Codebook adaptation in MIMO communication systems using multilevel codebooks
A method includes holding in a receiver a definition of a codebook including precoding matrices, and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks including different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook. A sub-codebook is selected in coordination with a transmitter, for use in a given time interval or frequency range. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from the transmitter is received. Feedback is generated in the receiver based on the received MIMO signal. The feedback is indicative of one or more preferred precoding matrices, which are chosen from the selected sub-codebook and which are to be used in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in respective partitions of the given time interval or frequency range. The feedback is transmitted from the receiver to the transmitter.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/023,555, filed Feb. 9, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/303,217, filed Feb. 10, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/329,798, filed Apr. 30, 2010. The disclosures of all these related applications are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSUREThe present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and particularly to methods and systems for providing communication channel feedback.
BACKGROUNDIn some Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication systems, the transmitter adapts its transmission based on communication channel feedback that is produced by the receiver. In some cases, for example in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, the transmitter selects a precoding scheme for distributing the signal to the various transmit antenna ports based on the channel feedback. An example channel feedback scheme is described in “Correlation Based Explicit Feedback,” document R1-100719 (R1-100423), 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting, Valencia, Spain, Jan. 18-22, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In some channel feedback methods, the transmitter and receiver use a predefined set of precoding matrices (a “codebook”), and the channel feedback comprises preferred Precoding Matrix Indicators (PMI) that point to precoding matrices selected from the codebook.
Channel feedback schemes that modify the codebook used by the transmitter and the receiver over time based on a signal Spatial Covariance Function (SCF) have been proposed. Such schemes are sometimes referred to as “codebook adaptation” schemes. An example of codebook adaptation is described in “Adaptive Codebook Designs for MU-MIMO,” document R1-091282, Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification Group (TSG) Radio Access Network (RAN) Working Group 1 (WG1) meeting, Seoul, Korea, Mar. 23-27, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The description above is presented as a general overview of related art in this field and should not be construed as an admission that any of the information it contains constitutes prior art against the present patent application.
SUMMARYAn embodiment that is described herein provides a method that includes holding in a receiver a definition of a codebook including precoding matrices, and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks including different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook. A sub-codebook is selected in coordination with a transmitter, for use in a given time interval or frequency range. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from the transmitter is received. Feedback is generated in the receiver based on the received MIMO signal. The feedback is indicative of one or more preferred precoding matrices, which are chosen from the selected sub-codebook and which are to be used in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in respective partitions of the given time interval or frequency range. The feedback is transmitted from the receiver to the transmitter.
In some embodiments, holding the definition includes arranging the sub-codebooks in the codebook in multiple levels that progressively increase in precoding resolution and decrease in precoding range. In an embodiment, holding the definition includes adding to each of the sub-codebooks a diluted set of the precoding matrices having a broadest precoding range.
In a disclosed embodiment, holding the definition includes defining each sub-codebook to represent a respective angular range of transmission beam directions of the transmitter, and arranging the sub-codebooks in the levels includes populating the levels with the sub-codebooks that progressively decrease in a size of the angular range. In an example embodiment, arranging the sub-codebooks in the levels includes causing respective angular ranges of the sub-codebooks in a given level to partially overlap. In another embodiment, selecting the sub-codebook includes signaling between the transmitter and the receiver a respective level and a respective index within the level of the selected sub-codebook.
In some embodiments, holding the definition includes formulating each of at least some of the precoding matrices using a respective set of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) coefficients. In an embodiment, selecting the sub-codebook includes deciding on the selected sub-codebook in the receiver and indicating the selected sub-codebook to the transmitter. In a disclosed embodiment, selecting the sub-codebook includes receiving a notification of the selected sub-codebook from the transmitter.
