Method to control electromechanical valves
A system for controlling electromechanical of an internal combustion has a valve-closing electromagnet for attracting the armature coupled to the valve to close the valve, a valve-opening electromagnet for attracting the armature to open the valve, a valve-opening spring for biasing the valve open, and a valve-closing spring for biasing the valve closed. The method includes de-energizing the valve-closing electromagnet for a predetermined time, enabling the valve to oscillate by the valve springs, and then energizing the valve-closing electromagnet to close the valve. Consequently, only the valve-closing electromagnet is energized to open and close the valve. The valve biasing springs force the valve to a location at which the valve-closing electromagnet can close the valve. This provides an electrical energy over prior methods in which both the valve-opening and valve-closing electromagnets are energized to actuate the valve.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for controlling electromechanical valves in an internal combustion engine.
2. Background of the Invention
An electromechanically operated poppet valve in the cylinder head of an internal combustion, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,543, is actuated by energizing and de-energizing electromagnets acting upon an armature coupled to the poppet valve. Because the actuation of the electromagnets is controlled by an electronic control unit, valve opening and closing events occur independently of engine rotation. In conventional engines with camshaft actuated valves, which have timings based on engine rotation, air delivery to the cylinders is controlled by a throttle valve placed in the inlet duct of the engine. In contrast, electromechanical valves are capable of controlling air delivery based on valve timing, thereby providing a thermal efficiency improvement over throttled operation of a conventional engine.
However, a drawback to electromechanical valves is the amount of electrical energy consumed in actuating them. The inventors of the present invention have recognized a method to operate electromechanical valves in a manner which consumes less electrical energy than prior methods.
SUMMARY OF INVENTIONDisadvantages of prior methods are overcome by a method for actuating an intake valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine by an electromagnetic valve apparatus. The apparatus has a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to close the valve, a valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to open the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, and a valve closing spring for biasing the armature in a direction to close the valve. The method includes the steps of actuating the valve according to a first mode when a first set of engine operating conditions are detected and actuating the valve according to a second mode when a second set of engine operating conditions are detected. The first mode further includes the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet, maintaining the valve closing electromagnet in the de-energized state for a first predetermined time enabling the valve to oscillate by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring, and energizing the valve closing electromagnet after the first predetermined time to close the valve. The second mode further includes the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet to allow the valve to open, energizing the valve opening electromagnet in response to said de-energizing step to attract the armature to the valve opening electromagnet thereby causing the valve to open, de-energizing the opening electromagnet after a second predetermined time has elapsed since the valve opening electromagnet has been energized, and energizing the valve closing electromagnet in response to the de-energizing step of the valve opening electromagnet to attract the armature to the valve closing electromagnet thereby causing the valve to close.
An electromagnetic valve apparatus for actuating a valve disposed in a cylinder head of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is disclosed which has an armature operatively connected to the valve, a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting said armature to close the valve, a valve opening spring coupled to the armature for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, a valve closing spring coupled to the valve for biasing the valve to a closed position, and an electronic control unit operably connected to the valve closing electromagnet. The electronic control unit de-energizes the valve closing electromagnet allowing the valve to oscillate by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring and maintains the valve closing electromagnet in the de-energized state at least until the valve travels to a nearly open position and returns to a nearly closed position. The predetermined time is based on dynamic characteristics of the valve and the electromagnetic valve apparatus. The valve is an intake valve of the engine. Intake air flows past an oscillating intake valve.
A primary advantage of the present invention is that the amount of energy utilized in actuating a valve is approximately half of prior art actuation methods.
According to an aspect of the present invention, the valve may be opened for a period of time over which the valve oscillates between a nearly open position and a nearly closed position. Compared with prior methods in which the valve is maintained in a fully open position for the entire duration of opening, the present invention provides more intake turbulence to the incoming air stream by virtue of the air being inducted past an intake valve which is at a half open position, on average.
