Abstract: Disclosed are various examples identifying time-sensitive tasks being performed by a user of a client device that may be affected by a network connectivity issue associated with the client device and alerting the user interacting with the client device of the identified time-sensitive tasks. Network connectivity data associated one or more client devices can be used to identify patterns and context in network connectivity loss based at least in part on location, time, date, etc. Additionally, user context data associated with a user can be analyzed to predict whether the user will experience any connectivity issues and identify any tasks or action items being performed by the user interacting with the client device that may be considered time-sensitive. A user can be notified of a potential connectivity issue that may affect the ability for the user to complete a time-sensitive task.

Abstract: A system and method for performing automated learning of an Internet-of-Things (IoT) application are disclosed. The automated learning is based on generation of application-agnostic events, allowing the automated learning to be performed without prior knowledge of the IoT application.

Abstract: One aspect provides a system and method for selecting a path for a data flow in a network. During operation, a first node receiving the data flow can determine flow information that specifies a destination node. The system estimates a Quality of Experience (QoE) value of each node based on the flow information and current operating status of each node. A management service generates a QoE topology of the network based on connectivity among the nodes and the QoE value associated with each node; determines a plurality of potential paths between the first node and the destination node, with each potential path comprising a plurality of intermediate nodes; and selects a path that provides best QoE performance based on the QoE topology. Selecting the path comprises computing a cumulative QoE value of each potential path based on QoE values of the intermediate nodes included in the potential path.

Abstract: A system and method including receiving a request for a suggested downtime for a specified system within a hybrid information technology (IT) landscape including at least one on premise system and at least one cloud-based system; determine, based on one or more executable processes depending on the specified system, at least one on premise contributor and at least one cloud-based contributor to the downtime for the hybrid IT landscape; determine an ordered ranking for each of the at least one on premise contributor and the at least one cloud-based contributor; generate, based on a combination of the at least one on premise contributor and the at least one cloud-based contributor and their respective associated ordered ranking, one or more downtime time slots; and present, in reply to the request and based on the generated downtime time slots, the suggested downtime for the specified system.

Abstract: Methods (and systems) described herein provide a specialized technique for automatically scaling resources that provide data protection services to client systems. In some embodiments, the resource units (or pods) may be deployed on a platform (e.g., platform-as-a-service, or PaaS), which provides containerized services (and workloads) as part of a clustered computing environment (e.g., Kubernetes). The technique may scale the number of resource units used to perform data protection operations based on specialized criteria. For example, a particular service (e.g., redirection service) that utilizes resource units (e.g., pods) to perform functions may automatically increase (or decrease) the number resource units available to handle data management operations originating from the client systems.

Abstract: Techniques implemented by a launch wizard of a cloud computing system to enable developers to create new workloads that can be launched by the launch wizard in the cloud computing system. Launch wizards offer users with guided experiences for identifying and deploying resources needed to support workloads of applications running in cloud computing systems. However, it is difficult for developers to create new workloads for the launch wizard to support. This disclosure describes a development platform through which developers create new workloads for the launch wizard to launch on behalf of users. The development platform provides a console through which developers define new workloads using a metadata language, and dynamically generates and presents a provisioning form that describes the new workloads. Once developers have finished defining new workloads, the new workloads are registered with the launch wizard such that users can use the launch wizard to launch the new workloads.

Abstract: A vehicular software update system includes a management controller coupled to a vehicle and at least one performance controller that receives software for over-the-air (OTA) update in the background from the management controller. The management controller determines a network load of the vehicle and adjusts a transmission speed of the software for OTA update, the software being transmitted to the at least one performance controller, based on a driving state of the vehicle and the network load of the vehicle.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus according to an embodiment includes: a detector which detects an occurrence of an event; a display which displays notification information regarding the occurred event; and a controller which restricts operation authority over the notification information displayed on the display to a specific user when the notification information corresponds to a notification for the specific user, and makes the operation authority over the notification information di splayed on the display unrestricted when the notification information does not correspond to a notification for the specific user.

