Abstract: The Invention concerns an apparatus for and method for the simultaneous determination of permeation rate through and desorption rate from a polymeric specimen, the method comprising sealingly separating a first volume from a second volume with a specimen to be tested, said specimen being suffused with a first isotope of a gas or vapor; introducing in said first volume a second isotope of said gas or vapor, said second isotope being detectably distinguishable from said first isotope; in said second volume, adjusting the partial pressure of both said isotopes of said gas or vapor to a negligible value compared to that of said second isotope of said gas or vapor in said first volume; and, distinguishably detecting the concentration of each said diffusing isotope of said permeant in said second volume.

Abstract: A process, a method and apparatus are provided for testing and analyzing oil's physical and chemical characteristics and contaminants found in oil. A process separates contaminants prior to testing of oil's chemical and physical characteristics and includes manufacturing and operation parameters, and visual techniques for analysis. An apparatus is provided to separate and remove contaminants into magnetic, non-magnetic and liquids for further testing and analysis. This is accomplished using magnetic fields, filtration and condensing systems. The testing of oil's chemical and physical characteristics as well as contaminants is done using a plurality of tests such as viscosity, blotter, opacity and images for contaminants. A method is provided to prepare blotter and filtration systems, to remove fluid contaminants from particles and to include process parameters, trending and graphical analysis of images via software programming.

Abstract: A scanning rheometer is presented for the rheological property measurement of electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids using a non-linear viscoplastic model, based on the fluid height variation with respect to time. The rheometer basically includes a static (e.g., an overhead reservoir) or a dynamic source of fluid, a channel or slit whose sides form electrodes which are in contact with the flowing ER fluid, or a capillary tube exposed to a static/alternating magnetic field for flowing MR fluids, a transfer tube, either one or two riser tubes, and a column level detector for monitoring the column of fluid as it moves in one of the riser tubes. The column level detector is coupled to a processor which analyzes, among other things, column height vs. time data to determine both viscosity and yield stress. The rheometer overcomes one of the major drawbacks of the conventional rheometer: the inability to produce the yield stress of the ER, or MR, fluid in an absolute zero shear rate range.

Abstract: A method including: sonicating a liquid suspension of first particles; and analyzing the liquid phase for second particles. An apparatus including: a sonicator adapted to sonicate a liquid suspension of first particles; and a first analyzer adapted to analyze the sonicated liquid phase for second particles. The method and apparatus can be used to analyze the adhesion force relationships between the main or host first particles and guest or surface additive second particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for analyzing the driving behavior of motor vehicles on a roller type test stand, with the following steps: performance of a predetermined operating cycle in a motor vehicle which is disposed on a roller type test stand; determination of a first longitudinal acceleration signal from a speed signal which is tapped from the power train of the motor vehicle or the roller type test stand; determination of a second longitudinal acceleration signal by an acceleration sensor attached to the motor vehicle; superposition of the first and second longitudinal acceleration signal into a composite signal; determination of a parameter representative of the driveability of the motor vehicle from the composite signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for effectively determining the start of combustion in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the start of combustion is calculated by obtaining cylinder pressure data (P), processing the cylinder pressure data (P) into a processed pressure value indicative of the occurrence of SOC, comparing the processed pressure value to a predetermined threshold value, if the processed pressure value crosses the predetermined threshold value, determining that SOC has occurred, and calculating a crank shaft location at which the predetermined threshold value was crossed by the processed pressure value thereby identifying the crank shaft location at which SOC occurred. In alternative embodiments, optional steps may be provided including a verification step, a windowing step, a filtering step, determining occurrence of misfire, and determining occurrence of retarded timing.

Abstract: An operating state detecting method for an internal combustion engine for detecting whether the engine is in an accelerating state and/or whether it is in a decelerating state without detecting the opening degree of a throttle valve is to be provided. A plurality of rotational angle positions of a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine are specified as sampling positions, and pressures within an air intake pipe sampled at each sampling position are stored. Every time a pressure within the air intake pipe is sampled at each sampling position, the newly sampled pressure within the air intake pipe is compared with a previous pressure within the air intake pipe sampled at the same sampling position one combustion cycle before, and whether the engine is in an accelerating state and/or whether it is in a decelerating state is determined from the result of comparison.

