteries.
Work has been made to extend cycle life of Ni-rich LIB cathode, and representative approaches include surface coating, bulk doping, and tuning concentration gradient of cations. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 is another promising Ni-rich LIB cathode, which partially substitutes Ni with Al dopants to improve cyclic stability. Zr doping was also found to suppress antisitial defects and significant volume change in Ni-rich cathode. In addition, research unveiled new insights into the wide bandgap of Al2O3 and ZrO2 coatings for surface stability. Recently, coating with post-annealing emerged as an effective method to address instability of cathode materials. Also, manipulation of cation gradient will be much easier through diffusion of cations induced by post-annealing of cathode particles coated with thin films. As mentioned above, Al and Zr has attracted much attention as both coating and doping materials, and many efforts have been made on those investigations. There remains a need to develop designs for stable performance of Ni-rich LIB cathodes.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn various aspects, the present invention relates to a lithium ion battery cathode comprising: a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium; and a coating comprising alumina at least partially coating the doped lithium metal oxide.
Further aspects relate to a lithium ion battery comprising: a positive electrode comprising the lithium ion battery cathode as described herein, a negative electrode, a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte comprising lithium ions.
Still other aspects of the invention relate to a process of preparing the lithium ion battery cathode as described herein comprising depositing a coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium.
Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
The present invention relates to various lithium ion battery cathodes as well as lithium ion batteries incorporating one or more of these cathodes. The present invention further relates to processes of preparing these lithium ion battery cathodes.
Synergistic effects of coating one material and surface-doping another material were achieved by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and post-annealing. Al2O3 and ZrO2 ALD were compared for their synergistic effects on a Ni-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode. The Al2O3 ALD coating was found to provide stable surface but sacrificed capacity of NMC811, and Zr-doping mainly improved structural stability of NMC811. Therefore, the Al2O3 ALD coating was performed on the Zr-doped NMC811. Surprisingly, after 200 cycles of charge-discharge, the discharge capacity of LIB half cells based on Al2O3 coated Zr-doped NMC811 remained 85.9% of its initial capacity of 208 mAh/g at a 0.5C rate in a voltage range of 2.5-4.5 V, while the initial capacities and capacity retentions were 203 mAh/g and 75.3% for Zr-modified NMC811, 195 mAh/g and 79.2% for Al-modified NMC811, and 206 mAh/g and 51.1% for pristine NMC811. As such, it was discovered that combining an alumina coating and Zr surface-doping can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of LIB electrodes. Alumina coating can provide a stable surface to lithium oxides such as NMC811, and Zr surface-doping can supplementally address the structural problems that alumina coatings cannot solve.
Accordingly, in various embodiments, the present invention relates to a lithium ion battery cathode comprising: a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium; and a coating comprising alumina at least partially coating the doped lithium metal oxide. In some embodiments, the doped lithium metal oxide comprises a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. For example, the lithium metal oxide (without dopant) can be represented by the formula LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (as referred to as NMC). In certain embodiments, the doped lithium metal oxide comprises NMC811 (where x=0.8 and y=0.1).
Typically, the coating comprising alumina is ultrathin (i.e., nano-scale). In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating comprising alumina is from about 0.1 nm to 30 nm or from about 0.1 nm to 10 nm, or from about 0.1 nm to about 3 nm.
In further embodiments, the present invention relates to a lithium ion battery comprising: a positive electrode comprising the lithium ion battery cathode as described herein, a negative electrode, a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte comprising lithium ions.
In other embodiments, the invention relates to a process of preparing the lithium ion battery cathode as described herein comprising depositing a coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium.
In some embodiments, the coating comprising alumina is deposited by atomic layer deposition. Also, in certain embodiments, the process further comprises annealing the lithium ion battery cathode. For example, annealing can be conducted in an oxygen-containing atmosphere and at a temperature of 600° C. or greater or about 750° C. or greater.
