Electrode including a metal connection and a core having a fiber or foam-type structure for an electrochemical cell

Abstract

A method of bonding a metal connection to an electrode including a core having a fiber or foam-type structure for an electrochemical cell, in which method at least one metal strip is pressed against one edge of the core and is welded thereto under compression, wherein, at least in line with the region in which the strip is welded to the core, which is referred to as the "main core", a retaining core of a type analogous to that of the main core is disposed prior to the welding.

Description

The present invention relates to a method of bonding a metal connection to an electrode including a core having a fiber or foam-type structure for an electrochemical cell, and in particular for batteries of storage cells designed for industrial applications and for use in providing traction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of fiber or foam cores for such applications is extremely advantageous because it enables the weight of the batteries to be considerably reduced. But, in addition to its light weight, the core of the electrode must be highly porous, it must be conductive, and it must be mechanically strong enough at the bond between it and its electrical connection which is a rigid metal conductor, e.g. a steel strip.

Such bonding is generally performed by welding. The edge of the core is pressed against the connection, and it is welded thereto under pressure. Patent Application FR-A-2 604 302 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,956 describe such methods.

In another variant, it is possible to use two metal strips, one on each side of an edge of the core of the electrode, the strips being welded to the core electrically.

It has been observed that such solutions are not satisfactory with respect to the electrical and mechanical performance levels of the electrode.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method that enables said performance levels to be improved considerably.

The present invention provides a method of bonding a metal connection to an electrode including a core having a fiber or foam-type structure for an electrochemical cell, in which method at least one metal strip is pressed against one edge of said core and is welded thereto under compression, wherein, at least in line with the region in which said strip is welded to said core, which is referred to as the "main core", a retaining core of a type analogous to that of said main core is disposed prior to the welding.

In a first variant, said metal strip is interposed between said main core and said retaining core.

In a second variant, two metal strips are used, one on each side of the assembly formed by said main core and by said retaining core.

Preferably, the height of metal strip that is secured to said cores is less than half the height of said retaining core.

With either one of the above variants, in a first embodiment of an electrode of the invention, said bonding is performed prior to pasting the electrochemically-active substance onto said main core and onto said retaining core, whereafter the entire electrode is compressed to a predetermined thickness.

In a second embodiment of an electrode of the invention, firstly said main core and said retaining core are bonded together by compression, then an electrically-conductive electrochemically-active substance is pasted onto the resulting assembly, the entire electrode is compressed to a predetermined thickness, and the connection is welded to the electrode.

When the electrochemically-active substance is not conductive, it is not pasted onto the main core or onto the retaining core in the region in which said connection is welded.

To improve the fastening between said main core and said retaining core still further, a plurality of perforations, e.g. of diameter lying in the range 2 mm to 8 mm, are provided in either one of said cores, e.g. at a pitch lying in the range 5 mm to 50 mm. On being compressed, the two cores become interfitted.

It is also possible to improve said fastening by presecuring the main core to the retaining core by electrical or ultrasonic spot welding.

For example, the electrochemically-active substances may be chosen from nickel hydroxide, hydridable alloys, carbon, cadmium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, and silver oxide. Conventional additives are added to the various active substances.

The material of said main core and of said retaining core may be chosen from a nickel foam, a nickel-plated foam, and a nickel-plated or silver-plated polyurethane felt.

Advantageously, said strip is made of nickel-plated steel having a thickness lying in the range 0.05 mm to 1 mm; said main core and said retaining core are made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area lying in the range 200 g/m.sup.2 to 2,000 g/m.sup.2, the initial thickness of the main core lying in the range 0.5 mm to 5 mm, and the initial thickness of the retaining core also lying in the range 0.5 mm to 5 mm; preferably, the weight per unit area is about 500 g/m.sup.2, the initial thickness of the main core is 1.7 mm, and the initial thickness of the retaining core is also 1.7 mm.

When mechanical stresses on the connection are expected to be particularly large, it is preferable to chose a weight per unit area for the retaining core that is greater than the weight per unit area of the main core. Therefore, said main core is made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area lying in the range 500 g/m.sup.2 to 900 g/m.sup.2, and an initial thickness lying in the range 1.4 mm to 2.5 mm, and said retaining core is made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area lying in the range 500 g/m.sup.2 to 1,500 g/m.sup.2, and an initial thickness lying in the range 1.4 mm to 2.5 mm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the following description of embodiments given by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an electrode that is not part of the invention;

FIG. 2A is a highly-diagrammatic exploded fragmentary view in cross-section through a main core, through a retaining core and through two strips, the cores and the strips being used to form an electrode of the invention;

FIG. 2B is a highly-diagrammatic perspective view of the electrode shown in FIG. 2A after it has been bonded to its connection in accordance with the invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are analogous to FIGS. 2A and 2B, but they show a variant embodiment having a single strip;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are respectively an exploded perspective view and a section view of an improved bond between a main core and a retaining core that are used to form an electrode of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing another improved bond between a main core and a retaining core that are used to form an electrode of the invention; and

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing another variant of an electrode obtained by performing the method of the invention.

MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLE I

FIG. 1 shows an electrode 1 that is not part of the present invention. That electrode includes a core 2 made of nickel foam having an initial thickness of 1.7 mm and a weight per unit area of 500 grams per square meter (g/m.sup.2).

Nickel hydroxide was pasted onto the core, except in the region 3 to which the connection was to be bonded. The pasted core 2 was compressed to a thickness of 1 mm. Metal strips 4 and 5 made of nickel-plated steel that was 0.1 mm thick were then pressed on respective sides of the region 3 of the core 2, and over the entire width of the electrode. The strips and the region 3 were compressed and spot welded together (the spot welds are referenced 6). The electrode 1 was 70 mm wide and 150 mm high.

EXAMPLE II

In an embodiment of the invention that is shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, a main core 12 was used that was analogous to core 2, and two metal strips 14 and 15 were used that were analogous to strips 4 and 5. But, a retaining core 17 made of nickel foam having an initial thickness of 1.7 mm and a weight per unit area of 500 g/m.sup.2 was disposed between strip 15 and the main core 12, in line with the welding region provided for welding to the connection, and over the entire width of the electrode.

The height of that portion 18 of the retaining core 17 which was to be involved in the welding was about one third of the total height of the retaining core (for example said total height may be 20 cm for an electrode that is 150 mm high).

The connection was spot welded to the electrode (the spot welds being referenced 16). The electrochemically-active substance (nickel hydroxide) was pasted onto the cores 12 and 17 except in the welding regions 13 and 18, and the resulting assembly was compressed to a final thickness for the electrode 20 of 1 mm.

EXAMPLE III

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a variant embodiment of an electrode of the invention.

The main core 22 made of nickel foam having an initial thickness of 1.7 mm and a weight per unit area of 500 g/m.sup.2 was associated with a retaining core 27 that was analogous to core 17, and with a strip 24 that was analogous to the above-mentioned strips 14 and 15, but that was 0.2 mm thick. After being compressed, the connection and the electrode were bonded together by electrical seam welding represented diagrammatically by line 25. The cores 22 and 27 were pasted as above with nickel hydroxide, except in the regions 23 and 28 involved in the welding.

The resulting assembly was then compressed until an electrode 30 that was 1 mm thick was obtained.

The above three same-size electrodes (Examples I to III) were subjected to three types of test:

a tensile test performed at a speed of 5 mm per minute: the breaking stress was measured in decanewtons;

a reversed-bending endurance test: the electrode was held horizontal and it was rotated about a horizontal axis that was perpendicular to the connection; a count was taken of the number of revolutions required to break the connection; and

an impedance test: the impedance, i.e. the voltage to current ratio as measured at a discharge level of 35% was tested; the impedance represented the electrical resistance of the electrode in milliohms.

Table I gives the results of the various tests.

                TABLE I                                                     
     ______________________________________                                    
             Rupture force                                                     
                        Number of Impedance                                    
             in daN     revolutions                                            
                                  mohms                                        
     ______________________________________                                    
     Example I 4.1          2         8.3                                      
     Example II                                                                
               13           28        4.4                                      
     Example III                                                               
               11           >50       3.6                                      
     ______________________________________                                    

This table clearly shows the improvements made by performing the method of the invention.

It can also be observed that the central strip in example III is inside the electrode, and there is no danger of it damaging the separators situated on either side of the electrode in the storage cell; in this way, short-circuits can be avoided.

In this variant, if the electrochemically-active substance is conductive, it is possible to paste it onto regions 23 and 28 of cores 22 and 27 before the connection is bonded to the electrode. In this way, optimum capacity can be achieved for electrode.

In the above examples, the retaining core and the main core were made of identical nickel foams. But, depending on the desired optimum characteristic, it is possible to vary the thickness and the weight per unit area of the chosen foams, within the above-indicated limits.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show an improvement to the method of the invention, whereby prior to any bonding operation, the retaining core 42 is fastened securely to the main core 41.

