Apparatus for controlling solid particle flow in an evaporator
An apparatus for use in an evaporator for selectively controlling the flow of solid particles within the evaporator. The apparatus includes a separation chamber having a plurality of apertures, each of which has a critical size. In the separation chamber, solid particles which are larger than a critical size are separated from the remainder of the solution. The separated particles exit the separation chamber via a bypass conduit for circulation directly to the sump of the evaporator for recombining with the separated liquid portion which passed through the separation chamber and was subsequently concentrated in the heat exchange tubes. The apparatus prevents solid particles from clogging the system and allows for continuous circulation of the solution and solid particles.
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The present invention relates in general to an apparatus for selectively controlling the flow of solid particles in evaporators having vertical heat exchange tubes, including falling film evaporators.
BACKGROUND ARTA wide range of industries employ evaporators for concentrating solutions and slurries, including oil refining, synthetic fuel production, food processing, herbicide and pesticide production, electric generating stations, primary metal refining, pharmaceutical production, and pulp and paper manufacture. The evaporators may be used to increase the concentration of a fluid component, and/or to crystallize a solute component. Various types of evaporators are available and are well known in the prior art. An example is a vertical, tube-in-shell, falling film evaporator. In such evaporators, a solution or slurry is circulated repeatedly through heat exchange tubes. As the solution or slurry passes through the heat exchange tubes, the solvent, i.e., water or organic solvent, is gradually evaporated, leaving a more concentrated solution or slurry, and often causing solute components to precipitate.
Evaporators typically include various chambers, apertures, and tubes through which the solution or slurry must pass repeatedly as it is concentrated. Care must be taken to provide for efficient flow of solid particles as well as liquid. Slurries contain solid particles even during initial stages of concentration, while solutions contain solutes, i.e., salts, which may precipitate out of solution during concentration. These solid particles can cause clogging in various parts of the evaporator.
Deposits may occur along the walls or other surfaces of the evaporator. Deposits may break off in the form of chips or flakes, which can cause clogging of the evaporator and interrupt the flow of the solution or slurry to be concentrated. If the system is clogged and circulation cannot proceed efficiently, the system must be shut down to allow operators to clear and clean the blockage.
Deposits occur while the evaporator is in operation and also while the evaporator is shut down for cleaning; as the walls of the evaporator system are allowed to dry out during the cleaing operation, significant amounts of deposits can form. When the system is restarted and circulation is restored, the new deposits often flake off and reclog the system.
The clogging problem is most serious when chips lodge themselves within smaller apertures, such as the inlet orifices of the fluid distributors mounted at the top of heat exchange tubes. One such distributor is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,296. Chips interfere with normal flow of the brine, and can effectively remove entire heat exchange tubes from operation.
Various attempts have been made to remove the chips or flakes by filtration. For example, screens or strainers have been fitted inside the evaporator system. However, such screens must be cleaned periodically, and in order to do so, the evaporator system must be shut down, resulting in lost time, increased costs of operation, and further formation of deposits. In addition, when the evaporator is restarted, additional chips and flakes may form downstream of the screen or strainer, and reclog the system.
It is, therefore, desirable to design an apparatus which will facilitate separation of solid particles from liquid, and which will not require the system to be shut down for cleaning of the separation apparatus.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTIONIt is an object of the present invention to separate solid particles from liquid in a solution or slurry undergoing concentration in an evaporator system.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide for continuous separation of solid particles from liquid within an evaporator without the need for periodic shutting down of the system to clean the separation apparatus.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a bypass route through which solid particles can circulate through the system, rather than being deposited at the site of the separation apparatus.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus which enhances the turbulent flow of solid particles within the liquid so as to facilitate breaking up of solid particles into smaller units.
These and other objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the description of the invention which follows.
The present invention discloses a solid particle flow apparatus for use in an evaporator for concentrating slurries or solutions containing solid particles and liquid. Such evaporators may be falling film evaporators, and the like. They include a plurality of substantially vertical heat exchange tubes, a lower reservoir positioned below the heat exchange tubes, a second reservoir positioned above the heat exchange tubes, and recirculation conduit for recirculating slurry or solution from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir.
The solid particle flow apparatus of the present invention includes a separation chamber which has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet is positionable to receive slurry or solution from the recirculation conduit. The outlet is connected to the bypass conduit, described below. The outlet may be positioned at substantially the lowest portion of the separation chamber to encourage travel of the separated solid particles toward the outlet under the influence of gravity.
The separation chamber also has a plurality of apertures which are sized to separate solid particles from liquid. The size of each aperture is a "critical" size--a predetermined size above which the solid particles cause unacceptable clogging of various parts of the evaporator. Solid particles larger than the critical size are preferably separated from the liquid to prevent clogging downstream. The chamber apertures communicate a substantial portion of the liquid to the upper reservoir exterior of the separation chamber for passage through the heat exchange tubes to the lower reservoir.