Abstract: Method for the testing of the exhaust gas recirculation system of an internal combustion engine that returns exhaust gas at an exhaust gas recirculation rate from the exhaust line to the intake line, in which a specific adjustment of the exhaust gas recirculation rate is set, the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas is measured and in the absence of a differential concentration varying as a function of the adjustment of the exhaust gas recirculation rate, a defect of the exhaust gas recirculation system is diagnosed.

Abstract: A method of selecting at least one optimal combination of engine or fuel injector characteristics that minimize injector tip deposit formation of one or more selected internal combustion engine and fuel injector. The combination can be different engines with different injectors or the same engine or the same injector but with different characteristics for the engine and injector. For each combination selected, the method involves generating at least two maps different maps that are analyzed to determine whether a particular engine with the particular fuel injector has a tendency to promote injector tip deposits formation. The first map is a map of the range of injector tip temperatures of a particular engine and injector combination. The first map is a rough indicator of a tendency towards combustion deposits. The second map is an engine characterization map that correlates testing conditions to actual combustion deposits formation.

Abstract: The output characteristics of the sensing device or the control quantity of the sensing element can be adjusted by extracting an adjusting terminal in addition to a power source terminal, a ground terminal, an output terminal and the like outside a housing containing and protecting an electronic circuit. Further, by arranging the adjusting terminal inside a connector housing containing terminals such as the power source terminal, the ground terminal, the output terminal and the like, it is possible to prevent contact of foreign objects to the adjusting terminal and to water-proof the terminals for preventing corrosion since an associated connector is attached to the connector when the sensing device is actually used.

Abstract: An aircraft fuel quantity gauging system has a number of probes within a tank to measure the height of fuel at different locations. Each probe includes a still well and an ultrasonic transducer mounted at the top and bottom of the still well. The lower transducer transmits pulses of acoustic energy upwardly through the fuel to its surface and measures the time of travel back of the reflected pulse back to the transducer. This is used to derive a first, bottom-up measure of fuel height. Similarly, the upper transducer transmits pulses down through air to the fuel surface to derive a second, top-down measurement. These are compared to check for correct operation of the probes.

Abstract: An adapter for holding a sample container includes a main body portion and a tapered body portion that forms a continuation of the main body portion. The tapered body portion includes a mouth opening that is of lesser diameter than the diameter of the main body portion. The mouth opening of the adapter is sized to provide direct support of a sample container which holds a liquid sample. During liquid level sensing ultrasonic waves from an ultrasound detector are reflected back to the sound detector as echoes from the lip flange of the sample container and from the liquid level within the sample container. The tapered surface of the adapter deflects sound echoes away from the sound detector. The adapter is thus invisible to the ultrasound detector. The echo from the liquid level is a variable duration echo and the echo from the lip flange of the sample container is a fixed duration echo that is always of lesser duration than the variable duration echo.

Abstract: A micromechanical inertial sensor is provided having a reduced pickoff Q, while maintaining a high motor Q. The micromechanical inertial sensor includes a pair of proof masses and aligned pickoff plates. Each pickoff plate is spaced from the respective proof mass by a gap that varies in response to out-of-plane movement of the proof mass. The micromechanical inertial sensor also includes at least one voltage source for providing charge to the pickoff plates. By measuring the movement of charge in each electrical circuit that includes a pickoff plate as the gap between the pickoff plate and the respective proof mass varies, a measurement of the rotation of the micromechanical inertial sensor about an input axis may be obtained. The micromechanical inertial sensor further includes resistive elements disposed in series between the voltage source and each pickoff plate to increase the pickoff resonance damping of the micromechanical inertial sensor.