Abstract: Provided is a system and method which can identify a causal relationship for anomalies in a time-series signal based on co-occurring and preceding anomalies in another time-series signal. In one example, the method may include identifying a recurring anomaly within a time-series signal of a first data value, determining a time-series signal of a second data value that is a cause of the recurring anomaly in the time-series signal of the first data value based on a preceding and co-occurring anomaly in the time-series signal of the second data value, and storing a correlation between the preceding and co-occurring anomaly in the time-series signal of the second data value and the recurring anomaly in the time-series signal of the first data value.

Abstract: System and methods support a console for use in a data center, where the console allows granting of one-time permissions for administrators to perform management tasks in the data canter. A denial is detected of a request by a lower-level administrator to perform a management task, where the request is denied on the basis of the lower-level administrator having insufficient privileges to perform the management task. In response to the denial based on insufficient privileges, a higher-level administrator is identified with sufficient privileges to authorize a one-time permission for the management task. A request is issued for a one-time permission from the upper-level administrator for the lower-level administrator to perform the management task. When approval is received from the upper-level administrator, a one-time permission is configured that authorizes the lower-level administrator to perform the management task. Upon detecting a completion of the management task, the one-time permission is revoked.

Abstract: A network monitoring device may receive, from a mediation device, flow-tap content data (generated by the mediation device based on current and/or previous investigation reports associated with flow tapping) that needs to be monitored. The network monitoring device may map the content data to a flow-tap content destination address of a content destination device in an entry of a flow-tap content filter. The network monitoring device may analyze, using the flow-tap content filter, network traffic of the network to detect a traffic flow that includes the content data. The network monitoring device may generate, based on successfully detecting a traffic flow that includes the content data, a traffic flow copy and may provide the traffic flow copy to the flow-tap content destination address, wherein the traffic flow copy is to be accessible to the content destination device to enable a context analysis of the content data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for threat detection and analysis. A method includes monitoring at least one thread associated with at least one user process on a computing device. The method further includes detecting specific-system calls associated with at least one user process at user level. The specific-system calls are analyzed by applying a filter to system calls sequence feature sets associated with the specific-system calls for detecting one or more events of interest. A capture of a full stack trace of at least one user process is requested if the system calls sequence feature set is filtered and at least one event of interest is detected. A first level monitoring is provided to the computing device, which includes processing and analyzing the captured full stack trace by a machine learning (ML) stack trace analyzer to generate a first verdict for threat detection and analysis.

Abstract: A route viewing system includes a computing system that receives information associated with one or more routes through a network, and identifies the routes that are associated with at least one illicit user computer used by an illicit user. The computing system then obtains a source location of a source address of the routes and a destination location of a destination address of the routes, and displays the routes on a geographical display at the source location of the source address and the destination location of the destination address of each of the routes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for configuration of background data transfers (BDTs) between local area data networks (LADNs). An apparatus may receive a message indicating a request from a user equipment (UE) for a data transfer of data originating from the UE. The apparatus may send, to a database, a request for subscription information associated with the UE and a policy profile associated with the UE to determine whether there is an existing BDT policy. The apparatus may receive, from the database, a response indicating whether there is an existing BDT policy that can be re-used. The apparatus may determine, based on the received response, a BDT policy for the data transfer and a LADN to service the data transfer. The apparatus may send, to the LADN via a radio access network (RAN) node, a notification message of an arrival time and data rate for the data transfer.

Abstract: A system and method for securing software as a service (SaaS) platforms by providing inter-service visibility. A method includes identifying, based on log data of a first service, a second service connected to the first service, wherein each of the first service and the second service is a set of functions for performing a respective task, wherein the second service is called by the first service; identifying a plurality of patterns in communications between the first service and the second service in the log data of the first service; creating, based on the identified plurality of patterns, a baseline for communications between the first service and the second service; detecting an anomalous communication between the first service and the second service, wherein the anomalous communication deviates from the baseline; and performing a mitigation action with respect to the detected anomalous communication.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus and a device for parallel execution of a smart contract, and a medium are provided. The method for parallel execution of the smart contract includes the following steps: determining, according to a chain table for a cross-contract calling of each transaction in target execution transactions and the contract type of a smart contract in the target execution transactions, a calling dependency relationship between the transactions, and obtaining, according to the calling dependency relationship, transaction calling chains that cannot affect each other during an execution process.