In addition, the solid particle flow apparatus has a bypass conduit which is connected to the outlet of the separation chamber and which is positionable to channel solid particles which are larger than the critical size from the separation chamber to the lower reservoir. The solid particles which are channeled through the bypass conduit do not enter the upper reservoir exterior of the separation chamber. A substantial portion of the liquid exits the separation chamber through the apertures to the upper reservoir exterior of the separation chamber. The liquid is then recombined with the separated solid particles in the lower reservoir after first passing through the heat exchange tubes.
The bypass conduit of the present invention may be positionable to channel the separated solid particles to one or more of the plurality of heat exchange tubes for travel to the lower reservoir while preventing the separated solid particles from entering the remainder of the plurality of heat exchange tubes.
The separation chamber of the present invention, or a portion thereof, may be substantially conical in shape. The separation chamber may be constructed from steel screen material, or from steel material in which apertures have been punched or formed.
The separation chamber may be sized to fit between an upper wall of the evaporator and the top of the heat exchange tubes. Further, the separation chamber may be attached for support to an upper wall of the evaporator. The chamber inlet may be positioned in an upper portion of the separation. Similarly, the chamber outlet may be positioned in a lower portion of of the chamber. For example, the chamber may be conical in shape and may have an outlet in a lower portion of the conically-shaped chamber. The chamber may also have tapered sidewalls and may have an outlet positioned at a lower point of the tapered sidewalls.
The present invention also includes a method for selectively and continuously separating solid particles having a size larger than a critical size from liquid in a slurry or solution being concentrated in an evaporator. The critical size is a predetermined size above which the solid particles cause unacceptable clogging in various apertures in the evaporator. The method includes the steps of providing at least a first reservoir for the slurry or solution; separating from the liquid solid particles having a size larger than a critical size; channeling to the first reservoir the solid particles which were removed from the liquid; channeling to the first reservoir the solid particles which were removed from the liquid; and channeling the concentrated liquid to the first reservoir.
The separation step of the method of the present invention may also include the steps of providing a separation chamber having apertures with a size substantially equal to the critical size or smaller; providing a second reservoir in fluid communication with the heat exchanger; positioning the separation chamber within the second reservoir; and recirculating the slurry or solution from the first reservoir into the separation chamber. The step of channeling the solid particles to the first reservoir may further include the step of providing a bypass conduit connected to and leading from the separation chamber to the first reservoir without passage of the separated solid particles through the heat exchanger.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a schematic of a prior art evaporator without the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows an evaporator fitted with the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a detailed view of the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart schematically illustrating the steps of the method taught by the present invention.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTThe solid particle flow apparatus of the present invention is designed for use with an evaporator for concentrating slurries and/or solutions. A typical prior art falling film evaporator is shown in FIG. 1. Such evaporators usually include a plurality of heat exchange tubes 10 arranged substantially vertically. The evaporator also has an upper reservoir or flood box 12, a lower reservoir or sump 14, and a recirculation means 16 for recirculating the slurry or solution from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir. The recirculation means typically includes at least one recirculation conduit 20, and a recirculation pump 18. Also typically present in evaporators, but not shown for clarity, are heating means, means for introducing slurry or solution to the evaporator, and means for removing concentrated slurry or solution from the evaporator.
In operation, an evaporator such as the one depicted in FIG. 1 continuously circulates the slurry or solution from the lower reservoir 14, through the recirculating means 16, back to the upper reservoir 12. The slurry or solution repeatedly passes through the heat exchange tubes 10, where solvent is evaporated, leaving a more concentrated slurry or solution.
The heat exchange tubes 10 may be fitted with distributors 22 which direct the slurry or solution as it enters the heat exchange tubes. An example of distributors is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,296, issued to Louis J. Jezek and entitled "Fluid Distributor for Condensor Tubes". Distributors, such as those described in the Jezek patent, introduce the slurry or solution into the heat exchange tubes in a film form, thus enhancing evaporation. Such distributors have small apertures which must remain open in order for the evaporator to run most efficiently. Solid particles, such as chips or flakes in the slurry or solution can block and clog the apertures in the distributor, preventing normal thin film flow and limiting performance of the heat exchange tubes, or if completely blocked, effectively remove the tube from service.
The solid particle flow apparatus of the present invention is designed to prevent such blockage, in distributors or elsewhere in the system, by selectively controlling the flow of solid particles. FIG. 2 shows the evaporator of FIG. 1 fitted with an apparatus of the present invention. The solid particle flow apparatus includes a separation chamber 24 and a bypass conduit 26.