The advantages described herein will be more fully understood by reading an example of an embodiment in which the invention is used to advantage, referred to herein as the Detailed Description, with reference to the drawings wherein:
In
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Before discussing aspects of the present invention, an example of prior art control of an electromechanical valve is described. Typically, a valve, whether an intake or exhaust valve, of an internal combustion engine is normally closed, i.e., the valve is in the closed position for more of the time than the open position. Thus, the description of valve opening begins with a closed valve, i.e., with a holding current be applied to valve closing electromagnet 32. Actuating the valve proceeds by: de-energizing valve closing electromagnet 32 which causes the valve to open under the influence of valve opening spring 36; applying a peak current to valve opening electromagnet 28 to grab armature 30 when it is near its fully open position; applying a holding current to valve opening electromagnet 28 after armature 30 is attracted to valve opening electromagnet 28); applying holding current for as long as the desired open duration of the valve; de-energizing valve opening electromagnet 28 which causes the valve to close under the influence of valve spring 24; and, applying a peak current to valve opening electromagnet 32 to grab armature 30 when it is near its fully closed position. The terms peak current and holding current are concepts known to those skilled in the art and refer to a higher current level (peak current) used to catch a moving armature 30 and a lesser current (holding current) used to prevent a stationary armature 30 from moving.
The neutral position, i.e., the position that valve 20 attains when both electromagnets 28 and 34 are de-energized, is about halfway between the fully closed position,
As mentioned above, the power consumption in performing a valve catching, i.e., applying the peak current, is the predominant energy consuming function. In performing one cycle of valve open and close, prior art methods perform two such valve catching events:
valve grabbing near the fully open position and valve grabbing near the fully closed position. The present invention, in contrast, performs only one valve catching event, valve grabbing near the closed position. As a consequence, about a 50% electrical energy savings in electromechanical valve actuations is realized by practicing the present invention.
The valve lift profiles and open duration provided by prior art are quite different from the present invention and are illustrated in FIG. 5. In the upper graph of
Comparing the valve profile of prior art, upper graph in
When intake valve 20 is operated according to prior art approaches, the amount of air inducted can be determined by controlling the opening and closing time of the valve, as shown in the upper graph of FIG. 5. According to an aspect of the present invention, intake valve 20 is opened at any time; however, the closing occurs at predetermined intervals only. In the example shown in
According to an aspect of the present invention discussed above, closing of the valve occurs based on a number of valve periods or oscillations of the valve, i.e., based on a time. Alternatively, if the valve apparatus is equipped with a valve position sensor, such as a LVDT as shown in
A method of operating an engine according to an aspect of the present invention is shown in FIG. 7. The procedure begins in step 100. Control passes to step 102 in which it is determined how much air, Ma, should be trapped in the cylinder. This is based on driver demand for power. Control passes to step 104 in which it is determined whether the desired amount of air, Ma, can be provided by practicing the present invention. If not, control passes to step 120, in which prior art methods are used. The valve trajectory of prior art is shown in the upper half of FIG. 5 and is described above. From step 120, control returns to step 100, where a determination of valve procedure is determined for the next valve opening cycle. If a positive result in step 104, control passes to step 106 in which the minimum number of valve oscillations that can be used to provide Ma is determined. The minimum number is an integral number and is less than the number of oscillations in which the trajectory of armature 30 fails to attain the minimum valve grabbing distance. Control passes to step 108 in which the timing to initiate valve opening is determined. Constraints placed on the initiation time are that the number of oscillations is that which was found in step 106 and Ma is to be provided to the cylinder. Control is passed to step 110 in which the valve is opened starting at the initiation time found in block 108 and is open for the minimum number of oscillations. Control then returns to block 100.
In the above discussion of determining a valve opening time in step 108, the constraints discussed are the number of valve periods or oscillations over which the valve is open and providing the desired air, Ma.