In another embodiment, selecting the sub-codebook includes evaluating a Spatial Covariance Function (SCF) of a communication channel over which the MIMO signal is received, and selecting the sub-codebook based on the evaluated SCF. In an embodiment, evaluating the SCF includes estimating the SCF independently in each of the transmitter and the receiver, and selecting the sub-codebook independently in each of the transmitter and the receiver based on the independently-evaluated SCF.
There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein, apparatus including a memory, a receiver, a processor and a feedback transmitter. The memory is configured to hold a definition of a codebook including precoding matrices and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks including different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook. The receiver is configured to receive a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from a remote transmitter. The processor is configured to select in coordination with the remote transmitter a sub-codebook for use in a given time or frequency range, and to generate, based on the received MIMO signal, feedback that is indicative of one or more preferred precoding matrices, which are chosen from the selected sub-codebook and which are to be used in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in respective partitions of the given time or frequency range. The feedback transmitter is configured to transmit the feedback to the remote transmitter.
In some embodiments, a mobile communication terminal includes the disclosed apparatus. In some embodiments, a chipset for processing signals in a mobile communication terminal includes the disclosed apparatus.
In some disclosed embodiments, a receiver holds a definition of a codebook including precoding matrices and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks including different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook. A sub-codebook is selected in coordination with a transmitter, for use in a given time or frequency range. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from the transmitter is received. Based on the received MIMO signal, a preferred precoding matrix is chosen from the selected sub-codebook for use in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in the given time or frequency range. An indication of the preferred precoding matrix is sent from the receiver to the transmitter.
The present disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:
Any set of precoding matrices (“codebook”) can be viewed as covering a certain range of possible precoding matrices with a certain precoding resolution or accuracy. When designing codebook-based feedback schemes, precoding accuracy and precoding range are often traded off against feedback bandwidth. For example, although a large codebook may cover a large precoding range at high precoding accuracy, such a codebook typically requires large feedback bandwidth in order to signal the preferred precoding matrices. A small codebook requires less feedback bandwidth, but this bandwidth saving typically comes at the expense of smaller precoding range and/or poorer precoding accuracy.
Embodiments that are described herein provide improved methods and systems for providing channel feedback in MIMO communication systems. In the disclosed embodiments, the transmitter and receiver hold mutually-agreed definitions of a codebook and of multiple sub-codebooks, i.e., multiple different subsets of the codebook. For a given time interval or frequency range, the transmitter and receiver apply a certain sub-codebook instead of the entire codebook. In other words, when calculating channel feedback for precoding signals in the given time interval or frequency range, the receiver selects preferred precoding matrices only from the corresponding sub-codebook and not from the entire codebook. As a result, the feedback bandwidth (e.g., the number of bits needed for signaling the preferred precoding matrix) is reduced.
In some embodiments, the receiver signals the channel feedback to the transmitter at two time/frequency granularities: Selection of the sub-codebook is signaled at a relatively coarse granularity, while selection of the preferred precoding matrix within the selected sub-codebook is signaled at finer granularity. In an example embodiment, the receiver selects a (possibly different) sub-codebook every several Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs), and chooses a preferred precoding matrix from the currently-selected sub-codebook every TTI.
Since the receiver selects the preferred precoding matrices only from a partial sub-codebook and not from the entire codebook, the number of bits needed for signaling the selected matrices is small. Signaling of the valid codebook is carried out at coarse granularity that has little effect on feedback bandwidth. Thus, feedback bandwidth is reduced without degradation in precoding range or accuracy.
Unlike some codebook adaptation schemes that adapt the actual precoding matrices over time, the precoding matrices signaled by the receiver in the disclosed techniques are all predefined and agreed upon between the transmitter and the receiver. As such, the receiver signals suitable indications of the selected matrices, e.g., matrix indices, and has no need to signal entire matrices or adaptations of entire matrices. Moreover, the precoding matrices used in the disclosed feedback schemes are typically designed for simplified implementation of the precoding operation, e.g., matrices whose elements are drawn from a simple alphabet and/or Constant Modulus (CM) matrices.