FIG. 3 is a more detailed illustration of the solid particle flow apparatus. The separation chamber 24 is fitted within the upper reservoir 12 and is positioned below an outlet 27 of the recirculation conduit 20. The separation chamber is preferably attached to a cover 28 of the upper reservoir by bolts, screws, pins or other means of attachment 30.
The separation chamber 24 includes a plurality of apertures 32 which are sized to separate solid particles from liquid. Each chamber aperture 32 is of a "critical size." The critical size may vary from system to system but should be equal to or smaller than the apertures downstream of the separation chamber and upstream of the heat exchange tubes. As such, the chamber apertures 32 should be of such dimensions as to separate from the liquid all solid particles which are large enough to block apertures downstream of the separation chamber and upstream of the heat exchange tubes, for example, the apertures in the distributors 22.
The separation chamber 24 may be constructed from sheet steel into which holes, preferably round ones, have been punched or otherwise formed. It also may be constructed from steel screen or mesh material. Preferably, the separation chamber is conical in shape, or at least a lower portion 33 of the separation chamber is conical in shape, such as is shown in FIG. 3. This shape helps to funnel the solid particles down to an outlet 34 of the separation chamber 24 which is located at the bottom of the lower portion 33 of the separation chamber. The chamber outlet communicates with the bypass conduit 26. The bypass conduit is attached to the chamber outlet 34 by conventional attachment means 36. The bypass conduit extends from the separation chamber outlet into at least one of the heat exchange tubes 10. Preferably, the bypass conduit is sized to fit within the heat exchange tube. The heat exchange tube into which the bypass conduit is fitted has no distributor in it.
The apparatus of the present invention may be incorporated into evaporators during original construction, or, may be retrofitted to existing evaporators. For example, many evaporators have doors, or manholes, in the top of the upper reservoir 12 to allow operators to enter the upper reservoir to permit its cleaning and maintenance. The apparatus of the present invention may be constructed outside the evaporator and then installed by an operator entering the upper reservoir through the existing doors. Not only does the present invention improve the efficiency of the conventional evaporator, the present invention is economical to construct and install as original equipment or as a retrofit on existing evaporators.
In operation, the slurry or solution circulating in the evaporator undergoes concentration. It is circulated from the lower reservoir 14 to the upper reservoir 12 through the recirculation conduit 20. The separation chamber 24 receives the recirculated slurry or solution from the outlet 27 of the recirculation conduit. Upon entering the separation chamber, the slurry or solution undergoes physical separation, whereby solid particles which are larger than the critical size are separated from the liquid, and a substantial portion of the liquid component exits the separation chamber through the chamber apertures 32. The exiting liquid enters the upper reservoir exterior of the separation chamber and then enters the heat exchange tubes 10 where it is further concentrated. Solid particles which are larger than the critical size and will not pass through the chamber apertures 32 exit the separation chamber through the chamber outlet 34 into the bypass conduit 26. The solid particles then pass directly to one of the heat exchange tubes 10 into which the bypass conduit is fitted for travel to the lower reservoir 14.
In addition to its straining function, the separation chamber 24 also helps to reduce the size of the solid particles through turbulence and impact of the solid particles against the wall of the separation chamber. When the size of the solid particles is sufficiently reduced, the solid particles will no longer cause clogging problems in the evaporator.
The present invention also includes a method for selectively controlling the flow of solid particles within the evaporator. The following discussion of the method of the present invention is better understood with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 4.
A slurry or solution undergoing concentration in the evaporator is held in the reservoir. The slurry or solution has a liquid component and solid particles, the solid particles usually being of varying sizes. The first step of the method of the present invention is to separate from the liquid component the solid particles which are larger than the critical size. Particles which are larger than the critical size and which, therefore, will not flow through downstream apertures will be removed from the slurry or solution before the slurry or solution continues downstream, i.e., enters the distributors of the evaporator.
A second step in the method is to recirculate the separated solid particles back to the reservoir containing the slurry or solution. Preferably, this step of recirculation is achieved by washing the solid particles through a conduit with the aid of some of the liquid from the slurry or solution.
A third step in the method is to direct the separated liquid to the heat exchange tubes of the evaporator. The liquid may contain solid particles; however, they will all be of a size smaller than the critical size and hence will not create blockage problems in the distributors or heat exchange tubes. Within the heat exchange tubes, the liquid undergoes concentration.
A final step in the method is to direct the concentrated liquid back to the reservoir containing the slurry or solution where it is again mixed with the solids which were removed in the first step.