Alternatively, the opening time could be constrained by a desired turbulence level of the inducted gases or a desired level of exhaust gases to trap in the cylinder. These alternative constraints could preferably be used in lean burn engines, that is, engines in which the amount of air delivered to the cylinder is more than that for fully combusting the fuel that is supplied to the cylinder.
While several modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention. The above-described embodiments are intended to be illustrative of the invention, which may be modified within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1. A method for actuating a an intake valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine by an electromechanical valve system having an armature operatively connected to the valve, a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to close the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, and a valve closing spring for biasing the armature in a direction to close the valve, comprising the steps of:
- de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet when said valve is in a substantially fully closed position;
- maintaining the valve closing electromagnet in said de-energized state for a predetermined time enabling the valve to oscillate by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring while inducting air past the valve as it oscillates; and
- energizing the valve closing electromagnet after said predetermined time to close the valve.
2. The method of claim 1, said predetermined time is based on oscillation characteristics of the valve when the valve closing electromagnet is de-energized.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said valve is one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined time is approximately a valve period, said valve period is the time elapsed between de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet until the valve returns to a nearly closed position for a first time.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said valve period is based on the spring constant of the valve opening spring, the spring constant of the valve closing spring, a mass of the valve, and a mass of the armature, and damping coefficients of the valve opening spring, the armature, and the valve.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined time is substantially an integral number of valve periods, said valve period is the time elapsed between de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet until the valve returns to a nearly closed position.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said integral number is less than a predetermined number.
8. The method of claim 6 7, wherein said predetermined number is the number of a first occurring oscillation of the armature at which a trajectory of the armature fails to attain a predetermined distance away from said fully closed position, said predetermined distance is a maximum distance that the armature may be away from the valve closing electromagnet while being capable of being attracted by the valve closing electromagnet.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined time is a time when the valve is closer to a fully closed position of the valve than a distance at which the valve closing electromagnet is capable of attracting the armature and causing the valve to close.
10. An electromagnetic valve apparatus for actuating a valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, the engine having at least one cylinder, comprising:
- an armature operatively connected to the valve;
- a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting said armature to close the valve;
- a valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting said armature to open the valve;
- a valve opening spring coupled to said armature for biasing said armature in a direction to open the valve;
- a valve closing spring coupled to said valve for biasing the valve to a closed position; and
- an electronic control unit operably connected to said valve closing electromagnet de-energizes said valve closing electromagnet allowing the valve to oscillate by force of said valve opening spring and said valve closing spring and maintains said valve closing electromagnet in said de-energized state at least until the valve travels to a nearly open position and returns to a nearly closed position without energizing the valve opening electromagnet.
11. The system of claim 10 further comprising a position sensor coupled to said armature providing an indication of a position of the valve with respect to the cylinder head, said position sensor is connected to said electronic control unit.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein said electronic control unit energizes said valve closing electromagnet to cause the valve to close when said position sensor indicates that the valve is within a predetermined distance from said cylinder head.
13. The system of claim 12 wherein said predetermined distance is a maximum distance that said armature may be away from the valve closing electromagnet while being capable of being attracted by the valve closing electromagnet.
14. The system of claim 10 wherein said electronic control unit energizes said valve closing electromagnet at a predetermined time after said valve closing electromagnet is de-energized to cause the valve to close.
15. The system of claim 14, said predetermined time is based on dynamic characteristics of the valve and the electromagnetic valve apparatus.
16. The system of claim 14 wherein the valve is an intake valve.
17. The system of claim 16 wherein said predetermined time is determined so as to provide a desired quantity of air to one cylinder of the engine.
18. The system of claim 17 further comprising a piston disposed in the cylinder which reciprocates within the cylinder, wherein a time of performing said de-energizing step which enables oscillation of the valve is based on the position of said piston in the cylinder.
19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a throttle valve disposed in the intake duct of the engine, wherein a time of performing said de-energizing step which enables oscillation of the valve and a position of said throttle valve are determined to provide a desired quantity of air to one cylinder of the engine.
