Reduction of second order distortion in real time

- BlackBerry Limited

In a radio receiver, a method of reducing second order distortion components, involves at a first mixer, mixing an input signal with an oscillator signal to generate an I component of a received radio signal; at a second mixer, mixing the input signal with a phase shifted oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal; where the I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth; computing an estimate of second order distortion components as a power output of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and adjusting an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimated value of second order distortion components. This abstract is not to be considered limiting.

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Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/832,432; 13/832,313; and 13/832,649, each filed on even date herewith, which are incorporated herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

In a two way transceiver (transmitter/receiver) device such as a cellular telephone, signals from the transmitter can enter the receiver creating second order products that behave like noise to the receiver. This can undesirably degrade the signal-to-noise ratio of the receiver.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Example embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the included drawings such that like reference numerals refer to like elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is an example frequency spectrum showing the effects of IIP2 distortion.

FIG. 2 is an example block diagram of a portion of a transceiver device 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an example flow chart block of a process consistent with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example circuit arrangement in which processor 50 adjusts a filter parameter.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example circuit arrangement in which processor 50 adjusts a gate bias in one or more of the mixer circuits.

 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. Numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the embodiments described herein. The embodiments may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the embodiments described. The invention is not to be considered as limited to the scope of the embodiments described herein.

The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality”, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another”, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and/or “having”, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term “coupled”, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The term “program” or “computer program” or “application” or similar terms, as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A “program”, or “computer program”, may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, in an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. The term “processor”, “controller”, “CPU”, “Computer” and the like as used herein encompasses both hard programmed, special purpose, general purpose and programmable devices and may encompass a plurality of such devices or a single device in either a distributed or centralized configuration without limitation.

Reference throughout this document to “one embodiment”, “certain embodiments”, “an embodiment”, “an example”, “an implementation”, “an example” or similar terms means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment, example or implementation is included in at least one embodiment, example or implementation of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, example or implementation. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments, examples or implementations without limitation.

The term “or” as used herein is to be interpreted as an inclusive or meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, “A, B or C” means “any of the following: A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C”. An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive.

In radio systems such as the cellular 3G and 4G LTE radio systems or other wireless communication systems, a transceiver (e.g., a mobile device such as a cellular telephone) transmits power that can leak back into the transceiver's own receiver (i.e. through the receiver path). This causes problems for the receiver since this power often falls directly within the receiver frequency due to “2nd order” non-linearity production of second order distortion components (also referred to as “IIP2”). This can be especially problematic in modern radio receiver architectures.

Because of this second order distortion, the signal that the transceiver's receiver receives is equal to the desired incoming signal (RX—what the device is supposed to receive) plus some proportion of the transmit signal squared (ignoring noise and other factors). This can be represented mathematically as:
Receiver input signal=RX+c*(TX)2,

where RX represents the desired signal to be received, and ‘c’ is a constant of proportionality of the (TX)2 signal. Ideally, c=0 and the receiver only receives signal RX. The signal due to (TX)2 is effectively just noise that corrupts the signal RX that the receiver is trying to receive. Moreover, this signal has a bandwidth that is twice the normal RX bandwidth B. Hence, in accord with the present teachings, a measure of the signal present just outside the RX bandwidth B up to about 2B in frequency can be used to determine how much of the IIP2 signal is present, and steps can be taken to decrease the second order distortion.

Note that the signal RX may be considered complex, i.e., can be written as I+jQ, where j=√{square root over (−1)}, that is, “I” is the real part, and “Q” is the imaginary part.

The second order distortion/interference signals IIP2 can be measured without the presence of the desired receive signal in the factory or during power up of the transceiver (e.g., telephone). However, this method does not allow one to correct the operation of the radio in real time as it is working within a wireless network. Since various factors such as age, temperature, component drift, surroundings, etc. can cause variations in the amount of IIP2 distortion signals that are introduced in the receive path, initial factory settings may not be optimal.