For that purpose, holes 43 having respective diameters of 6 mm are provided at a pitch of 15 mm in the nickel foam of the main core 41 which has an initial thickness of 1.7 mm and a weight per unit area of 500 g/m.sup.2. The diameter of the holes may be varied in the range 2 mm to 8 mm, and the pitch may be varied in the range 5 mm to 50 mm. The retaining core 42 initially has the same characteristics as the main core 41. On being compressed, the two cores become interfitted as shown in the diagrammatic section view of FIG. 4B.

FIG. 5 shows other means for fastening together cores 51 and 52 that are respectively analogous to cores 41 and 42. Initially, the cores are compressed and spot welded together. The diameter of the spot welds 53 is 2 mm, and it may be varied in the range 1 mm to 4 mm. The pitch of the spot welds is 15 mm and it may be varied in the range 5 mm to 50 mm.

The line of the spot welds is located below the welding region to which the connection is welded. To show this layout better, FIG. 2B includes a line referenced 55 that corresponds to the edge of strip 14.

FIG. 6 shows a variant embodiment of an electrode 60 obtained by performing the method of the invention. In this variant, the electrode 60 includes a central strip 64 that is analogous to the strip 24 of the electrode shown in FIG. 3B. Cores 61 and 62 are analogous to the cores 51 and 52 shown in FIG. 5, and the central strip 64 is interposed between them. The two cores are compressed and welded together by means of spot welds 63, and the two cores are welded to the strip by means of spot welds 67. Paste is then applied to the electrode over its entire height, and the electrode is then compressed.

Naturally, the invention is not limited to the examples given. In particular, without going beyond the ambit of the invention, the order of steps for manufacturing the electrode may be modified, as may the parameters of the structures of the cores, and the foams may be replaced with felts. Furthermore, the connection and the retaining core may be pressed against only a portion of the width of the electrode. Preferably, that portion is not less than half the width of the electrode.

Claims

1. An electrode for an electrochemical cell, said electrode comprising:

a main core having one of a fiber and a foam structure;

a metal connection for securing said electrode in said electrochemical cell, said metal connection comprising at least one metal strip; and

a retaining core having substantially the same fiber or foam structure as said main core, but different dimensional characteristics, wherein

said metal connection is fixedly secured to respective edge portions of said main core and said retaining core.

2. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal connection comprises a single metal strip, and wherein said metal strip is positioned between said main core and said retaining core.

3. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal connection comprises two metal strips, and wherein said two metal strips are positioned on opposite sides of a core assembly formed by said main core and said retaining core.

4. An electrode as recited in claim 1, further comprising an electrochemically-active substance pasted on said main core and said retaining core.

5. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said main core and said retaining core are compressed so as to exhibit a reduced thickness.

6. An electrode as recited in claim 1, further comprising an electrochemically-active substance pasted on said main core and said retaining core except for a region where said metal connection contacts said main core and said retaining core.

7. An electrode as recited in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of perforations in one of said main core and said retaining core for fastening said main core and said retaining core when said main core and said retaining core are compressed together.

8. An electrode as recited in claim 7, wherein said perforations each have a diameter in a range of from about 2 mm to about 8 mm, and are spaced at a pitch in a range of from about 5 mm to about 50 mm.

9. An electrode as recited in claim 4, wherein said electrochemically-active substance is one of nickel hydroxide, a hydridable alloy, carbon, cadmium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and silver oxide.

10. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said main core and said retaining core comprise one of nickel foam, nickel-plated foam, nickel-plated polyurethane felt, and silver-plated polyurethane felt.

11. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal connection has a thickness in a range of from about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm, and wherein said main core and said retaining core are made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area in a range of from about 200 g/m.sup.2 to about 2,000 g/m.sup.2, an uncompressed thickness of said main core in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and an uncompressed thickness of said retaining core also in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm.

12. An electrode as recited in claim 11, wherein said weight per unit area is about 500 g/m.sup.2, and wherein the uncompressed thickness of said main core and said retaining core is about 1.7 mm, respectively.

13. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal connection is made of nickel-plated steel having a thickness in a range of from about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm, said main core is made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area in a range of from about 500 g/m.sup.2 to about 900 g/m.sup.2, and an uncompressed thickness in a range of from about 1.4 mm to about 2.5 mm, and said retaining core is made of nickel foam having a weight per unit area in a range of from about 500 g/m.sup.2 to about 1,500 g/m.sup.2, and an initial thickness in a range of from about 1.4 mm to about 2.5 mm.

14. An electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein a height of said at least one metal strip is less than half a height of said retaining core.