20. The system of claim 10 wherein the valve is an exhaust valve.
21. The system of claim 20 wherein the engine is a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine and an opening time and a closing time of the valve is based on a desired portion of exhaust gases to retain in one cylinder.
22. A method for actuating an intake valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine by an electromagnetic valve apparatus having a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to close the valve, the valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to open the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, a valve closing spring for biasing the armature in a direction to close the valve, comprising the steps of:
- actuating the valve according to a first mode when a first set of engine operating conditions are detected, said first mode further comprises the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet; maintaining the valve closing electromagnet in said de-energized state for a first predetermined time enabling the valve to oscillate by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring; and energizing the valve closing electromagnet after said first predetermined time to close the valve; and
- actuating the valve according to a second mode when a second set of engine operating conditions are detected, said second mode further comprises the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet to allow the valve to open, energizing the valve opening electromagnet in response to said de-energizing step to attract the armature to the valve opening electromagnet thereby causing the valve to open; de-energizing the opening electromagnet after a second predetermined time has elapsed since the valve opening electromagnet has been energized; and energizing the valve closing electromagnet in response to said de-energizing step of the valve opening electromagnet to attract the armature to the valve closing electromagnet thereby causing the valve to close.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said first predetermined time is based on oscillation characteristics of the valve when the valve opening electromagnet is de-energized and the valve closing electromagnet is de-energized.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the valve is an intake valve, said first set of engine operating conditions are those indicating a lower flow rate of air through the valve, and said second set of engine operating conditions are those indicating a higher flow rate of air through the valve.
25. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of inducting air past the valve as it oscillates, when the valve is operated according to said first mode.
26. The method of claim 22, said first set of operating conditions is indicated by a lower engine speed and a lower engine torque.
27. A computer readable storage medium having stored data representing instructions executable by a computer to open a valve disposed in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, the valve is actuated by an electromechanical valve apparatus having an armature operatively connected to the valve, a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting said armature to close the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing said armature in a direction to open the valve, and a valve closing spring for biasing the valve closed, comprising:
- instructions to de-energize the valve closing electromagnet; and
- instructions to energize the valve closing electromagnet at a predetermined time after said de-energizing instructions, wherein said predetermined time is based on an integral number of valve periods, said valve period is the time elapsed between de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet until the valve returns to a nearly closed position for a first time when the valve closing electromagnet is maintained de-energized.
28. The computer readable storage medium of claim 27 wherein the valve is an intake valve, further comprising:
- instructions to determine a desired amount of air to induct into said cylinder; and
- instructions to determine said integral number of valve periods to cause said desired amount of air to be inducted into said cylinder.
29. The computer readable storage medium of claim 28, further comprising
- instructions to determine an initiation time to de-energize the valve closing electromagnet to provide said desired amount air to said cylinder, said initiation time is based on a position of a piston disposed in the cylinder.
30. The computer readable storage medium of claim 27, further comprising:
- instructions to determine a desired amount of air to induct into the cylinder;
- instructions to determine a desired amount of burned gases to trap in said cylinder;
- instructions to determine said integral number of valve periods during which the valve is allowed to oscillate and to determine an initiation time to de-energize the valve closing electromagnet based on said desired amount of air and said desired amount of burned gases, said initiation time is based on a position of a piston disposed in the cylinder.
31. The computer readable storage medium of claim 27, further comprising:
- instructions to determine a desired amount of air to induct into the cylinder;
- instructions to determine a desired turbulence level of the gases trapped in the combustion chamber; and
- instructions to determine said integral number of valve periods during which the valve is allowed to oscillate and to determine an initiation time to de-energize the valve closing electromagnet based on said desired amount of air and said desired turbulence level, said initiation time is based on a position of a piston disposed in the cylinder.
32. The computer readable storage medium of claim 27 wherein said integral number of valve periods is less than a predetermined number of valve periods.