System 20 comprises a Base Station (BS) 24, which communicates with a mobile communication terminal 28 (also referred to as User Equipment—UE). Although
UE 28 comprises one or more antennas 44, which receive the MIMO downlink signals that are transmitted from BS 24, and transmit the uplink signals to the BS. UE 28 comprises a downlink receiver (RX) 48 that receives and demodulates the downlink signals, an uplink transmitter (TX) 56 that generates and transmits the uplink signals, and a UE processor 52 that manages the UE operation and controls the various UE elements.
In some embodiments, UE processor 52 comprises a feedback calculation module 60, which calculates feedback regarding the downlink MIMO communication channel between BS antennas 40 and UE antennas 44. Feedback module 60 calculates the feedback based on the downlink signals received by downlink receiver 48, e.g., based on reference signals that are transmitted as part of the downlink signals. Examples of reference signals comprise Common Reference Signals (CRS) in LTE systems, and Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) in LTE-A systems. Alternatively, module 60 may calculate the feedback based on any other suitable part of the received downlink signals. Module 60 provides the calculated feedback to uplink transmitter 56, and the uplink transmitter transmits the feedback information to BS 24.
In BS 24, BS TRX 36 receives and demodulates the uplink signal, so as to extract the feedback sent by UE 28. BS processor 32 uses the feedback to control subsequent downlink transmissions. Typically, the BS processor sets the downlink precoding scheme (the relative signal phases and amplitudes in the different antennas of array 40) based on the feedback.
In the present example, the channel feedback scheme in system 20 uses a predefined codebook, i.e., a list of precoding matrices that are agreed upon between BS 24 and UE 28. In addition, BS 24 and UE 28 hold agreed-upon definitions of multiple sub-codebooks, i.e., multiple different subsets of the codebook. The use of the sub-codebooks for providing efficient feedback is explained in detail further below. In an embodiment, UE 28 comprises a memory 64, which holds definitions 68 of the codebook and sub-codebooks. Memory 64 may comprise any suitable type of memory, e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or non-volatile memory such as Flash memory. BS 24 also holds the definitions of the codebook and sub-codebooks in a suitable memory (not shown in the figure) that is accessible to BS processor 32.
The BS and UE configurations shown in
In some embodiments, some or all of the elements of UE 28 are fabricated in a chip-set. When implementing some or all of the disclosed techniques in software on a programmable processor, the software may be downloaded to the processor in electronic form, over a network, for example, or it may, alternatively or additionally, be provided and/or stored on non-transitory tangible media, such as magnetic, optical or electronic memory.
As noted above, BS 24 and UE 28 hold a definition of multiple sub-codebooks of the codebook. Each sub-codebook comprises a respective subset of the precoding matrices in the codebook. Overlap is typically permitted between sub-codebooks. In other words, a precoding matrix is permitted to appear in more than one sub-codebook. Typically, the BS and UE select a given sub-codebook for precoding signals that fall in a given time interval or frequency range. In some embodiments, the sub-codebook selection is based on the signal at the UE. Thus, when calculating the channel feedback, the UE chooses the preferred precoding matrix only from the appropriate sub-codebook (whose identity is known to the BS) and not from the entire codebook. Since the sub-codebook size is considerably smaller than the codebook size, the UE is able to signal the identity of the preferred precoding matrix using a small number of bits.
The codebook can be viewed as covering a certain range or space of precoding matrices. In some embodiments, each sub-codebook covers a certain sub-range or sub-space. For illustrative purposes (and purely by way of example) consider an implementation in each precoding matrix in the codebook corresponds to a certain beam direction. In other words, each precoding matrix causes BS 24 to transmit the downlink signal in a certain geometrical angle relative to antenna array 40. In this scenario, the codebook can be viewed as covering the angular coverage area of BS 24 with a certain angular resolution. Each sub-codebook can be viewed as covering a certain sub-range of the angular coverage area.
