System and method for transferring data over a network

- Microsoft

A method is provided for transferring a set of data over a network by monitoring the level of actual network bandwidth utilization. The method identifies a maximum monitored level of actual utilization and calculates a threshold level of utilization as a function of the maximum monitored level of utilization. The threshold level represents a level below which a set of data, such as a software update, may be transferred or downloaded over the network without interfering with other network activity at the network interface. If the actual level of utilization is less than the threshold level, at least a portion or segment of the data is received over the network. If the actual level of utilization remains below the threshold level for an extended period of time, data may be transferred over the network in progressively larger segments to take advantage of unused bandwidth.

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Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to computer software and, more particularly, to a system and method for transferring data over a network such as the Internet.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A computer system in which one or more client machines communicate with one or more servers over a network is a common arrangement. For example, there are millions of personal computers (PCs) connected to the Internet for communication with various servers. Many of these PC users acquire new or updated software on their PCs by downloading the software from a remote server over the Internet.

Conventional methods of downloading new and updated software to a PC over a network such as the Internet interfere with the PC user's ability to browse the Internet or to otherwise communicate over the network during the download. With increased processing speeds for PCs, it is the bandwidth to the Internet which is becoming a significant bottleneck to the user's browsing experience. Because conventional downloads typically occupy 100% of the user's available communication bandwidth until the download is complete, the user is unable to utilize the network for other tasks during the download. Moreover, if the download is interrupted for some reason (e.g., the network connection is lost), it may be necessary to restart the download from the beginning of the file, thus wasting significant network resources. Other conventional downloading software permits the user to schedule the download for a designated time. In any event, conventional methods for downloading software over a network such as the Internet severely limit the user's ability to engage in other network activity.

Providing software updates is beneficial to PC users because it corrects problems and improves the performance of their PCs. Additionally, the software vendor benefits from a reduction in the number of product support calls, which in turn reduces the substantial resources the vendor might otherwise allocate to handling such calls.

Microsoft Corporation provides a software update service in connection with its WINDOWS 98 operating system under the mark “WINDOWS UPDATE”. By accessing the “WINDOWS UPDATE” Internet website, WINDOWS 98 users can have their system evaluated and download both critical and non-critical software updates (e.g., a fix or a patch) over the Internet. Upon determining there are updates available which are not already loaded on the user's PC, the user is notified that such updates are available, and the user is prompted to select one or more of them for downloading over the Internet. While this is a convenient method for providing software updates to users, such downloads could interfere with other network activity. Moreover, it is likely that many users will not take the initiative to navigate to the “WINDOWS UPDATE” website and download operating system updates for their PCs. Consequently, users who have not yet downloaded critical updates are more likely to encounter problems with their PCs, and they will likely call the vendor's product support line when a problem arises.

Accordingly, there is a need for an effective method for downloading software updates over a network so that interference with other network activity is minimized. One potential solution is simply to increase network bandwidth. However, increased bandwidth is expensive and has historically been followed by increased user demands. Thus, even as available bandwidth increases with technological advances, there will continue to be a need to eliminate interference with other network activity because of the corresponding increases in user demands.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of transferring a set of data over a network. The method includes the steps of monitoring the level of actual network bandwidth utilization and identifying a maximum monitored level of actual utilization. Then, the method calculates a threshold level of utilization as a function of the maximum monitored level of utilization. If the actual level is less than the threshold level, at least a portion of the set of data is received over the network.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computer-readable medium having stored thereon a data structure which includes a first data field and a second data field. The first data field contains data representing a maximum monitored level of actual network bandwidth utilization. The second data field contains data representing a threshold level of network bandwidth utilization below which data may be transferred over the network without interfering with other network activity. The second data field is derived from the first data field by calculating the threshold level as a function of the maximum monitored level.

Yet another aspect of the present invention involves a computer-readable medium having computer-executable components for managing the transfer of data over a network. The first component is a bandwidth monitoring component which monitors the level of actual bandwidth utilization for a network connection and identifies a maximum monitored level of utilization. The second component is a threshold calculating component which calculates a threshold level of utilization as a function of the maximum monitored level of utilization identified by the first component. The third component is a transfer management component which manages the transfer of data over the network when the level of actual bandwidth utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization.