Abstract: A method for managing transmission over a network by adjusting a flow control window based on one or more parameters obtained from one or more connections, applications or network conditions. In one embodiment a controller modifies the receiver TCP advertised window of one or several connections to match the end-to-end bandwidth-delay product (BDP) for bandwidth fair sharing and improving the quality of experience (QoE). The controller can be placed in any given entity managing packets, such as a sender entity, a transmitting entity or any other entity handling connection packets. A mechanism for estimating available path bandwidth and/or link capacity and location by analyzing the distribution of inter-packet arrival times. Packet pair dispersion analysis can be utilized based on passive evaluation of the acknowledgements of a TCP flow or based on active probing. Machine learning using a neural network can be used to analyze the distribution of inter-packet arrival times.

Abstract: Some embodiments bridge a gap between focusing on security alerts raised by conditions and events that have already occurred, and focusing on vulnerabilities that might be exploited in the future. Alerts are organized into alert categories, vulnerabilities are organized into vulnerability categories, and are optionally supplemented with misconfiguration categories. Correlations are identified between alert categories and vulnerability or misconfiguration categories, and the correlation values noted, to produce category association rules. The alerts, vulnerabilities, and other security findings are gathered in some situations from multiple similar environments, and in some cases are filtered to pertain to similar resources or similar configurations. The category association rules are utilized to perform cybersecurity prioritizations such as assigning priority levels to alerts and assigning likelihood levels to potential breaches.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring malicious software engaging in online advertising fraud or other form of deceit are disclosed herein. An example method includes identifying a communication process used by a compromised computing device to communicate with a control server, the control server providing access to advertising weblinks, the compromised computing device associated with malicious software, directing, by an instruction executed by a processor, the compromised computing device to communicate with an uncompromised computing device by re-routing of packets used for communication between the compromised computing device and the control server, the uncompromised computing device is configured to mimic communications between the compromised computing device and the control server using the communication processes, storing information from one or more packets transmitted from the uncompromised computing device, and creating a profile of the malicious software based on the stored information.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for authenticating users of applications using decentralized data models for storing a user's identity. A fingerprint for a computing device is received from an application executing on the computing device. An identity key associated with the fingerprint for the computing device is then obtained, the identity key being linked to a signed claim. The signed claim is retrieved and evaluated. The application executing on the computing device access is then granted access to the computing resource in response to evaluating the signed claim.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to providing remote access capabilities in information technology infrastructure. In particular, systems and methods of the present disclosure can establish a connection between a remote computing device and a host computing device, transition a system session of the remote computing device to an interactive state, display a hidden desktop within the transitioned system session, and present a user interface on the hidden desktop. The user interface can include an icon that launches a second application of the remote computing device within the transitioned system session. In response to a command from the host computing device, the hidden desktop can be terminated.

Abstract: Disclosed methods and systems employ an agent to identify data paths between first and second networking devices, such that a data path connects an interface of the first networking device with an interface of the second networking device, each interface being uniquely identified by an associated Internet Protocol (IP) address. The agent establishes a secure connection as follows. First a connection is established between the first and second networking devices using respective first and second IP addresses. Next, security keys are negotiated to establish the secure connection, the security keys including encryption keys and decryption keys. Next, inbound and outbound security associations are established for each of the plurality of data paths, inbound and outbound security associations including IP addresses associated with respective data paths and respective decryption keys. Finally, the inbound and outbound security associations are established in a data plane of the first networking device.

Abstract: A method and system for real-time eventing including interacting with at least one configuration attribute according to instructions specified through an application programming interface (API); adding subscribers for an event channel; generating an event from operation of an application; publishing the event message to the event channel on an event router; processing the event message according to the at least one configuration attribute; identifying a subscriber to the event channel; and sending the event from the event router to the subscriber.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for online form logging malicious or bot activity detection. The method may include, initiating an event logging procedure on a webpage. The method may also include listening to one or more event types via the form detection procedure on the webpage. The method may further include measuring a timing between each of the one or more events. In addition, the method may include aggregating the one or more events and the timing between each of the one or more events into an array. Further, the method may include transmitting the array to a server device to determine, based on the array, whether there is human activity or bot activity.