In order to be able to more fully address the problem of second order interference, in accord with the present teachings the transceiver can examine the received signal in real time while the transceiver is actually receiving the RX signal. By doing this the amount of 2nd order signal can be estimated by estimating the power in the band between B and 2B. Once the second order signal is estimated, adjustments can be made to state variables that affect the operational parameters of the receiver (e.g., filter bandwidth, filter Q, mixer bias levels, etc.) to reduce the 2nd order distortion signal components, e.g., using an iterative process.

Therefore, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure, in a radio receiver, a method of reducing second order distortion components, involves at a first mixer, mixing an input signal with an oscillator signal to generate an I component of a received radio signal; at a second mixer, mixing the input signal with a phase shifted oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal; where the I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth; computing an estimate of second order distortion as a power output of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and adjusting an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimated value of second order distortion components.

In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises bias levels of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the bias level comprises a gate bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the bias level comprises a bulk bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of a filter. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter Q or bandwidth. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the filter comprises a notch frequency.

A radio receiver consistent with certain implementations has a local oscillator and a first mixer, configured to mix an input signal with a local oscillator signal from the local oscillator to generate an I component of a received radio signal. A second mixer is configured to mix the input signal with a phase shifted local oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal. The I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth. A processor is programmed to: compute an estimate of second order distortion as a power of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and adjust an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimate of second order distortion components.

In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises bias levels of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the bias level comprises a gate bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the bias level comprises a bulk bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, one or more digital to analog converters is coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor to a voltage that sets a bias level of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, one or more digital to analog converters is coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor to a voltage that sets a gate bias of one or both of the first and second mixers. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of a filter. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter Q or bandwidth. In certain implementations, the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter notch frequency.

Another radio receiver has a local oscillator and a first mixer, configured to mix an input signal with a local oscillator signal from the local oscillator to generate an I component of a received radio signal. A second mixer is configured to mix the input signal with a phase shifted local oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal. The I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth. A programmed processor is provided. One or more digital to analog converters is coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor a voltage that sets a bias level of one or both of the first and second mixers. The processor is programmed to: compute an estimate of second order distortion as a power output of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and adjust an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimate of second order distortion components. In certain implementations, the bias level comprises a gate or bulk bias.

Referring to FIG. 1, an abstract graph of power output spectrum of a receiver's mixers is depicted in the presence of IIP2 distortion. In this graph, the desired RX signal's spectrum goes out to the receive bandwidth of B and is shown as 6. The spectrum of the IIP2, however, goes from zero to about 2B. In accord with examples consistent with the present teachings, one can deduce how a particular set of state variables will affect the IIP2 performance of the receiver by measuring the effect of varying the state variables while monitoring the spectrum in the range of B through 2B. This may be done at particular ranges of frequencies therein, or by measuring power in the entire band B to 2B, for example by a processor using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the IQ signals. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the RX bandwidth B is idealized in this figure, but is generally a design parameter for the bandwidth B that will contain the significant energy in RX band that can normally be used to decode the RX signal. Some deviation from this ideal bandwidth is to be expected with real signals and filters.

With reference to FIG. 2, in certain embodiments, a method is provided for measuring and tuning the IIP2 of a radio receiver using real time communication signals. In the embodiment discussed herein, the radio receiver has a pair of mixers 10 and 14 that produce outputs by mixing their input signal 18 with local oscillator signals 22 and 26 (which are 90 degrees out of phase) in order to produce quadrature I and Q output signals 30 and 34 coming from the pair of mixers. These I and Q output signals 30 and 34 respectively are mixed by mixers 10 and 14 down to baseband in a single conversion and are the signals that are decoded after filtering at low pass filters 38 and 42. While this discussion presumes a single conversion radio receiver, the present techniques are equally applicable to multiple conversion receivers.