Still another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of communicating between a client process and a server process over a network. The method includes issuing to the server process a first download request which identifies a file and which requests that the server process download a first segment of the file over the network. The method also includes downloading, by the server process, the first segment of the file. Then, the method issues to the server process a further download request which is associated with the file and which requests that the server process download a further segment of the file over the network, provided the actual network bandwidth utilization is less than a threshold level. The method further includes downloading, by the server process, the further segment of the file. Finally, the method includes repeating the step of issuing a further download request and the step of downloading the further segment until the server process has downloaded each segment of the file over the network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a suitable computing system environment for use in implementing the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system including a client machine which communicates with a server over a network;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram similar to FIG. 2 but with first and second client machines connected to one another via an intranet;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating network bandwidth utilization over time with a curve representing the actual network bandwidth utilization and a broken line representing a threshold level of utilization calculated in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of a client machine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a data structure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representative of a computer program for transferring data over a network in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a system and method for transferring data over a network such as the Internet. FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a suitable computing system environment in which the invention may be implemented. The computing system environment is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing environment be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment.

The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer 20. Components of computer 20 include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 22, a system memory 24, and a system bus 26 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 22. The system bus 26 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.

Computer 20 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 20 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 20. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.

The system memory 24 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 28 and random access memory (RAM) 30. A basic input/output system 32 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 20, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 28. RAM 30 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 22. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1 illustrates operating system 46, application programs 48, other program modules 50, and program data 52.

The computer 20 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, FIG. 1 illustrates a hard disk drive 34 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 36 that reads from or writes to removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 38, and an optical disk drive 40 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk 42 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, digital video tape, Bernoulli cartridges, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 34, magnetic disk drive 36, and optical disk drive 40 are typically connected to the system bus 26 by a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) 44. Alternatively, the hard disk drive 34, magnetic disk drive 36 and optical disk drive 40 may be connected to the system bus 26 by a hard disk drive interface, a magnetic disk drive interface, and an optical drive interface, respectively.

The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 1, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 20. In FIG. 1, for example, hard disk drive 34 is illustrated as storing operating system 46, application programs 48, other program modules 50, and program data 52. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 46, application programs 48, other program modules 50, and program data 52. A user may enter commands and information into the computer 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 54 and pointing device 56, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 22 through a user input interface 58 or a serial port interface 60 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 61 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 26 via an interface, such as a video adapter 62. In addition to the monitor 61, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers and printers, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface.

The computer 20 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 64. The remote computer 64 may be a personal computer, a served, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 20, although only a memory storage device has been illustrated in FIG. 1. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local area network (LAN) 66 and a wide area network (WAN) 68, but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 20 is connected to the LAN 66 through a network interface or adapter 70. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 20 typically includes a modem 72 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 68, such as the Internet. The modem 72, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 26 via the serial port interface 60 or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 20, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1 illustrates remote application programs 48 as residing on memory device 64. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

Although many other internal components of the computer 20 are not shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such components and the interconnection are well known. Accordingly, additional details concerning the internal construction of the computer 20 need not be disclosed in connection with the present invention.

Those skilled in the art will understand that program modules such as the operating system 46, application programs 48 and data 52 are provided to the computer 20 via one of its memory storage devices, which may include ROM 28, RAM 30, hard disk drive 34, magnetic disk drive 36 or optical disk drive 40. Preferably, the hard disk drive 34 is used to store data 52 and programs, including the operating system 46 and application programs 48.

When the computer 20 is turned on or reset, the BIOS 32, which is stored in the ROM 28 instructs the processing unit 22 to load the operating system from the hard disk drive 34 into the RAM 30. Once the operating system 46 is loaded in RAM 30, the processing unit 22 executes the operating system code and causes the visual elements associated with the user interface of the operating system 46 to be displayed on the monitor 61. When an application program 48 is opened by a user, the program code and relevant data are read from the hard disk drive 34 and stored in RAM 30.

With reference to FIG. 2, an exemplary system for practicing the present invention is designated generally by reference numeral 74. The system 74 includes a client machine such as a PC 76 and a communications device 78 such as a modem for accessing a network 80 (e.g., the Internet). A server 82 is also connected to the network 80 in a conventional manner. The PC 76 and modem 78 establish a connection with the server 82 over the network 80 to facilitate the transfer of data between the client and the server.