In this illustrative example, when UE 28 is located in a certain angular sector in the BS coverage area, the BS and UE may select and apply a sub-codebook that is suitable for covering this angular sector. Using this technique, the entire coverage area of BS 24 is covered with precoding matrices at high angular resolution. At the same time, this high resolution does not require high feedback bandwidth, since the precoding matrices are chosen only from the currently-valid (and relatively small-size) sub-codebook.
When the UE moves relative to the BS such that the currently-valid sub-codebook no longer provides adequate coverage, the BS and UE typically switch to another sub-codebook that better matches the UE's new location. The change of sub-codebook involves some signaling overhead between the UE and BS, but his event occurs at relatively large intervals, and the effect of the overhead on the overall feedback bandwidth is typically small. (Note that in many practical scenarios the preferred beam direction for transmitting to the UE differs from the actual geometrical direction of the UE relative to the BS antenna array, e.g., because of multipath. Nevertheless, the illustrative example described above holds for multipath scenarios, as well.)
In some embodiments, the sub-codebooks are arranged in multiple levels, such that each level increases in precoding accuracy or resolution, but decreases in precoding range. In an example embodiment, the UE and BS signal the selected codebook by signaling the level number, and an index of the selected codebook within this level. In alternative embodiments, various other multi-level codebook structures and signaling schemes can be used.
Each sub-codebook is identified by a level index Lε{0, 1, 2}, and a sub-codebook index I within the level. In the present example, the first level (L=0) includes a single sub-codebook (L=0, I=0) that covers the entire precoding range with a relatively coarse precoding resolution. The second level (L=1) includes two sub-codebooks (L=1, I=0 and L=1, I=1) that cover two respective sub-ranges (e.g., two angular coverage sectors) with higher resolution than that of level L=0. A certain overlap exists between the two sub-codebooks of Level L=1.
The third level (L=2) includes four sub-codebooks (L=2, I=0, L=2, I=1, L=2, I=2 and L=2, I=3) that cover four respective sub-ranges (e.g., four angular coverage sectors) that are smaller in precoding range but higher in precoding resolution than the sub-codebooks of the preceding level L=1. The four sub-codebooks of level L=2 also have a certain overlap. In some embodiments, BS and UE 28 coordinate the selection of a given sub-codebook by signaling the level index and sub-codebook index values, i.e., the values of L and I.
The sub-codebook definition of
In some embodiments, system 20 selects sub-codebooks at a certain coarse time granularity (i.e., with relatively long time intervals between successive selections), and chooses precoding matrices from these sub-codebooks at a certain fine time granularity (i.e., with relatively short time intervals between precoding matrix selection). Each precoding matrix would then correspond to a given wide frequency range. In a typical embodiment (although not necessarily) the precoding matrices are not produced simultaneously but rather in succession, one matrix for each time interval.
In alternative embodiments, system 20 selects sub-codebooks at a certain coarse frequency granularity (i.e., the selected sub-codebook corresponds to a relatively wide frequency band), and chooses precoding matrices from these sub-codebooks at a certain fine frequency granularity (i.e., the selected precoding matrix corresponds to a relatively narrow partial sub-band within the frequency band). In an example embodiment of this sort, both the sub-codebook selection and precoding matrices selections are made at a single time instant.
In an example embodiment, system 20 uses wideband sub-codebooks, i.e., sub-codebooks that are valid over the entire frequency range, and re-selects a sub-codebook at certain time intervals. In alternative embodiments, system 20 re-selects sub-codebooks for various partial spectral sub-bands. The description that follows demonstrates the dual-granularity operation in the time domain, for the sake of clarity. In alternative embodiments, however, similar dual-granularity operation is applied in the frequency domain.