Abstract: Here disclosed is an angular velocity sensor with much accuracy, not allowing other vibration components to mix into the Coriolis force component. The angular velocity sensor contains a first through a fifth beams: the first, the second, and the third beams have a length of substantially the same and disposed in a substantially parallel arrangement on a substantially the same plane—with the first beam placed between the second and the third; the fourth connects each one end of the first through the third, while the fifth connects each other end of them. The first beam is supportively fixed at its mid-portion. The first beam serves as a detector; the second serves as a driver; and the third serves as a monitor.

Abstract: A method of predicting warp of lumber that might be sawn from any given log is disclosed. The method involves measurement of stress wave velocity in the tree stem. A scan is then made to define the exterior geometric configuration of the log. In particular, measurements relating to lack of longitudinal axis linearity (sweep) or irregularity of cross sections of the log are important. Stress wave values and selected geometric parameters are entered into a multivariate regression equation to predict warp propensity of lumber that might be sawn from the log. The equations are originally derived by examination of a representative population of logs of the particular species and locale and measurement of warp in lumber sawn from the logs. Logs determined to produce warp prone lumber can be isolated and used to produce other products such as timbers or plywood where warp is not as critical.

Abstract: A micro-doppler microscope for providing an indication of the vibration of a target. An input laser beam is received by a beamsplitter that divides the input laser beam into a transmitted portion and a reflected portion. A first focusing optics focuses the transmitted portion onto a target, the target scattering a scattered portion thereof. This scattered portion is directed back through the first focusing optics, and reflected off the beamsplitter. Second focusing optics is positioned to receive the scattered portion from the beamsplitter and for focusing the scattered portion. A planar mirror is positioned to reflect the reflected portion of the input laser beam back through the beamsplitter and through the second focusing optics so that it is focused. A fast photodetector receives the focused scattered portion from the second focusing optics and the focused reflected portion from the second focusing optics. Both focused portions are focused on the same spot on the fast photodetector.

Abstract: An integral magnet vibration sensor apparatus optimizes sensor response in a non-permanently attachable package. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the apparatus includes a housing having a magnet, a vibration sensor, and a conditioning circuit disposed within the housing. The magnet enables the apparatus to be magnetically attached to a machine. The vibration sensor senses machine vibration when the apparatus is attached to the machine, and the conditioning circuit optimizes the frequency response of the vibration sensor in a preferred embodiment by reducing the gain of the sensor output at resonance.

Abstract: A main computer for performing numerical simulation and a sub-computer for controlling each shaking machine are provided. Data transfer between the main computer and sub-computer is performed by communications. The main computer is provided with a model substituting function of modeling a specimen to be shaken, a parameter modification function of sequentially modifying parameters of a model in accordance with the vibration test result, and an abnormality inspection function of judging an abnormality of each shaking system and if an abnormality is detected, substituting the measured value of a reaction force with an output of the model substituting function. It is possible to make an experiment of evaluating the strength and reliability of a massive structure, for example, relative to an earthquake and to make a vibration test at a high precision and with an economical cost.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved pressure transducer apparatus and methods of sensing and measuring pressure, or pressure and temperature, in a subterranean environment. The transducer apparatus and methods use a piezoelectric crystal transducer with at least one internal chamber therein and electrical output terminals on the exterior of the body. One or more piezoelectric crystal sensor located in the body and associated microelectronics located in the body connect to output terminals for producing an electrical signal responsive to pressure, temperature, or temperature and pressure.

Abstract: A differential pressure sensor has a first and a second measuring chamber. Each measuring chamber is limited by a rigid carrier plate and a diaphragm plate, which is formed in the region of the measuring chamber as a pressure-sensitive measuring diaphragm. To design the differential pressure sensor to be resistant to overloading, the carrier plate is arranged between a first and a second diaphragm plate and has congruent concave depressions on opposite sides in the plane of the plate. The depressions are connected to one another by a decentered duct, penetrating the carrier plate perpendicularly to the plane of the plates. In the region of the measuring chambers, the diaphragm plates are formed congruently in relation to the depressions as pressure-sensitive measuring diaphragms. The measuring chambers and the duct are filled with an incompressible fluid.