A system 84 set forth in FIG. 3 is similar to the system 74 of FIG. 2, except that the system 84 includes a first client 86A and a second client 86B which are connected to one another over a link 88 such as an intranet. As with the system 74, the communications device 78 (e.g., a modem) establishes a connection between the first client 86A and the network 80. Accordingly, the clients 86A, 86B can exchange data with the server 82 over the network 80.

Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention encompasses many possible variations to the systems 74, 84 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Of course, any number of client and server machines may be connected to the network 80 (either directly or indirectly). For example, the system 84 could include more than two client machines, one of which would act as a proxy for the others. In that case, the client machines could be connected to one another over an intranet, and the network card in the proxy machine could be connected to a router which is linked to the network 80 over a T1 line. Moreover, the network 80 could be the Internet or any other public or private network. Additionally, the communications device 78 may be part of the PC 76 or an independent hardware device.

In one application of the present invention, the client machine is the PC 76, the device 78 is a 56 Kbps (Kilobits per second) modem, the network 80 is the Internet, and the server 82 is a website accessible over the Internet for downloading software updates for the operating system of the PC. Referring to FIG. 4, a curve 90 represents the level of actual network bandwidth utilization for a client PC accessing the Internet over a period of time. The curve 90 rises from T0 through T2 to reflect the flurry of network activity which typically occurs as the user initially accesses the Internet. Then, after a brief decrease in network activity at T3, the client's actual utilization again rises dramatically to a peak at T4. This peak could represent any number of possible actions initiated by the client, such as the downloading of a webpage or the opening of an email message. While the user at the client machine reads the web page or the email message, or perhaps listens to music over the Internet, the actual network utilization decreases to a significantly lower level from T5 through T8.

The relatively low level of actual network bandwidth utilization shown from T5 through T8 (FIG. 4) is sometimes referred to as “network idle.” This concept differs from “machine idle,” which occurs when a PC user is not currently using the keyboard or mouse. If the machine remains idle for a period of time, a screen saver may be invoked. However, network utilization may be high at the same time the machine is idle (e.g., during a download), and the network interface may be “idle” when the machine is not. Thus, the present invention is directed to the transfer of a set of data, such as a software update, over a network at a time when the network utilization is relatively low. This transfer of data is intended to be transparent to the user, and the user's machine need not be idle during the transfer.

As described below in connection with FIG. 7, the present invention monitors the level of actual utilization represented by the curve 90 (FIG. 4) and calculates a threshold level of utilization below which the transfer of data between the client and server is not likely to interfere with other network activity. In a preferred embodiment, the threshold level is equal to approximately 33% of the maximum detected level of actual network utilization. As shown in FIG. 4, the threshold level is generally designated by reference numeral 92 and is initially set to zero. Network activity is periodically sampled, and a new threshold level is calculated each time a new maximum is identified. At T1, the level of actual bandwidth usage is 15 Kbps, which is a new maximum, so the threshold 92 is set to 5 Kbps. The level of actual bandwidth usage is again sampled at T2, and another new maximum of 30 Kbps is identified. Consequently, the new threshold 92 is calculated to be 10 Kbps.

When the level of actual usage 90 drops below the threshold level 92, as at T3, a brief transfer of data should not significantly interfere with other network activity. The transfer of data could be initiated immediately upon first detecting that the actual usage is below the threshold level. However, a more conservative approach, in that it is more deferential to the user, is to detect at least two consecutive occurrences of low usage before initiating a download. In any event, a new maximum of 45 Kbps is detected at T4, thereby triggering the calculation of an updated threshold level of 15 Kbps. Consequently, if any data transfer were initiated at T3, then it would be immediately suspended at T4. At T5, the actual usage 90 once again drops below the threshold level 92. This time, the level of actual usage 90 remains between 5-10 Kbps, which is less than the threshold level of 15 Kbps, from T5 to T8. Thus, the transfer of data over the network would not interfere with other network activity during this time period.