In certain embodiments, the process further comprises modifying a lithium metal oxide with a dopant comprising zirconium to form the doped lithium metal oxide. For example, the lithium metal oxide can be modified with the dopant comprising zirconium by atomic layer deposition. In some embodiments, the process further comprises annealing the doped lithium metal oxide prior to depositing the coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide.
Having described the invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
EXAMPLESIn this work, the synergetic effect of coating and doping by Al or Zr on commercial NMC811 cathode particles was studied, and their different functions were compared. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was applied for the conformal Al2O3 or ZrO2 thin coating with various thicknesses, and then a post-annealing was performed to achieve Al or Zr doping with remaining surface coating. The samples were systematically characterized and tested for electrochemical performance. The mechanism of performance enhancement was studied and determined. The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention.
Example 1The following methods were used throughout the examples.
Atomic Layer Deposition:
NMC811 particles were purchased from NEI Corp without any further treatment. The particles were well stored in an Ar-filled glovebox. ALD was performed directly on NMC811 particles using a fluidized-bed reactor. Precursors included trimethylaluminum (TMA, Sigma Aldrich) and tetrakis(dimethylamino)zirconium (TDMAZ, Sigma Aldrich) as metal precursors for Al2O3 and ZrO2 ALD, respectively, and deionized water as oxidant for both ALD processes. ALD reaction temperatures were set to 177° C. and 200° C. for Al2O3 and ZrO2 ALD, respectively. Various thicknesses of metal oxides were coated, including 10, 15, and 25 for Al2O3 coatings (named as 10Al-NMC811, 15Al-NMC811, and 25Al-NMC811), and 10, 20, and 30 for ZrO2 coatings (named as 10Zr-NMC811, 20Zr-NMC811, and 30Zr-NMC811). In addition, 4 cycles of Al2O3 or 5 cycles of ZrO2 ALD were performed on NMC811 without further annealing to separately compare the effects of coating, and thus named as 4Al-NMC811 and 5Zr-NMC811. After ALD coating, the coated NMC811 particles were post-annealed in an O2 flow with a flowrate of 60 sccm at 750° C. for 10 hr in a quartz tube, and the ramping rate was 10° C./min. The annealed samples will be named with “A”, such as A-15Al-NMC811, and A-20Zr-NMC811. Pristine NMC811 particles were also annealed as a comparison.
Characterizations:
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to study the evolution of surface features of as-coated and post-annealed samples using a FEI Tecnai F20 equipped with a 200 kV field emission gun and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out with a Philips X-Pert Multi-purpose Diffractometer at a scan rate of 1.3°/min with CuKα radiation and a wavelength of 1.5406 Å. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was measured using Kratos Axis 165 through an introduction of AlKα radiation at 150 W and 15 kV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the cathodes after electrochemical tests by using a FEI Helios NanoLab 600 FESEM equipped with Dualbeam FIB and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). A-25Al-NMC811 and A-30Zr-NMC811 were investigated by SEM, TEM, and XPS due to their higher amount of Al and Zr for better view and stronger signal during characterizations. In case of overlapping between peaks of Zr and Pt in EDS scan, more points and longer dwelling time were used during EDS line scan of A-30Zr-NMC811 than those of A-25Al-NMC811. A-15Al-NMC811 and A-20Zr-NMC811 were investigated by XRD due to their better electrochemical performance.
Coin Cell Assembly:
The electrochemical performance was tested using CR2032 coin cells. For cathode fabrication, NMC811 powders, Super-P carbon black (Alfa Aesar), and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF, Alfa Aesar) were mixed in a weight ratio of 8:1:1 in a N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solution. The slurry was formed and casted on an Al foil with a doctor blade. The wet paste was dried at 80° C. for about 7 min and then dried overnight at 120° C. in a vacuum oven. The resulted cathode was punched into round discs with a projected area of 0.71 cm2, and the active materials was ˜3.5 g/cm2. Before coin cell assembly, the cathode discs were calendered with a force of 1.5 metric tons using a hydraulic pressing model. Coin cells was assembled in an Ar-filled glove box, with cathode discs, polypropylene separator (Celgard 2320), and Li foil (Sigma Aldrich), and two droplets of electrolyte (1M LiPF6 solution with EC/DMC 1:1 v/v, Sigma Aldrich) on each side of the separator.