At a sub-codebook selection operation 84, BS 24 and UE 28 coordinate a selection of a sub-codebook for use in the next coarse-granularity feedback period. Receiver 48 of UE 28 receives downlink MIMO signals, at a reception operation 88. Module 60 in UE processor 52 chooses a preferred precoding matrix for the next TTI based on the received downlink MIMO signals, at a matrix selection operation 92. Module 60 chooses the preferred precoding matrix from the sub-codebook that was selected at operation 84 above.
Transmitter 56 of UE 28 transmits to BS feedback that is indicative of the chosen preferred precoding matrix, at a feedback transmission operation 96. BS processor 36 precodes the downlink MIMO signals in the next TTI based on the preferred precoding matrix that was indicated in the feedback.
UE processor 52 checks whether the present coarse-granularity feedback period has ended, at a checking operation 100. If the coarse-granularity feedback period has not yet ended, the method loops back to operation 88 above, for receiving the next TTI and selecting the next preferred precoding matrix. If the coarse-granularity feedback period has ended, the method loops back to operation 84 above, in which system 20 re-selects a sub-codebook for use in the next coarse-granularity feedback period.
In embodiments that use a multilevel codebook, the number of sub-codebooks in a given level L is denoted M(L). In the example of
For eight BS transmit antennas, it is possible in principle to use the columns of the 8-by-8 DFT matrix given by:
as eight codewords (precoding matrices) of a size-8 codebook, wherein k denotes the codeword index and n denotes the codeword element index.
This eight-vector codebook can be viewed as covering the angular coverage area of the BS using eight precoding matrices whose corresponding beam directions are distributed uniformly in azimuth. A finer-resolution, sixteen-vector codebook for example is given by:
The finer-resolution codebook of Equation 2 has twice as many codewords as the codebook of Equation 1, and therefore would require considerably higher feedback bandwidth. Alternatively, the disclosed multilevel codebook configurations enable system 20 to achieve the high precoding resolution of the finer-resolution codebook with little or no increase in feedback bandwidth.
In an example embodiment, the codebook has a multilevel structure as shown in
The elements in the multilevel codebook are given by:
wherein L=0 . . . Lmax, k0=0 . . . M(L)−1, i=0 . . . 15 and n=0 . . . N−1. The level index L and the “rotation” k0 identify the sub-codebook, I denotes the codeword index, N denotes the number of transmit antennas (and thus the dimension of the codeword), and n denotes the codeword element index. Note that there is overlap between codewords of neighboring sub-codebooks since M>2L.
For N=8, the top-level sub-codebook is given by:
C80,0(n,i)=D82(n,i) Equation 5:
and BS 24 and UE 28 switch from this sub-codebook as necessary to the various sub-codebooks C8L,k
The description that follows describes another multilevel DFT-based codebook, in accordance with another example embodiment. This example is used for enhancing a channel feedback scheme that is specified in the LTE release 8 specifications. In LTE release 8, the UE transmits Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback either a-periodically on a high-capacity Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), or periodically on a low-capacity Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH).
In an embodiment, the precoding resolution of the PUSCH-based feedback is enhanced by increasing the codebook size, for example from four bits to eight bits. The PUCCH-based PMI feedback, however, is typically limited to four bits because of the limited capacity of this channel. Thus, in this embodiment, the precoding resolution of the PUCCH-based PMI feedback is increased using a multilevel codebook.
Consider, for example, a three-level codebook in which the sub-codebook size (in bits) at level L is denoted B(L). In the present example L=0 . . . 2 and B(L)=2L+4, i.e., B(0)=4, B(1)=6 and B(2)=8. The L=2, eight-bit sub-codebook comprises the codebook specified for PUSCH feedback in the LTE specification. The other sub-codebooks are defined to have a size of four bits. Switching between sub-codebooks is determined based on the level L and the rotation k0 (which identifies the four-bit sub-codebook to which the PMI feedback corresponds).