Abstract: A game using a user character is started on the basis of a first start instruction input. At a first timing after that, advancement of the game is finished, and advancement state data until then is transmitted to a server. On the basis of a second start instruction input from a user, a game that is based on advancement state data transmitted to the server by an information processing terminal of another user different from the user and acquired from the server is started, the game using an other-user character having been used in the game by the other user and the user character of the user. At a second timing after the start, advancement of the game is finished and advancement state data is transmitted to the server.

Abstract: A method comprises monitoring operation of one or more devices of an edge platform, collecting data corresponding to the operation of the one or more devices, and transmitting the data corresponding to the operation of the one or more devices over at least one communications network, via a first server, to a second server. The steps of the method are executed by a processing device operatively coupled to a memory. The processing device is a component of a network switch located in the edge platform.

Abstract: A system for communicating email messages using tokens receives a request to send an email message to a receiver. The email message is associated with a sender's email address. The system determines whether the sender's email address is associated with a token from a plurality of tokens stored in a token-email address mapping table. The system generates a particular token for the sender's email address in response to determining that the sender's email address is not associated with a token, where the particular token uniquely identifies the sender's email address. The system sends the email message using the particular token instead of the sender's email address, such that the sender's email address remains anonymous from the perspective of the receiver.

Abstract: A system can include circuitry that processes a URL for information; circuitry that transmits at least a portion of the information via a network interface; circuitry that receives metadata via the network interface responsive to the transmission of at least a portion of the information; circuitry that associates at least a portion of the metadata with a short URL; and circuitry that transmits the short URL. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

Abstract: A computer system enables instances of properties (e.g., of resources such as files in a file system) to be selectively synchronized with each other. Each instance of a property may have a plurality of versions. A primary version of the property is shared (and synchronized) among all property instances. Each property instance may also have its own secondary version of the property. Each property instance has its own effective version handle, which points to either the property's primary version or the property instance's secondary version of the property. A comparison is performed between a version state of the property's primary version and a version state of the secondary version of a first instance of the property to produce comparison result output. An instance state is exposed to indicate: (1) the version pointed to by the first instance's effective version handle; and (2) the comparison result output.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a hybrid download method and apparatus for multiview streaming. The hybrid download method includes requesting a group download for an n?1-th segment from a server, playing an n?3-th segment at a viewpoint VP1 of a viewer, when a group download request for the n?1-th segment is completed, making a group download request for an n-th segment, when a change in a viewpoint of the viewer occurs at a time at which an n?2-th segment is played, playing a low-quality n?2-th segment at a viewpoint VP3, when the group download for the n-th segment is completed, requesting a single download for a high-quality n?1-th segment corresponding to the viewpoint VP3 from the server, and when the single download for the high-quality n?1-th segment corresponding to the viewpoint VP3 is completed, playing the high-quality n?1-th segment at the viewpoint VP3.

Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and computer-readable storage mediums are described for adapting a spike detection algorithm. A first detection algorithm that monitors a first set of events in a computing environment is executed. A set of constraint metrics in the computing environment are monitored. Based on the monitored set of constraint metrics, a second detection algorithm is generated. The second detection algorithm is an adapted version of the first detection algorithm and is configured to monitor a second set of events in the computing environment. The second detection algorithm is executed, and a remediation action is performed in response to an abnormal event detected in the computing environment by the second detection algorithm.

Abstract: A user interface facilitates access to a computer resource by users having accessibility needs. In one implementation, the user interface comprises an assistance user interface (UI) provided as a supplemental UI presented in conjunction with the computer resource and which does not inhibit access to the computer resource. The assistance UI may include UI controls, such as hyperlinks or buttons, to facilitate user access to the computer resource. Particular UI controls and their configuration may be determined based on a category of the computer resource such that computer resources of a similar category have similarly configured assistance UIs or similarly named UI controls. Moreover, particular data features of a computer resource may be programmatically detected and utilized to generate the UI controls such that a particular UI control corresponds to a particular data feature.

Abstract: An edge computing telecommunications network is provided for efficiently generating and updating computing models for use at distributed devices connected to different edge compute sites of the network. A network orchestration system may track devices connected to the network and the edge compute sites to which they are connected. The devices may comprise limited computing power and may include sensors or other data collection mechanisms. Raw data may be provided from connected devices to one or more edge compute sites. Edge compute sites may be instructed, e.g., by the network orchestration system, whether to replicate the raw data, modify the data to make it ready for consumption by a computing model, replicate the modified data, refine the computing model, replicate the refined computing model, and/or share some or all of the raw data, modified data, and/or refined computing model with other edge computing sites and/or connected devices.