A preferred architecture of the client of the present invention is set forth in FIG. 5. A client 94 includes an update client 96, an update engine 98, an update downloader 100 and an update applet 102. The client 94 is connected to a server such as via an update website 104 over a pair of links 106, 108, which are preferably HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) links. The update client 96 is responsible for notifications and personalization options for the user. The update engine 98 controls content interaction with the update site 104 as well as detection, installation and logging of software updates. The update downloader 100 is responsible for implementing the packet background downloading/throttling and incoming packet queue management. The update applet 102 determines the configuration of update notifications to the user and other interactions with the user. The backend content and catalogs are available from the update site 104.

The present invention utilizes a data structure 110 illustrated in FIG. 6. The data structure 110 includes a first field 112 which contains the maximum identified level of actual bandwidth utilization and a second field 114 which contains the threshold level of utilization. As shown in FIG. 4, both the maximum identified level and the threshold level can vary over time depending on the level of actual utilization. As mentioned above, the threshold level is calculated as a function of the maximum identified level of actual usage. Therefore, a new threshold level is calculated each time a new maximum level is detected.

FIG. 7 sets forth a flowchart representative of a computer program for selectively transferring data over a network in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The program is started at step 120 when certain predetermined conditions are present. Typically, the client PC should be turned “on” and connected to the network before starting the program. While it would be possible for the program to establish the connection between the PC and the network, some PC users may be startled by the unexpected sound of their modem dialing up the network on its own. It is also possible that the client may be connected to another network (e.g., a private network) so that access to a webserver is not possible until the client disconnects from the private network and reconnects to the Internet. It can be confirmed that the client and server are connected to the same network by “pinging” the server and receiving an acknowledgment from the server. Those skilled in the art can readily determine which preliminary conditions would be appropriate in a given situation.

Once the client is connected to the same network as the server, the level of actual network bandwidth utilization is obtained at step 122. As shown in FIG. 4, the actual usage is sampled periodically (e.g., every five seconds). Preferably, this is done by tracking the number of incoming and outgoing packets over a given time period (e.g., one second) at the communications interface between the client and the network. For a PC running the “WINDOWS 98” operating system, this information is available using the “iphlpapi” function call.

Relatively large files provide a more accurate basis for measuring the level of actual network bandwidth usage at the network interface. For example, it is difficult to accurately measure the download time for a 200 byte file because the overhead of measurement is significant and the small file does not saturate the available bandwidth. Consequently, the present invention preferably updates the maximum level of utilization only when the measurement of the actual level of utilization is based on the transfer speed of a file that is at least 4 KB in size.

Preferably, each of the “virtual devices” is enumerated to ensure accurate monitoring, especially in a system which is more complex than the system 74. The term “virtual device,” as used herein, refers to any networking device with a device driver, such as modems (including cable modems and ISDN modems), network cards and DSLs (Digital Subscriber Lines). Each channel of a 2-channel ISDN modem is considered to be a separate virtual device for the purposes of the present invention.

Importantly, the level of actual network bandwidth utilization is monitored rather than simply relying on the rated or listed throughput of the network device. The rated value is not reliable because, as a practical matter, the maximum throughput achieved by a modem is less than its listed throughput and may be different for each network session. Variables such as the quality of the telephone connection typically result in a maximum available bandwidth of less than 50 Kbps for a 56 Kbps modem.

Moreover, rated values cannot be assumed to be accurate when a client is connected to the network by a proxy. In the system 84, there is a peer-to-peer connection between the first client 86A and the second client 86B over the intranet 88, and the first client 86A is in turn linked to the network 80 by a modem 78. Assuming a 56 Kbps modem and a 10 Mbps intranet, the modem 78 is the bottleneck to the network 80. Thus, if the first client 86A were utilizing 40 Kbps of the network bandwidth at the same time the second client 86B is utilizing only 5 Kbps of the bandwidth, there would not be sufficient network bandwidth available to download a set of data (e.g., a software update) from the server 82 to either client without degrading their other network activity. Moreover, it would not be accurate to assume either that the second client 86B has a maximum throughput of 10 Mbps or that substantial bandwidth is available because the second client 86B is only using 5 Kbps of the network interface. Here, in the case of remote access, the level of actual bandwidth utilization for the second client 86B can be obtained from the RAS (Remote Access Service) device table. Thus, monitoring the actual throughput at each virtual device advantageously adapts to configuration changes between sessions and is therefore a more reliable approach.