Abstract: A capacitive vacuum sensor includes a non-conducting substrate, a plurality of fixed electrodes on the non-conducting substrate, and a diaphragm electrode formed by a plurality of elastic structures, each of the elastic structures being arranged to oppose a respective one of the fixed electrodes and having a different physical size (area) that is the same as that of each corresponding fixed electrode. More specifically, the areas of the elastic structures have a specific relationship between them, as defined by a specific ratio, and the areas may differ successively from each other according to the specific ratio. The capacitive vacuum sensor further includes compensation electrodes that are not sensitive to any change in the capacitance that may occur in response to any change in the pressure, but is only sensitive to any change in the capacitance that may occur in response to any change in the temperature.

Abstract: Respective first ends of first and second strain gates are connected to a first voltage potential. First and second constant currents from first and second current sources flow through the first and second strain gages, respectively. The respective first ends of the first and second current sources are connected to second ends of the first and second strain gages, respectively. A voltage difference signal between the second ends of the first and second strain gages indicates the detected physical quantity. The first and second constant currents are adjusted to reduce the offset voltage in the voltage difference signal when no strain, that is, no physical quantity is measured. The first and second current sources may have substantially the same temperature coefficients in said first and second constant currents, respectively.

Abstract: An evaluation device and an evaluation method for detecting quality of concrete structures comprising a conductive impact device, a sensing film, a receiver, an operation device and an auxiliary circuit, the device and the method is characterized by calculating a penetration time of the conductive film before measuring the depth of a crack in the concrete, and the evaluation work which conventionally requires dual receivers only needs now a single receiver for completion of the work. Therefore, cost and works for evaluation and signal analysis are reduced; this largely enhances the evaluation efficiency and technical level.

Abstract: A portable device for measuring the shear properties of a material specimen under applied dynamic circumferential forces against the specimen perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of said specimen. The device may further apply a dynamic force against an end of the specimen. The device includes clamps that hold the specimen at its proximal and distal end, wherein the circumferential force applied to the specimen is affectively applied between the two clamps. The temperature of the specimen may be held constant by controlling the temperature within an environmental chamber through the use of a closed loop PID control system. The force against the specimen is dynamically loaded by a dynamic load reaction frame consisting of a shear load actuator and load reaction structure. A microprocessor-based controller operates the dynamic load reaction frame under closed loop control.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid in a conduit includes a receptor assembly arranged on the external surface of the conduit, and a removable external connector assembly including an electromagnet for establishing a magnetic field that extends transversely across the conduit, and a plurality of circumferentially arranged electrodes that are insertable into direct contact at their tips with the fluid in the conduit via sealable gland passages contained in the receptor assembly. A calibration adjustment arrangement is provided for adjusting the calibration factor of the flow signal processing system as a function of the conduit cross-sectional area. In a first embodiment, the glands are self sealable, whereupon the gland passages are automatically closed when the electrodes are removed therefrom.

Abstract: A Coriolis effect fluid flow meter comprises a tube curved about a first axis and mounted for oscillatory motion about a second axis, means to drive the tube in a controlled oscillatory motion about said second axis to generate in fluid flowing in the tube a measurable bi-direction force, a pair of flexible couplings through which fluid flow passes arranged to minimise forces on the tube due to the inherent stiffness of the tube, and means arrange to measure the bi-directional force in the direction of said first axis and to derive the fluid flow therefrom.