33. A method for actuating a valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine by an electromechanical valve system having an armature operatively connected to the valve, a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to close the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, and a valve closing spring for biasing the armature in a direction to close the valve, comprising the steps of:
- de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet when said valve is in a substantially fully closed position;
- maintaining the valve closing electromagnet in said de-energized state to open the valve while the valve oscillates by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring, without energizing an electromagnet to hold open the valve; and
- energizing the valve closing electromagnet after said maintaining to close the valve.
34. The method of claim 33 further comprising varying a timing of said energizing to vary the closing timing of the valve.
35. The method of claim 33, wherein a time that the valve closing magnet is maintained in said de-energized state is based on oscillation characteristics of the valve when the valve closing electromagnet is de-energized.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein said valve is one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein a time that the valve closing magnet is maintained in said de-energized state is approximately a valve period and where said valve period is the time elapsed between de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet until the valve returns to a nearly closed position for a first time.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein said valve period is based at least on the spring constant of the valve opening spring, the spring constant of the valve closing spring, a mass of the valve, and a mass of the armature, and damping coefficients of the valve opening spring, the armature, and the valve.
39. The method of claim 33, wherein a time that the valve closing magnet is maintained in said de-energized state is substantially an integral number of valve periods, and where said valve period is the time elapsed between de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet until the valve returns to a nearly closed position.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein said integral number is less than a predetermined number.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein said predetermined number is the number of a first occurring oscillation of the armature at which a trajectory of the armature fails to attain a predetermined distance away from said fully closed position, said predetermined distance is a maximum distance that the armature may be away from the valve closing electromagnet while being capable of being attracted by the valve closing electromagnet.
42. The method of claim 33, wherein a time that the valve closing magnet is maintained in said de-energized state is a time when the valve is closer to a fully closed position of the valve than a distance at which the valve closing electromagnet is capable of attracting the armature and causing the valve to close.
43. The method of claim 33, wherein the electromechanical valve system further comprises a valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to open the valve.
44. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromechanical valve system further comprises a valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to open the valve.
45. A method for actuating an intake valve disposed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine by an electromagnetic valve apparatus having a valve closing electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to close the valve, a valve opening electromagnet capable of exhibiting an electromagnetic force for attracting the armature to open the valve, a valve opening spring for biasing the armature in a direction to open the valve, a valve closing spring for biasing the armature in a direction to close the valve, comprising the steps of:
- actuating the valve according to a first mode when a first set of engine operating conditions are detected, said first mode further comprising the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet; maintaining the valve closing electromagnet in said de-energizing state to enable the valve to oscillate by force of the valve opening spring and the valve closing spring without energizing the valve opening electromagnet; and energizing the valve closing electromagnet to close the valve; and
- actuating the valve according to a second mode during a second set of engine operating conditions, said second mode further comprising the steps of de-energizing the valve closing electromagnet to allow the armature to open, energizing the valve opening electromagnet thereby causing the valve to open; de-energizing the valve opening electromagnet to allow the valve to close; and energizing the valve closing electromagnet thereby causing the valve to close.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the valve is an intake valve, said first set of engine operating conditions are those indicating a lower flow rate of air through the valve, and said second set of engine operating conditions are those indicating a higher flow rate of air through the valve.
47. The method of claim 45, further comprising inducting air past the valve as it oscillates, when the valve is operated according to said first mode.
48. The method of claim 45, wherein the first set of operating conditions is indicated by lower engine speed and a lower engine torque.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 18, 2006
Date of Patent: Jul 22, 2008
Assignee: Ford Global Technologies, LLC (Dearborn, MI)
Inventors: Diana D. Brehob (Dearborn, MI), Eric Warren Curtis (Milan, MI), William Francis Stockhausen (Northville, MI)
Primary Examiner: Thomas Denion
Assistant Examiner: Kyle M. Riddle
Attorney: Alleman Halt McCoy Russell & Tuttle LLP
Application Number: 11/583,382
International Classification: F01L 9/04 (20060101);