Electrochemical Tests:
The electrochemical tests were carried out using a Neware 8-channel battery test station. A voltage range of 2.5-4.3 V was used for cell formation and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and 2.5-4.5V was set for cyclic tests. The ex situ XRD measurement was performed on charged cathode discs from dissembled coin cells, which were galvanostatically charged to set cutoff voltage (4.1, 4.3, and 4.3 V) during the 1st cycle at a 0.2C rate (1C=200 mA/g) and potentiostatically charged with a cutoff current density of a 0.03C rate. Three coin cells were tested in parallel for consistency of the cyclic tests, and a deviation of ˜0.3% occurred for the initial specific capacity, and ˜2% for capacity retentions. The coin cells were dissembled right after the voltage was reached in an Ar-filled glove box, and cathode discs were rinsed in DMC solvent to remove electrolyte residual, then dried in a vacuum oven, and sealed with Kapton film for XRD measurement. For GITT, the applied C rate was 0.1C, and coin cells were charged/discharged for 30 min with an interval time of 130 min (enough for equilibrium). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to study the impedance change for coin cells after charge/discharge cycling using a Biologic SP150 equipped with a low current accessory. After coin cells rested for about 3 hr, the EIS analysis was carried out in a frequency range of 1 MHz-10 mHz with an excitation signal of 5 mV. An EC-Lab software was used to fit the EIS data.
Example 2The effects of Al and Zr modification were first investigated separately before co-modification of Al and Zr. Either Al or Zr was performed as synergetic coating and doping on NMC811 by ALD and followed by post-annealing. In
XRD was used to check whether there was any crystal change for the NMC811 particles after coating or post-annealing. As shown in
An ex situ XRD was performed to investigate the structure change at different delithiated states in
According to the TEM images in
The facile Li+ transport was first examined during the initial charge/discharge cycle in
A cyclic test was then performed to depict the impact of modification by Al and Zr. In
For the sample with a thicker coating of 25 cycles of Al2O3 ALD followed by annealing (i.e., A-25Al-NMC811), it may be more complicated than the situation with only coatings. Diffusion of Al from Al2O3 coating to Ni-rich LIB cathode has been investigated, and it has been found that excess amount of Al would jeopardize the performance of NMC811, as Al could easily diffuse into the bulk of NMC811 and substitute Li+ to lower the performance of the cathode. Therefore, A-25Al-NMC811 did not show as good a performance as A-15Al-NMC811. As for A-10Al-NMC811, insufficient Al loading of A-25Al-NMC811 cannot help form LiAlO2, and thus lead to a worse cyclic stability. A proper amount of Al can act as a placeholder at Li site to suppress cation mixing at delithiated state of NMC811; in the meanwhile, it will form Li-conductive LiAlO2 coating on the surface. As for A-Zr-NMC811, the inter-substitution occurred between Ni and Zr, which can improve cation ordering in the transition metal slabs. Therefore, it is not a concern that dopants obstruct Li diffusion. However, the cyclic results exhibited a lower capacity retention of A-20Zr-NMC811 than that of A-15Al-NMC811, and the voltage hysteresis also showed a faster increase for A-20Zr-NMC811. In
For the initial 100 cycles of charge/discharge in
EIS was performed before and after the cyclic tests of coin cells. As shown in
SEM was used to study the cycled cathodes after 200 cycles of charge/discharge. The cracks were observed for the cycled spherical NMC811 particles and marked by red circles and arrows in
The Al and Zr modification on NMC811 were investigated on the properties of surface film, lattice structure, electrochemical performance, and post-test analysis. The Al2O3 or Al2O3/LiAlO2 coating of Al modification benefited the surface stability of NMC811, due to suppressed side reactions and continuous growth of the SPI layer, but the Al-doping by ALD plus post-annealing aggravated lattice collapse and, thus, resulted in a lower capacity. By adopting Zr doping instead, lattice collapse was alleviated, and Zr cations supported the structure during intercalation/de-intercalation of Li+ and, meanwhile, the slight expansion of the lattice structure due to Zr doping also favored Li+ transport properties in the bulk structure. Commonly, in a NCA cathode, Al dopant is added during synthesis in order to stabilize the structure of the Ni-rich cathode and improve cyclic stability, but it should be noted that this doping during synthesis in a NCA cathode differs from doping achieved by annealing of coating film in this work due to variations of structures and bulk local ordering in the cathode, so Al dopant exhibited a negative function in this work.