Since DFT-based codewords can be viewed as related to respective transmission beam angles, all the codewords of a given sub-codebook should typically be contiguous in angular coverage. Therefore, an optimum-granularity choice for the number of sub-codebooks (i.e., the number of values that k0 can take) is the number of rotations that are needed to map all the codewords in level L, which is equal to the number of codewords. Thus, we get:
M(L)=2B(L) Equation 6:
Alternatively, other suitable choices of M can also be used. A finest-granularity choice would typically allow rotation at the angular resolution of the highest-level (i.e., eight-bit) sub-codebook. A coarser-granularity choice may use the rule in Equation 3 above. In other words, any element in the multi-level codebook is given by:
wherein k=0 . . . M−1 denotes the codeword index, N denotes the number of transmit antennas (and thus the dimension of the codeword), and n=0 . . . N−1 denotes the codeword element index.
The Lth sub-codebook is further divided into sub-codebooks, and the elements of sub-codebook k0 are given by:
wherein k now has a smaller range of values k=0 . . . M(0)−1, i.e., sixteen codewords.
Let OS(L) be a DFT over-sampling factor that is defined as the ratio between the sub-codebook size and the DFT dimension N, i.e., OS(L)=M(L)/N. Using this notation, we can write:
The description above mainly addresses DFT-based codebooks. In these codebooks, all the precoding matrices are Constant Modulus (CM) matrices. Precoding using CM matrices causes the transmit antennas to transmit at equal power levels—sometimes a desirable property. In alternative embodiments, however, system 20 uses codebooks in which the precoding matrices are not necessarily DFT-based, but nevertheless have the CM property. Codebooks that are only partially DFT-based are described, for example, in “Codebook for 8Tx DL SU-MIMO for LTE-A,” document R1-094686, 3GPP TSG RANI WG1 meeting, Jeju, Korea, Nov. 9-13, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In an example embodiment, the codewords in the codebook are mapped to the azimuth angle dimension, for example by correlating them with the azimuth-ordered DFT vectors. Once each kth codeword corresponds to the kth DFT-based vector, the elements of the rotated k0 sub-codebook are given by:
In various embodiments, the optimal sub-codebook for a given feedback period (or any other time interval or frequency range) is selected by the UE, by the BS, or both. In an example embodiment, UE processor 52 conducts an exhaustive search over the sub-codebooks. The UE processor selects the sub-codebook that maximizes a certain performance measure, e.g., a predicted cumulative downlink throughput.
In alternative embodiments, the sub-codebook is selected based on the channel Spatial Covariance Function (SCF). The SCF matrix R is defined as the expected value of the matrix HHH, wherein H denotes the channel matrix. The expectation is typically evaluated over the entire frequency range and over time periods that are long relative to the feedback update period. In one example SCF-based method, the BS or UE computes the strongest eigenvector of the SCF matrix (i.e., the eigenvector having the strongest eigenvalue), and finds the codeword Ceig at level Lmax that is closest in some sense (e.g., Chordal distance or correlation) to this eigenvector. The BS or UE then refines the search to the sub-codebooks that contain codeword Ceig.
In another example SCF-based technique, the BS or UE computes the ratio between the strongest and second-strongest eigenvalues of the SCF matrix, and selects the sub-codebook based on this ratio. The ratio between the strongest and second-strongest eigenvalues is typically indicative of the spread of the received signal spatial directions over individual frequency and time instances. Thus, when the ratio is close to unity, the BS or UE select a sub-codebook from a high level L, and vice versa. The actual mapping of eigenvalue ratios to codebook levels can be set, for example, by simulation.
In a disclosed embodiment, the BS or UE first determines the desired codebook level using the eigenvalue ratio. Then, the BS or UE selects within this level a codeword Ceig that is closest (e.g., according to Chordal distance or correlation) to the strongest eigenvector. Then, the BS or UE chooses the rotation k0 such that codeword Ceig is the central codeword in the sub-codebook (e.g., index k=8 in the four-bit sub-codebook example of
In various embodiments, BS 24 and UE 28 coordinate the sub-codebook selection with one another in various ways. In some embodiments, the UE or BS selects the sub-codebook and signals the parameters of the selected sub-codebook (e.g., the values of L and k0) to the other end. In an example embodiment, the UE packs these parameters in a given number of bits, and transmits the bits using PUCCH and/or PUSCH signaling. The number of bits used for signaling the selected sub-codebook depends on the number of levels (maximal value of L) and the number of sub-codebooks per level M(L). For example, when Lmax=3 and M is given by Equation 3 above, the total number of sub-codebooks is 1+8+16=25, which can be signaled using five bits.