In accord with certain implementations, the mixers 10 and 14 may have controllable parameters that can be adjusted directly or indirectly by a processor 50. Such controllable parameters can have an effect on the amount of 2nd order distortion produced at the output of the mixers and hence at the output of the filters. Processor 50 operates based on instructions stored in a memory 54 that includes instructions 58 that estimate the second order distortion and control the transceiver in a manner that helps to minimize such second order distortion components. Hence, a method can be provided to estimate/measure the second order distortion signal in the presence of a wanted signal during operation of the transceiver in the field. By taking this measurement, the second order terms can be minimized using a closed loop approach.

In the example transceiver of FIG. 2, the I signal 30 and the Q signal 34 are processed in the radio transceiver in order to carry out reception of a transmitted communication. Interference is superimposed on these signals, and in the current example, second order components are one type of interference signal that can be superimposed on the wanted signal thus reducing the SNR (signal to noise ratio). It should be noted that second order distortion can be very significant in today's transceivers that use an architecture called “direct conversion”, “single conversion” or “zero-IF”. If the second order interference is labelled as ‘TX’, the desired ‘RX’ signal has I and Q signal components at 30 and 34 that become:
I- ->I+a(TX)2
Q- ->Q+b(TX)2

where a and b are coefficients that indicate the amount of second order distortion (for purposes of this analysis, the second order distortion is primarily in the form of power resulting from receipt of transmitted signal TX from the transmitter portion of the transceiver and other forms of noise and interference are presumed negligible). If there is no second order distortion, a=0 and b=0.

Therefore the average power of the I and Q signals become:
Average Power I- -><I2>+a<TX2>
Average Power Q- -><Q2>+b<TX2>

where the symbols < > denote averages over time.

By knowing that a large portion of this power TX2 appears in the bandwidth between B and 2B this information can be used in a closed loop system that minimizes the power between B and 2B to estimate the second order distortion. Hence, referring back to FIG. 2, instructions 58 are used by processor 50 to sample the power in the I and Q signals (converted to the digital domain and fed back to processor 50) between B and 2B (e.g., by use of FFT analysis or other suitable method) and compute an estimate of the second order distortion power in that band. The processor 50 can then increment a suitable transceiver parameter to see how the incrementing of the transceiver parameter affects the second order distortion. The process can then be iterated so as to minimize the second order distortion. In one example, a parameter of the mixers 10 and 14, such as the mixer gate bias or bulk (substrate), can be adjusted and the measurement and estimation of the second order distortion as power between B and 2B repeated to determine if it has improved or degraded. This process can be repeated until, for example, an optimum or acceptable amount of mixer bias is achieved for one or both mixers or any of the mixer components.

It is noted, however, that multiple effects may be caused by such an adjustment in an attempt to optimize IIP2 distortion. For example, if the mixer bias is changed, current drain can increase. So, if the IIP2 distortion is within acceptable bounds, it may be unnecessary to fully optimize the mixer properties to achieve the absolute best IIP2 distortion performance, provided that the IIP2 distortion performance can be improved to be within acceptable limits. In all cases, what is optimum may have to be determined by the process or using a suitable algorithm which may optimize more than simply the IIP2 distortion performance. In this example, once IIP2 performance is improved to an adequate degree, if current drain is increasing it may be advantageous to not fully optimize the IIP2 distortion in favour of having adequate IIP2 distortion performance and lower current drain (to maintain long battery life).

It is noted that in FIG. 2, analog to digital and digital to analog conversions are omitted to simplify the figure, but those skilled in the art will understand that the I and Q signals are converted to digital for processing by processor 50 and the control signals that modify a transceiver parameter may be analog or digital, and hence, may be converted to analog when appropriate.

Hence, in accord with an implementation of the above discussion, the signal in the band between B and 2B is measured as an indicator of the amount of IIP2 signal present. This power is minimized or reduced by the mixer input(s) that control the amount of 2nd order distortion produced.

One example process for carrying out the optimization of the second order distortion components is depicted as process 100 of FIG. 3 starting at 104 after a decision is made to optimize the IIP2 performance of the transceiver. Such a decision can be based upon any number of criteria, such as for example: passage of a specified time period, change in SNR, observed degradation of radio performance according to any specified criterion, power up of the radio, receipt of a signal of a designated type, etc.