In light of the analysis above, a synergy combining Al-surface modification and Zr-bulk modification was performed by coating A-20Zr-NMC811 particles with 4 cycles of Al2O3 ALD (˜0.5 nm thick). The cyclic tests were performed at different C rates and 0.5C rate.
In sum, NMC811 particles were co-modified by Zr surface-doping and Al2O3 coating. Al2O3 and ZrO2 films were coated on NMC811 particles by ALD, followed by annealing. Formation of LiAlO2 is the advantage of Al-based surface coating, which can improve surface chemistry of NMC811 and, thus, promote cyclic stability, but the Al doping aggravated lattice collapse during H2→H3 phase transition, which is not desirable. The Zr-doping expanded and supported lattice structure of NMC811 and thus improved Li+ transport properties and structural stability. In light of this comparison, the performance of NMC811 was further improved by performing a design of Al-surface modification and Zr-doping that combining their synergetic effects. A summary schematic is found in
When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiments(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained. As various changes could be made in the above compositions and processes without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Claims
1. A lithium ion battery cathode comprising:
- a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium; and
- a coating comprising alumina at least partially coating the doped lithium metal oxide.
2. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the doped lithium metal oxide comprises a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide.
3. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the lithium metal oxide is represented by the formula LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC).
4. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the doped lithium metal oxide comprises NMC811.
5. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating comprising alumina is from about 0.1 nm to 30 nm.
6. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating comprising alumina is from about 0.1 nm to 10 nm.
7. The lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating comprising alumina is from about 0.1 nm to about 3 nm.
8. A lithium ion battery comprising:
- a positive electrode comprising the lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1,
- a negative electrode,
- a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and
- an electrolyte comprising lithium ions.
9. A process of preparing the lithium ion battery cathode of claim 1, the process comprising:
- depositing a coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide comprising a dopant comprising zirconium.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the coating comprising alumina is deposited by atomic layer deposition.
11. The process of claim 9, further comprising annealing the lithium ion battery cathode.
12. The process of claim 10, further comprising annealing the lithium ion battery cathode.
13. The process of claim 11 wherein the annealing is conducted in an oxygen-containing atmosphere and at a temperature of 600° C. or greater.
14. The process of claim 11 wherein the annealing is conducted in an oxygen-containing atmosphere and at a temperature of about 750° C. or greater.
15. The process of claim 9, further comprising modifying a lithium metal oxide with a dopant comprising zirconium to form the doped lithium metal oxide.
16. The process of claim 10, further comprising modifying a lithium metal oxide with a dopant comprising zirconium to form the doped lithium metal oxide.
17. The process of claim 11, further comprising modifying a lithium metal oxide with a dopant comprising zirconium to form the doped lithium metal oxide.
18. The process of claim 15 wherein the lithium metal oxide is modified with the dopant comprising zirconium by atomic layer deposition.
19. The process of claim 15, further comprising annealing the doped lithium metal oxide prior to depositing the coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide.
20. The process of claim 18, further comprising annealing the doped lithium metal oxide prior to depositing the coating comprising alumina on a doped lithium metal oxide.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 3, 2021
Publication Date: Dec 9, 2021
Applicant: The Curators of the University of Missouri (Columbia, MO)
Inventors: Xinhua Liang (Rolla, MO), Yan Gao (Rolla, MO)
Application Number: 17/337,641