Abstract: A software and/or hardware facility for scoring the quality of traffic to a site accessible via the Internet or other network. The facility extracts data from one or more data logs that are obtained from a publisher, advertiser, or third party. A multi-factor analysis in the form of a rule set is applied by the facility to the data. The analysis of the data identifies agent actions that are desirable to a publisher, advertiser, or third party. The facility generates a relative score for each agent action. The score may be used to assess the quality of traffic received by a network site. Lower scores are indicative of traffic having little value, whereas higher scores are indicative of traffic having greater value. The score may be provided to an advertising network and used to charge a variable amount for advertisements based on the quality of traffic that the advertisements receive.

Abstract: In variants, a system management platform can include a set of system representations and a set of platform-standard element models. Each system representation can include a set of component representations related by a set of constraint representations 140, which can represent the sensing components of a system and the relationships therebetween, respectively, and store component-specific and constraint-specific calibration parameter values, respectively. The component representations 120 can optionally reference the element models.

Abstract: An apparatus and system is disclosed connected to at least one input/output (I/O) module and to at least one controller of an industrial distributed control system. The apparatus and system comprises a control network module having a control component that uses a processor to execute operating software that implements operating configurations for the control network module. At least one I/O port is connected to the control component that is configurable by the operating software to enable port configurations to connect the at least one I/O module to the control network module. An expansion component connected to the control component has at least one expansion port connected to the at least one controller. The expansion port connects the at least one controller to the control component for communicating data and control signals to and from the at least one controller to the at least one I/O module. A security component regulates access to the apparatus based upon one or more security attributes.

Abstract: Methods and systems for intelligent use of off-peak bandwidth are disclosed. An example method can comprise receiving a request for content from a user device. The content server can transmit the content to the user device. Upon receiving a teardown command to suspend transmission of the content, after transmitting a first portion of the content to the user device, the content server can determine that playback of the content is likely to be resumed at a peak time. The content server can then pre-position a second portion of the content proximate to the user device prior to the peak time.

Abstract: Aspects of the technology evaluate a client device query to identify an IP address-based estimated location of a mobile device. One or more candidate wireless stations are selected in accordance with the IP-based estimated location and a location-relevant response to the query is also generated in accordance with the IP-based location. This information is transmitted to the mobile device. The mobile device compares the received information about the candidate wireless stations against one or more actual wireless stations with which the mobile device is in communication. Log information is generated as a result of the comparison. The log information is anonymized and transmitted to the network without user ID or other client-identifiable information included in the log. The received log information is then used to validate the initial estimated location. Aggregation of log information from multiple devices may be used in the validation process.

Abstract: A method of creating a clone, on a second data storage appliance of a federation, of a source storage object stored on a first data storage appliance of the federation, includes creating a snapshot (point-in-time copy) of the source storage object at the first appliance, and then performing a full copy of the snapshot from the first appliance to the second appliance to produce a copy snapshot on the second appliance. At the second appliance, the clone is created from the copy snapshot and incorporated into a federation-wide family association of the source storage object. Specific use cases include (1) creating a clone on a different appliance from a base volume, (2) migrating a clone to a different appliance from a base volume, (3) refreshing a clone from a base volume, and a base volume from a clone, across appliances.

Abstract: A bad change detector for operational features of digital platforms is described. Metric data from a website is acquired by the bad change detector while implementing a first version of an operational feature of the website and while implementing a second version of the operational feature. A bad change to the website is detected by measuring an inequality among values of a frequency distribution defined by a time series of the metric data. The operational feature is reverted to the first version, automatically and without user intervention, in response to detecting the bad change, thereby improving operation of computing devices that implement the website.