Referring again to FIG. 7, the maximum detected level of actual usage is initially set to zero. Then, at step 124, it is determined whether the actual usage is greater than the current maximum. If not, the actual usage is sampled again at step 122. However, if the actual usage is greater than the current maximum, then a new maximum is set equal to the current actual level at step 126. Next, a threshold level is calculated as a function of the maximum at step 128. The threshold is initially set to zero, and a new threshold is calculated each time a new maximum is detected. As a general proposition, the threshold level could be anywhere from approximately 5%-180% of the maximum detected level. However, the presently preferred threshold level for Internet applications is approximately 33% of the maximum detected level. Once the new threshold level has been calculated, the actual usage is sampled again at step 122.

It should be noted that the present invention calculates the threshold level as a percentage of actual network bandwidth in Kilobits per second, as opposed to some other parameter, such as the percentage of time the network connection is busy over a given period. For example, a client machine utilizing its network connection 75% of the time over the course of an hour is not necessarily using 75% of its available bandwidth. In fact, if the user at the client PC is merely reading a webpage, reading email, listening to music or the like, it is likely that the level of actual bandwidth utilization is well below the maximum available bandwidth. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention, which is implemented at the client level, is fundamentally different from methods for limiting bandwidth at the hardware level (e.g., sockets).

Each time the level of actual network bandwidth utilization is obtained at step 122, it is also compared to the current threshold level. At step 130, it is determined whether the actual usage is less than the threshold level. If so, a software update (or other set of data) available from the server can be downloaded over the network to the client. To minimize interference with any other present or future network activity of the client, the download is preferably performed by downloading the software update in several segments. Accordingly, at step 132, one segment of the file is downloaded from the server to the client. If the client's network activity increases after downloading the first segment, the download of the entire file can be suspended until the actual usage drops back down below the threshold level. However, if the network is idle for an extended period of time, the download can be accelerated by downloading progressively larger segments of the file over the network.

A counting device is provided in a preferred embodiment of the present invention to facilitate the downloading of progressively larger file segments. For example, a 144 KB file may be downloaded from the server to the client over the Internet by first transferring an 8 KB segment of the file at step 132 of FIG. 7. A small segment such as 8 KB has been found to be an effective default because it uses 100% of the pipeline for a short period of time and permits frequent monitoring of actual usage between segments. Even if a user clicks on an URL (Uniform Resource Locator) during the download of an 8 KB block, there will be no noticeable delay to the user. Moreover, in the event an interruption occurs, 8 KB is the most data that can be lost.

At step 134, it is determined whether the entire file has been downloaded. Since the 8 KB block was the first segment of the 144 KB file, the entire file has not been downloaded and the counter, which is initially set to zero, is incremented to “1” at step 136. The counter keeps track of the number of segments that have been downloaded consecutively without interruption so that the size of the segments can be increased so long as network activity remains low. As an example, the size of the segments could be increased to 16 KB if the counter is equal to “2”, and the size of the segments could be increased to 32 KB if the counter is equal to “4”. This would enable the 144 KB file to be downloaded in seven progressively larger segments as opposed to 18 of the smaller 8 KB segments, provided network activity stays below the threshold level. Although the larger segments take longer to download and therefore result in less frequent monitoring of the actual usage, this approach takes advantage of any extended periods of low network activity. Typically a header accompanies each segment, so transferring a smaller number of larger segments also reduces network overhead by reducing the total number of headers transferred over the network. Presently, a 64 KB segment is the largest segment that is preferred when using a 56 Kbps modem.

After incrementing the counter at step 136, steps 122 and 130 are repeated. If the level of actual usage is no longer less than the threshold level, the file download is suspended and the counter is cleared (i.e., set to zero) at step 138. Then, the actual utilization is sampled again at step 122. In the event the download is suspended, the download will be resumed from the point of suspension. However, if the actual usage remains below the threshold level, the next segment is downloaded at step 132, and the process is repeated until it is determined at step 134 that the entire file has been downloaded. If so, the counter is cleared at step 140 and the loop ends at step 142.