Once the process 100 is initiated at 104, input signals are received at the receiver's mixers at 108 and converted to I and Q components by mixing with local oscillator signals that are separated in phase by 90 degrees at 112. The I and Q values are then sampled by the processor 50 to compute an estimate of the second order distortion components at 120, for example over a period of, for example, approximately ten microseconds. Thus at 124, the process can be iterated to adjust a receiver parameter such as the mixer bias to minimize or reduce the power between B and 2B.

In this manner, the IIP2 components can be minimized or alternatively reduced to an acceptable level while optimizing other receiver performance parameters. When the optimization is in progress the measuring and adjusting as described above are iterated until the processor 50 deems the system optimized or adequately adjusted. This is depicted as a “no” decision at 130 at which point control returns to 104. At the point where the processor 50 deems the system to be suitably optimized in terms of IIP2 alone or in conjunction with one or more other performance parameters, control passes to block 136 and the process ends until invoked again.

Referring now to FIG. 4, in certain implementations processor 50 can be configured to receive the I and Q signals as depicted in FIG. 2 and provide an output control signal to one or more digital to analog converters (DAC) 202 to control an operational parameter of a filter such as filter 206 (which may be before or after a low noise amplifier). Of course, this example presumes a filter 206 that is adjusted with analog signals. For control using digital signals, the DAC 202 is not used. In this example, the filter parameters being controlled relate to an output from a low noise amplifier 210 coupled to an antenna to receive the RX input signal. Filter 206 can be configured as a low pass filter, a band pass filter or a notch filter in any other suitable filter configuration. The control exercised by processor 50 can be to control the bandwidth, center frequency, notch frequency, Q or other filter parameter as may be deemed in a particular radio configuration to impact the second order distortion components that appear in the receiver.

Referring now to FIG. 5, in certain implementations processor 50 can be configured to receive the I and Q signals as depicted in FIG. 2 and provide an output control signal to one or more of the mixers 10 and 14, shown in greater detail in this illustration. In this example the mixers are configured to operate on differential signals and hence mixer 10 receives signals LO− and LO+ from the local oscillator. Similarly, mixer 14 receives differential signals LO− and LO+ from its local oscillator source (which may be the same local oscillator with multiple phase outputs) with the mixer 10 receiving local oscillator signals that are 90 degrees out of phase with those received by mixer 14. Each local oscillator signal is shown capacitively coupled to the respective gates of transistors 220, 222 of mixer 10, and 224, 226 of mixer 14.

Processor 50 sends control signals to DACs 230, 232, 234 and 236 to control an operational parameter the mixer transistors 220, 222, 224 and 226 respectively. In this example, the gate bias is controlled by the output of DACs 230, 232, 234 and 236 through resistors 240, 242, 244 and 246 respectively by changing the analog voltage applied to the respective resistors. The sources of transistors 220, 222, 224 and 226 are coupled to differential supply voltages VBB− and VBB+ while the drains of transistors 220, 222 are coupled together and receive the RF input voltage in a differential manner so that VRF+ is received by mixer 10 and VRF− is received at the drains of transistors 224 and 226 which are also coupled together.

In this example, the bias of each of the transistor pair making up mixer 10 and the transistor pair making up mixer 14 can be individually controlled to optimize the operation of the mixer and reduce or minimize the second order distortion components as previously described. One or more gate bias can be adjusted to achieve the desired change in operation of the mixers. In other implementations, other parameters of the mixers could be adjusted such as the signal level from the oscillator, bulk or substrate bias, or the RF input level to the receiver. Other variations will occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the present teachings.

The order in which the optional operations represented in process 100 occur is not predetermined or predefined, and these operations may occur in any operational order. Thus, while the blocks comprising the methods are shown as occurring in a particular order, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many of the blocks are interchangeable and can occur in different orders than that shown without materially affecting the end results of the methods.