Abstract: A manufacturing process that prevents stress between a titanium flow tube and a surrounding steel balance bar due to a brazing operation. A straight tube Coriolis flowmeter having a titanium flow tube is surrounded by a balance bar having separate longitudinal halves. The balance bar halves are connected to each other by an elongated side channel on each side of the balance bar halves. The elongated side channels are radially spaced apart from the balance bar halves but connected to the balance bar halves by means of tubular pegs which extend into holes in the side channels. The flow tube is joined by brazing via connecting rings to the balance bar halves and to an inner end of the pegs. The radially outer end of the pegs are inserted into the holes in the side channels and welded. Circular welds and slots in the side channels reduce axial shrinkage of the side channels as the welds cool. This prevents axial stress on the flow tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for contact-less measuring a difference angle between two parts rotating about a common axis comprises an annular shaped stator having magnetic pole pairs on an inner circumference, and a cylindrically shaped ferromagnetic rotor having pole ends for magnetically scanning the pole pairs of the stator. There are a first air gap between the pole pairs of the stator and the pole ends of the rotor; and an accessible and rotationally symmetric second air gap between the inner circumference of the stator and the rotor. The magnetic flux across the second air gap is changed according to the difference angle between the rotor and the stator. This is determined by a magnetically sensitive element which is arranged at a fixed position within the second air gap.

Abstract: A magnetoelastic torque sensor for measuring the magnitude of torque applied to a member, comprising a magnetoelastic element which is disposed on and encircles the member, an outer flux guide extending across the magnetoelastic element in an axial direction and adjacent to the opposite end regions thereof, and an inner flux guide located between the first and second end regions, wherein the inner and outer flux guides provides a magnetic path to an axial component of the magnetic field produced by the magnetoelastic element in response to a non-zero value of torque. The inner flux guide is formed by cutting or etching an amorphous metal foil in a flat annular configuration with symmetrically projecting coil core tabs. The one-piece inner flux guide is supported by a support assembly comprising base and cover pieces. When assembled, the coil core tabs are sandwiched between two complementary semi-cylindrical mandrel portions projecting from the cover and base pieces, around which sense coil wires are wound.

Abstract: A passive caging system for use in gyro-stabilized sensor platforms and the like, employing a pneumatic dashpot in place of automatic caging gyro brakes, pin-locking devices, springs, fluid damped pistons, or air bladders. A pneumatic dashpot in combination with a normally closed solenoid valve provides effective damping of shock forces while the system is in the unpowered state. When power is applied to the system, the solenoid valve is open and unrestricted movement of the sensor platform is enabled.

Abstract: A multiple crank drive for working machines, in particular for diaphragm pumps, with a crankshaft, which is disposed in a housing and which exhibits at lest two bearings, can be driven by a drive, in particular a gear, and in turn drives by a crank drive, one of several piston rods of the working machines. The drive is designed in such a manner that the crankshaft is suspended in the housing.

Abstract: A shifting device of a motor vehicle automatic transmission has a selector lever (3) and a kinematics (4-9) for transmitting the selection movements to an automatic transmission. The selector lever (3) can be moved around a first shift axis (7) in an automatic shift gate AG for selecting automatic gears and around a second shift axis (8) in a sequence shift gate SG1, SG2 for manually upshifting and downshifting gears. A central carrier (6) is pivotable around a selector axis (9). An inner bridge (4) is mounted pivotably on the central carrier (6) and is pivotable around the first shift axis (7) extending essentially at right angles to the selector axis (9). An outer bridge (5) is mounted on the inner bridge (4) in the sequence shift gate pivotably around the second shift axis (8) and is connected to the selector lever (3). The shift selector for selecting the shift axes by a pivoting movement of the selector lever (3) is indirectly or directly fastened to the central carrier (6).

Abstract: An adjustable control pedal includes a molded-plastic upper support forming a hollow interior space. The upper support has a pair opposed side walls partially forming the interior space and opposed flanges inwardly extending into the interior space from the side walls. The opposed flanges are molded-in flanges unitary with the upper support. A pedal arm has a lower end carrying a pedal and an upper end provided with at least one guide pin slidingly supported by the opposed flanges for selected movement of the pedal arm relative to said upper support. The interior space is entirely enclosed by the upper support except for an opening at a bottom side of the upper support and the upper end of the pedal arm extends into the interior space through the opening. A drive assembly is operatively connected to the pedal arm to selectively move the lower arm relative to the upper support.