It should be noted that the progressive download feature of the present invention may require filtering or a similar technique to overcome the limitations of some existing servers. While progressive downloads have been widely available at the FTP (file transfer protocol) level, they were not available at the HTTP level until HTTP 1.1 servers became available. As discussed above, the present invention utilizes a byte range approach with 8 KB file segments as a default. For the first segment, a byte range of “0-7999” is specified in the download request from the client, the range “8000-15999” is specified in the download request for the second segment, and so on. However, the byte range portion of the request would be lost if an HTTP 1.0 server is encountered, and the entire file would be downloaded at once. One way to avoid this problem is to use an ISAPI (Internet Server Application Programming Interface) filter to simulate an HTTP 1.1 byte request across an HTTP 1.0 proxy. Then, even if an HTTP 1.0 server is encountered, the byte range information will not be lost.

Of course, the preferred size of the segment or byte range can vary dramatically based on factors such as the speed of the modem. The foregoing examples (e.g., the default segment size of 8 KB) are based on the assumption that a large number of users will access the network with 56 Kbps modems. However, it may be appropriate to assume that a large number of users will access the network with 28 Kbps modems. In that case, the preferred default segment size would be 4 KB rather than 8 KB. Likewise, the progressively larger segments would be 8 KB and 16 KB rather than 16 KB and 32 KB. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of a variety of other segment sizes is also contemplated by the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring of actual bandwidth usage during an extensive download may be given more weight than the monitoring of actual bandwidth usage before or after such a download. That is, if a predetermined number of segments are downloaded consecutively, the average level of usage for each of the segments is adopted as the new “maximum” level. For example, if the predetermined number of segments is 10, the average level of usage during the downloading of ten consecutive segments would replace the previous maximum level even if the average level is less than the previous maximum value. Moreover, if 11 segments are consecutively downloaded, the average level would be calculated for segments 2-11 so that a moving average of 10 downloads determines both a new maximum level and a new threshold level.

Using a moving average to identify the maximum level advantageously provides a dynamic increase or decrease to the threshold level in response to changing network traffic conditions without compromising the accuracy of the measurement. Preferably, the maximum level will remain frozen at the most recent moving average (of the predetermined number of segments) until another extensive download occurs. In other words, a maximum level based on an extensive download is deemed to be a more accurate reflection of available bandwidth than the initial maximum level measured prior to a download. Likewise, the download of an isolated segment may not provide an accurate reflection of available bandwidth. To keep track of the number of consecutive downloads for the moving average, a counter such as the one referenced in FIG. 7 may be used.

The present invention has been described in connection with exemplary embodiments which are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. For example, the invention has been described in the context of downloading software updates for the operating system of the PC. The software updates could just as easily relate to many other types of software, such as updates to video games on the PC. Moreover, the data to be downloaded may include text, image and/or audio data.

Alternative embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which it pertains upon review of the specification, including the drawing figures. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description.

Claims

1. A method of transferring a set of data over a network between a local computing device and a remote computing device, the method comprising:

monitoring the level of actual network bandwidth utilization of a communications interface providing a network connection for the local computing device by periodically sampling, at the communications interface, an amount of incoming and outgoing data transferred over a given time period;
identifying a maximum monitored level, wherein the maximum monitored level is a maximum of the monitored level of actual network bandwidth utilization of the communications interface, and wherein the maximum monitored level is identified when one or more data sets transferred over the communication interface are greater than a predetermined data size threshold;
calculating a threshold level of utilization as a function of the maximum monitored level of utilization; and
based on a determination that the actual level of utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization, transferring at least a portion of the set of data over the network between the local computing device and the remote computing device.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein a client receives the data over the network from a server.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said monitoring occurs at the interface between the client and the network.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the network is the Internet.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold level of utilization is equal to a predetermined percentage of the maximum monitored level.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of data includes a software update.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating at least said monitoring step each time a portion of the set of data is received.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method includes separately receiving a plurality of discrete portions of the set of data over the network when the actual level of utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising incrementing a counter each time a discrete portion of the data is received over the network.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the size of the discrete portions of the data is a function of the value of the counter.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising clearing the counter after receiving all of the plurality of discrete portions of the data over the network.

12. The method of claim 9, further comprising clearing the counter if the level of actual utilization becomes greater than the threshold level of utilization.

13. The method of claim 8, further comprising suspending the receipt of discrete portions of the data if the level of actual utilization becomes greater than the threshold level of utilization.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising resuming the receipt of discrete portions of the data from the point of suspension when the level of actual utilization becomes less than the threshold level of utilization.

15. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

repeating said monitoring step each time a portion of the set of data is received;
identifying a maximum level of utilization during receipt of the set of data; and
calculating a threshold level of utilization for the set of data as a function of the maximum level of utilization identified during receipt of the set of data.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said identifying step includes estimating the maximum level of utilization during receipt of the set of data by calculating an average level of utilization for the set of data upon repeating said monitoring step a predetermined number of times during receipt of the set of data.

17. The method of claim 15, further comprising receiving at least a portion of the set of data over the network if the actual level of utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization for the set of data.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising receiving at least a portion of a second set of data over the network if the actual level of utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization for the set of data.

19. A computer-storage medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the method recited in claim 1.

20. A computer system having a memory, an operating system and a central processor, said processor being operable to execute the instructions stored on the computer-storage medium of claim 19.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein a client machine receives the data over the network without substantially interfering with the ability of a user of the client machine to engage in other network activity.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the data is received over the network without substantially interfering with any other network activity.

23. A computer-storage medium having computer-executable components for managing the transfer of data over a network between a local computing device and a remote computing device, comprising:

a bandwidth monitoring component which: monitors the level of actual bandwidth utilization for a network connection of the local computing device by periodically sampling an amount of incoming and outgoing data transferred over a given time period for data sets greater than a predetermined size threshold, and identifies a maximum monitored level, wherein the maximum monitored level is a maximum of the monitored level of actual bandwidth utilization for the network connection of the local computing device;
a threshold calculating component which calculates a threshold level of utilization as a function of the maximum monitored level of utilization identified by said bandwidth monitoring component; and
a transfer management component which manages the transfer of data over the network between the local computing device and the remote computing device when the level of actual bandwidth utilization is less than the threshold level of utilization.

24. The computer-storage medium of claim 23, wherein the network connection is an interface between a client machine and the network.

25. The computer-storage medium of claim 23, wherein the threshold level of utilization is calculated as a predetermined percentage of the maximum monitored level.

26. A method of communicating between a client process and a server process over a network, the method comprising:

(a) issuing to the server process a first download request which identifies a file and which requests that the server process transfer a first segment of the file over the network to the client process when an actual network bandwidth utilization for the client process is less than a threshold level below which data may be transferred over the network without interfering with other network activity for the client process, wherein the threshold level is calculated as a function of a maximum monitored level, and wherein the maximum monitored level is a maximum of a monitored level of actual network bandwidth utilization for the client process identified by periodically sampling an amount of incoming and outgoing data transferred over a given time period for data sets greater than a predetermined size threshold;
(b) receiving, from the server process, the first segment of the file;
(c) issuing to the server process a further download request which is associated with the file and which requests that the server process transfer a further segment of the file over the network when the actual network bandwidth utilization is less than the threshold level;
(d) receiving, from the server process, the further segment of the file; and
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) until the server process has transferred each segment of the file over the network.

27. A method for a computer to regulate a data transfer between the computer and a network through which the computer communicates, the method being performed by the computer and comprising:

monitoring a changing rate of amount of data communicated between the network and the computer by periodically sampling an amount of incoming and outgoing data transferred between the network and the computer over a given time period;
repeatedly determining a changing maximum of the rate of amount of data communicated between the network and the computer;
repeatedly determining a changing threshold rate of data communication based on the changing maximum rate of amount of data communicated between the network and the computer; and
repeatedly determining whether to resume or suspend the data transfer between the network and the computer based on the changing threshold rate of data communication and based on the changing rate of amount of data communicated between the computer and the network, and resuming or suspending the data transfer accordingly.
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Patent History
Patent number: 7437428
Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 16, 2000
Date of Patent: Oct 14, 2008
Assignee: Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, WA)
Inventors: Alessandro Muti (Redmond, WA), Darshatkumar A. Shah (Bellevue, WA), Brian Joseph Moore (Redmond, WA)
Primary Examiner: Joseph E Avellino
Attorney: Shook, Hardy & Bacon L.L.P.
Application Number: 09/505,735
Classifications
Current U.S. Class: Accessing A Remote Server (709/219); Computer Network Monitoring (709/224); Computer-to-computer Session/connection Establishing (709/227)
International Classification: G06F 15/16 (20060101); G06F 15/173 (20060101);