Abstract: Techniques for adaptive sleep virtual machine management are described. A service of a provider network receives a parameter indicating that a first virtual machine can be slept and determines to sleep the first virtual machine based at least in part on the parameter. A state of the first virtual machine is captured, and the first virtual machine is terminated. The service determines to resume the captured state of the first virtual machine based at least in part on an indication. A second virtual machine is launched using the captured state of the first virtual machine and resumes execution of the captured state of the first virtual machine. A proxy server sends traffic to the first virtual machine before the termination of the first virtual machine and to the second virtual machine after the resumption of execution of the captured state of the first virtual machine by the second virtual machine.

Abstract: Direct to systems and methods for a service activation system in a telecommunications network that utilizes one or more generic container files for building the configuration file to instantiate the service on the network. A request for service from a network may be received from an order entry system that includes specific information about the requested service. A collection of generic configuration files may be selected based on the information included in the service order and arranged to build a configuration file to be executed on the network. The service activation system may also include a component or group of components to verify a received service order and alter the service order with default information or data where applicable. The configuration file may also be executed on the network through one or more drivers communicating with the affected devices to configure the one or more network devices.

Abstract: A method, system, and product comprising: obtaining a user instruction instructing the browser to navigate to a second page, wherein the browser is displaying a first page, wherein the first page comprises a link to a second page, wherein the link is configured to instruct the browser to navigate to the second page, wherein the user instruction is based on a selection of the link; preventing the browser from navigating to the second page in response to the user instruction; and causing the browser to present content from the second page in an element that is placed over the first page.

Abstract: Data processing systems and methods, according to various embodiments, are adapted for determining a categorization for each tracking tool that executes on a particular webpage based on a variety of criteria, such as the purpose of the tracking tool and its source script. The system may compare the characteristics of tracking tools on a webpage to a database of known tracking tools to determine the appropriate categorization. When a user visits the webpage, the system analyzes these categories and determines whether the tracking tool should be permitted to run based on the categories and/or other criteria, such as whether the user has consented to the use of that type of tracking tool.

Abstract: A method for detecting duplicate authorization requests includes: receiving an authorization request over an electronic payment processing network associated with an electronic payment transaction; determining whether the authorization request is a potential duplicate authorization request or is not a duplicate authorization request based on a bloom filter; in response to determining that the authorization request is a potential duplicate authorization request, determining a connectivity quality associated with the electronic payment processing network; and determining whether to process the authorization request based on the connectivity quality. A system and computer program product for detecting duplicate authorization requests are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method includes providing auxiliary code implementing a process for facilitating enforcement of one or more computer-usage rules, and augmenting third-party code with the auxiliary code such that execution of the third-party code carries out the process. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Disclosed examples determine a unique audience exposed to media while reducing memory resources of a computing device. Example instructions program programmable circuitry to log a plurality of impressions corresponding to media accessed at client devices; generate a first value based on a count of the impressions and a count of users of a database proprietor that accessed the media; generate a second value based on the first value and a count of demographic impressions logged by the database proprietor; and determine a unique audience size based on the second value.

Abstract: A control system includes a control target and plural devices, and the control target and the devices are connected to a network. The control system includes a program storage provided in each device storing a control program that calculates control data using data exchanged with the control target, an execution module and a disposition module. The execution module is included in each device and causes a processor to execute programs including a disposed control program. The disposition module disposes control programs in one or more of the devices. The disposition module determines a device in which the control program is disposed from among the plural devices based on a communication delay time between the devices and information about a resource usable for execution of the control program of each device for each control program.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a plurality of servers by a monitoring server in a computer network. A list of servers and a plurality of services to monitor in the computer network is generated at the monitoring server. A status query is transmitted sequentially by the monitoring server to each of the plurality of servers, the status query including the plurality of services to monitor at each server. A status message report is received from each of the plurality of servers in response to each status query. An event is reported in an event log for each server that has an abnormal service status. The transmission of the status query to each server is performed by the monitoring server at a specified service time interval.

Abstract: Provided is a system and method for estimating an end-to-end delay between blockchain nodes in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The system includes a coordinate system construction unit configured to designate an origin node and anchor nodes among participating nodes having a distributed ledger of P2P networks, construct a first coordinate system of a predetermined dimension by exchanging control messages between the origin node and the anchor nodes and the participating nodes, and construct a second coordinate system of another predetermined dimension and a dimension determination unit configured to determine a dimension to be applied to the current P2P networks by comparing dimension-specific delays or control message overheads of the first coordinate system and the second coordinate system.