In alternative embodiments, the BS and UE each select the sub-codebook individually based on some feedback parameter that is known at both ends. In an example embodiment, the BS and UE each uses past PMI feedback reports to estimate the channel covariance matrix. Then, the BS and UE each selects the sub-codebook (e.g., selects L and k0) based on the estimated covariance matrix. This technique is carried out without explicit signaling of the sub-codebook selection between the BS and the UE. Example techniques of this sort are addressed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/321,386, filed Apr. 6, 2010, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
In some practical scenarios, the long-term covariance (which in some embodiments determines the selection of sub-codebook) may undergo abrupt changes. When such an abrupt change occurs, the selected sub-codebook may not be suitable for representing the desired precoding. Consider, for example, a scenario where sub-codebook selection has converged to a low-level (large L) sub-codebook having a small precoding range that covers a small range of azimuth angles. An abrupt change in the angle-of-arrival of the downlink signal may render the currently-selected sub-codebook useless. Recovering from such an event (i.e., selecting a new sub-codebook that matches the new signal angle-of-arrival) may take a long time, regardless of whether explicit or implicit signaling is used.
In some embodiments, the multilevel codebook design mitigates such scenarios by replacing some of the precoding matrices in a given high-level sub-codebook (that covers a narrow precoding range) with a diluted set of precoding matrices taken from the lowest-level (L=0) sub-codebook (that covers a wide precoding range). In other words, the high-level sub-codebook is appended with one or more precoding matrices that give some degree of wide precoding range, at the expense of losing some precoding accuracy within the original precoding range of the sub-codebook.
In this embodiment, half of the codewords of level L=0 (e.g., every second codeword) are defined as a fixed eight-codeword sub-codebook denoted CB0. The 4-bit sub-codebook at level L=1 is truncated to eight codewords and combined with CB0.
In the example of
In an example embodiment, a rank=1 codebook for four transmit antennas (4TX) that is specified in the LTE release 8 specifications is modified using the above technique. The original codebook comprises eight DFT-based codewords (with over-sampling ration of 2) and eight non-DFT codewords. The non-DFT codewords correspond to a diffuse, multimodal antenna pattern. In this embodiment, the eight non-DFT codewords are retained as the fixed CB0. The higher codebook levels are constructed exclusively from DFT-based codewords. Thus, any selected higher level sub-codebook comprises a combination of CB0 and eight high-resolution DFT-based codewords.
The codebook and sub-codebook configurations described herein are example configurations that are depicted solely for the sake of conceptual clarity. In alternative embodiments, any other suitable codebook and sub-codebook configurations can be used.
It is noted that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.