The implementations of the present disclosure described above are intended to be examples only. Those of skill in the art can effect alterations, modifications and variations to the particular example embodiments herein without departing from the intended scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, selected features from one or more of the above-described example embodiments can be combined to create alternative example embodiments not explicitly described herein.

It will be appreciated that any module or component disclosed herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to non-transitory and tangible computer readable media such as storage media, computer storage media, or data storage devices (removable or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape data storage, where the term “non-transitory” is intended only to exclude propagating waves and signals and does not exclude volatile memory or memory that can be rewritten. Computer storage media may include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by an application, module, or both. Any such computer storage media may be part of the server, any component of or related to the network, backend, etc., or accessible or connectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may be implemented using computer readable/executable instructions that may be stored or otherwise held by such computer readable media.

The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Claims

1. In a radio receiver, a method of reducing second order distortion components, comprising:

at a first mixer, mixing an input signal with an oscillator signal to generate an I component of a received radio signal;
at a second mixer, mixing the input signal with a phase shifted oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal;
where the I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth;
computing an estimate of second order distortion components as a power output of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and
adjusting an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimated value of second order distortion components.

2. The method in accordance with claim 1, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of one or both of the first and second mixers.

3. The method in accordance with claim 1, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises bias levels of one or both of the first and second mixers.

4. The method in accordance with claim 3, where the bias level comprises a gate bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers.

5. The method in accordance with claim 3, where the bias level comprises a bulk bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers.

6. The method in accordance with claim 1, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of a filter.

7. The method in accordance with claim 6, where the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter Q or bandwidth.

8. The method in accordance with claim 6, where the operational parameter of the filter comprises a notch frequency.

9. A radio receiver, comprising:

a local oscillator;
a first mixer, configured to mix an input signal with a local oscillator signal from the local oscillator to generate an I component of a received radio signal;
a second mixer, configured to mix the input signal with a phase shifted local oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal;
where the I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth;
a processor programmed to:
compute an estimate of second order distortion components as a power of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and
adjust an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimate of second order distortion components.

10. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 9, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of one or both of the first and second mixers.

11. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 9, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises bias levels of one or both of the first and second mixers.

12. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 11, where the bias level comprises a gate bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers.

13. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 11, where the bias level comprises a bulk bias voltage of one or both of the first and second mixers.

14. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 11, further comprising one or more digital to analog converters coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor to a voltage that sets a bias level of one or both of the first and second mixers.

15. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 11, further comprising one or more digital to analog converters coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor to a voltage that sets a gate or a bulk bias of one or both of the first and second mixers.

16. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 9, where the operational parameter of the radio receiver comprises an operational parameter of a filter.

17. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 16, where the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter Q or bandwidth.

18. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 16, where the operational parameter of the filter comprises a filter notch frequency.

19. A radio receiver, comprising:

a local oscillator;
a first mixer, configured to mix an input signal with a local oscillator signal from the local oscillator to generate an I component of a received radio signal;
a second mixer, configured to mix the input signal with a phase shifted local oscillator signal to generate a Q component of the received radio signal;
where the I and Q components of the received signal have a receive bandwidth;
a programmed processor;
one or more digital to analog converters coupled to the processor and configured to convert digital control signals from the processor to a voltage that sets a bias level of one or both of the first and second mixers;
where the processor is programmed to:
compute an estimate of second order distortion components as a power output of the I and Q components between approximately the receive bandwidth and twice the receive bandwidth of the received radio signals; and
adjust an operational parameter of the radio receiver to reduce the estimate of second order distortion components.

20. The radio receiver in accordance with claim 19, where the bias level comprises a gate or bulk bias.

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Patent History
Patent number: 8942656
Type: Grant
Filed: Mar 15, 2013
Date of Patent: Jan 27, 2015
Patent Publication Number: 20140273905
Assignee: BlackBerry Limited (Waterloo)
Inventors: Tajinder Manku (Waterloo), Christopher Eugene Snyder (Waterloo), Stephen Arnold Devison (Kitchener)
Primary Examiner: Thanh Le
Application Number: 13/832,253