The method of the present invention provides for continual circulation of solid particles, and does not provide for a building up of solid particles at any point in the system, such as would a conventional filter. As the solid particles are constantly separated from the liquid and recirculated, at least a portion of them will decrease in size as a result of the turbulence, and will pose less of a clogging problem.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
Claims
1. An improved apparatus for selectively controlling the flow of solid particles having a size larger than a critical size for use in an evaporator for concentrating slurries and solutions containing solid particles and liquid, the critical size being a predetermined size above which the solid particles cause unacceptable clogging of the evaporator, the evaporator having a plurality of generally vertical heat exchange tubes, a lower reservoir positioned below the heat exchange tubes, an upper reservoir positioned above the heat exchange tubes, and a recirculation conduit for recirculating slurry or solution from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, wherein the improvement comprises:
- a separation chamber having an inlet and an outlet and having a plurality of apertures sized to separate from the liquid solid particles larger than the critical size, said separation chamber positioned within the upper reservoir, with said chamber inlet positioned to receive slurry or solution from the recirculation conduit within the interior of said separation chamber, and said chamber apertures communicating a substantial portion of the liquid to the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber for passage through the heat exchange tubes to the lower reservoir, said separation chamber being sized to fit between an upper wall of the evaporator and the heat exchange tubes;
- a bypass conduit connected to said chamber outlet and positioned to channel from the interior of said separation chamber solid particles which are larger than the critical size to the lower reservoir without entering the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber, with said substantial portion of the liquid exiting the interior of said separation chamber through said chamber apertures to the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber being recombined with the separated solid particle in the lower reservoir after first passing through the heat exchange tubes.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said chamber outlet is positioned at substantially the lowest portion of said separation chamber to encourage travel of the separated solid particles toward said chamber outlet under the influence of gravity.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said bypass conduit is positioned to channel the solid particles which are larger than the critical size to at least one of the plurality of heat exchange tubes for travel to the lower reservoir while preventing the solid particles from entering the remainder of the plurality of heat exchange tubes.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber is substantially conical in shape.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a lower portion of the separation chamber is substantially conical in shape.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber is constructed from steel screen material.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber has walls constructed from steel material and said apertures are round holes formed in said steel walls.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber inlet is positioned at an upper portion of said chamber.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber outlet is positioned at a lower portion of said chamber.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said separation chamber has tapered sidewalls.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said separation chamber outlet is positioned at a lower point of said tapered sidewalls.
12. An evaporation apparatus for concentrating slurries or solutions containing liquid and solid particles larger than a critical size, comprising:
- an upper reservoir;
- a lower reservoir;
- a plurality of substantially vertical heat exchange tubes extending between said upper and lower reservoirs for circulating the slurries or solutions from said upper reservoir to said lower reservoir and concentrating said slurries or solutions as they pass through said heat exchange tubes;
- a recirculation conduit connected to said upper and lower reservoirs and recirculating the slurry or solution from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir;
- a separation chamber having an inlet and an outlet and having a plurality of apertures sized to separate from the liquid solid particles larger than the critical size, said separation chamber positioned within the upper reservoir, with said chamber inlet positioned to receive slurry or solution from the recirculation conduit within the interior of said separation chamber, and said chamber apertures communicating a substantial portion of the liquid to the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber for passage through the heat exchange tubes to the lower reservoir, said separation chamber being sized to fit between an upper wall of the evaporator and the heat exchange tubes; and
- a bypass conduit connected to said chamber outlet and positioned to channel from the interior of said separation chamber solid particles which are larger than the critical size to the lower reservoir without entering the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber, with said substantial portion of the liquid exiting the interior of said separation chamber through said chamber apertures to the upper reservoir exterior of said separation chamber being recombined with the separated solid particles in the lower reservoir after first passing through the heat exchange tubes.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said chamber outlet is positioned at substantially the lowest portion of said separation chamber to encourage travel of the separated solid particles toward said chamber outlet under the influence of gravity.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said bypass conduit is positioned to channel the solid particles which are larger than the critical size to at least one of the plurality of heat exchange tubes for travel to the lower reservoir while preventing the solid particles from entering the remainder of the plurality of heat exchange tubes.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber is attached for support to an upper wall of the evaporator.
16. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said chamber outlet is positioned at substantially the lowest portion of said separation chamber to encourage travel of the separated solid particles toward said chamber outlet under the influence of gravity.
17. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber is substantially conical in shape.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein a lower portion of the separation chamber is substantially conical in shape.
19. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber is constructed from steel screen material.
20. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber has walls constructed from steel material and said apertures are round holes formed in said steel walls.
21. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber inlet is positioned at an upper portion of said chamber.
22. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber outlet is positioned at a lower portion of said chamber.
23. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said separation chamber has tapered sidewalls.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein said separation chamber outlet is positioned at a lower point of said tapered sidewalls.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 12, 1990
Date of Patent: May 26, 1992
Assignee: Resources Conservation Co. (Bellevue, WA)
Inventor: Joseph J. Bostjancic (Renton, WA)
Primary Examiner: Virginia Manoharan
Law Firm: Seed and Berry
Application Number: 7/596,246
International Classification: B01D 106; B01D 130;