Claims
1. A method, comprising:
- holding in a receiver a definition of a codebook comprising precoding matrices and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks comprising different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook, wherein the sub-codebooks are arranged in multiple levels that differ from one another in precoding resolution and precoding range;
- selecting in coordination with a transmitter a sub-codebook for use in a given time interval or frequency range;
- receiving a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from the transmitter; and
- based on the received MIMO signal, generating in the receiver feedback that is indicative of one or more preferred precoding matrices, which are chosen from the selected sub-codebook and which are to be used in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in respective partitions of the given time interval or frequency range, and transmitting the feedback from the receiver to the transmitter.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein holding the definition comprises arranging the sub-codebooks in the codebook such that the levels progressively increase in the precoding resolution and decrease in the precoding range.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein holding the definition comprises adding to each of the sub-codebooks a diluted set of the precoding matrices having a broadest precoding range.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein holding the definition comprises defining each sub-codebook to represent a respective angular range of transmission beam directions of the transmitter, and wherein arranging the sub-codebooks in the levels comprises populating the levels with the sub-codebooks that progressively decrease in a size of the angular range.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein arranging the sub-codebooks in the levels comprises causing respective angular ranges of the sub-codebooks in a given level to partially overlap.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the sub-codebook comprises signaling between the transmitter and the receiver a respective level and a respective index within the level of the selected sub-codebook.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein holding the definition comprises formulating each of at least some of the precoding matrices using a respective set of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) coefficients.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the sub-codebook comprises deciding on the selected sub-codebook in the receiver and indicating the selected sub-codebook to the transmitter.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the sub-codebook comprises receiving a notification of the selected sub-codebook from the transmitter.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the sub-codebook comprises evaluating a Spatial Covariance Function (SCF) of a communication channel over which the MIMO signal is received, and selecting the sub-codebook based on the evaluated SCF.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein evaluating the SCF comprises estimating the SCF independently in each of the transmitter and the receiver, and selecting the sub-codebook independently in each of the transmitter and the receiver based on the independently-evaluated SCF.
12. Apparatus, comprising:
- a memory, which is configured to hold a definition of a codebook comprising precoding matrices and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks comprising different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook, wherein the sub-codebooks are arranged in multiple levels that differ from one another in precoding resolution and precoding range;
- a receiver, which is configured to receive a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from a remote transmitter;
- a processor, which is configured to select in coordination with the remote transmitter a sub-codebook for use in a given time or frequency range, and to generate, based on the received MIMO signal, feedback that is indicative of one or more preferred precoding matrices, which are chosen from the selected sub-codebook and which are to be used in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in respective partitions of the given time or frequency range; and
- a feedback transmitter, which is configured to transmit the feedback to the remote transmitter.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein, in accordance with the definition, the processor is configured to arrange the sub-codebooks in the codebook such that the levels progressively increase in the precoding resolution and decrease in the precoding range.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein, in accordance with the definition, the processor is configured to add to each of the sub-codebooks a diluted set of the precoding matrices having a broadest precoding range.
15. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein, in accordance with the definition, the processor is configured to define each sub-codebook to represent a respective angular range of transmission beam directions of the transmitter, and to populate the levels with the sub-codebooks that progressively decrease in a size of the angular range.
16. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to decide on the selected sub-codebook, and to indicate the selected sub-codebook to the remote transmitter.
17. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to receive a notification of the selected sub-codebook from the remote transmitter.
18. A mobile communication terminal comprising the apparatus of claim 12.
19. A chipset for processing signals in a mobile communication terminal, comprising the apparatus of claim 12.
20. A method, comprising:
- holding in a receiver a definition of a codebook comprising precoding matrices and a definition of multiple sub-codebooks comprising different respective subsets of the precoding matrices in the codebook, wherein the sub-codebooks are arranged in multiple levels that differ from one another in precoding resolution and precoding range;
- selecting in coordination with a transmitter a sub-codebook for use in a given time or frequency range;
- receiving a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) signal that is transmitted from the transmitter; and
- based on the received MIMO signal, choosing from the selected sub-codebook a preferred precoding matrix for use in precoding subsequent MIMO signals in the given time or frequency range, and sending an indication of the preferred precoding matrix from the receiver to the transmitter.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Dec 15, 2013
Date of Patent: Jun 24, 2014
Patent Publication Number: 20140105317
Assignee: Marvell World Trade Ltd. (St. Michael)
Inventors: Adoram Erell (Herzliya), Daniel Yellin (Ra'anana)
Primary Examiner: Daniel Washburn
Assistant Examiner: Berhanu Tadese
Application Number: 14/106,774
International Classification: H04B 7/04 (20060101);