Abstract: An electro-mechanical interface incorporated in a series hybrid auxiliary power unit. According to the present invention the electro-mechanical interface employs a first tier of geared output shafts rotatably supported within a frame and meshingly engaged in a daisy-chain configuration having first and second ends. One end of the first tier of geared output shafts in the daisy-chain configuration meshingly engages a first, geared transfer shaft. The first, geared transfer shaft selectively connects to an internal combustion engine through a selectively disengageable clutch. The other end of the aforesaid first tier of geared output shafts in the daisy-chain configuration meshingly engages a second geared transfer shaft that is continuously connected to a motor/generator. The geared output shafts in the aforesaid daisy-chain configuration are available to drive auxiliary loads. A second tier of geared output shafts are also rotatably supported within the frame.

Abstract: An optical fiber cable covering removing device which can remove the covering layer of an optical fiber reliably and safely comprises a support member, a fiber holder, a fiber holder retainer which can move the fiber holder toward and away from the support member along the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber. The support member is provided with a cutter holder fixing structure which fixes cutter holders in closed position. The cutter holder fixing structure is disposed so as to be able to impart force to the first cable covering removing cutter and the second cable covering removing cutter formed on the cutter holder in parallel. The fiber holder retainer is provided with a fiber holder fixing structure which fixes the fiber holder in a closed position. The fiber holder fixing structure is disposed near the center of the fiber holder.

Abstract: A fastener extractor is provided that includes an attachment end having an attachment means for connection to an extraction tool and a receiving end. The receiving end has an interior bore that angles inwardly towards the attachment end. The interior bore has a central axis and includes at least two arcuate grooves that extend along the interior bore towards the attachment end. The arcuate grooves curve radially and inwardly towards the central axis of the interior bore, with adjacent arcuate grooves forming sharp helically shaped ridges. A transition area is positioned between the attachment end and the receiving end and has a plurality of arcuate surfaces. Each of the plurality of surfaces corresponds to each of the arcuate grooves and projects inwardly from the corresponding groove towards the central axis. The interior bore is engageable over a fastener to be extracted.

Abstract: A universal setting tool comprises a collet housing for mounting within a chuck mechanism of a rotary drive tool. An axially oriented bore extends into the interior of the collet housing, and a radially expansible and contractible coil spring is disposed within the bore. After the free end portion of an anchor member has been inserted into the spring member, the rotary drive tool, and therefore the collet housing member, is rotated in the clockwise direction so as to effectively cause radial contraction of the spring member such that the spring member tightly engages the anchor member. Rotation of the rotary drive tool in the opposite direction releases the grip of the spring member upon the anchor member. The spring member can engage different anchors having different diametrical extents.

Abstract: A device for operating on each nut of a double-nut assembly, wherein an inner nut of the assembly is of a diameter larger than that of an outer nut of the assembly. The device comprises two components: the first component is provided to act on the inner nut and is designed to allow a portion of the second component to pass therethrough, while the second component is provided to act on the outer nut. The first component may be used to rotate the inner nut to a desired position while a portion of the second component resides therein, whereafter the second component may be used to secure the rotated position by tightening the outer nut. The device may be used with an eccentric fastener assembly employing such a double-nut arrangement to set the toe angle of a vehicle wheel.

Abstract: An apparatus for facilitating the connection of pipes which apparatus comprises a rotary (1) and jaws (20, 21, 22), characterised in that all of said jaws (20, 21, 22) are active and are actuable by pressurised fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-swivel connector for a fluid operated power tool. The connector has a post with an axis, a swivel member having an axis perpendicular to the axis of the post, a mechanism for limiting rotation of the swivel member about said post axis to an arc less than 360 degrees, and a fitting member mounted to the swivel member. The fitting member is tiltable about the axis of the swivel member through at least a 90 degree arc and rotatable with the swivel member about the axis of the post.

Abstract: A tool handle for receiving L-key wrenches of various sizes including an elongated axle member and first and second generally-cylindrical members, each cylindrical member having a central bore for receiving the elongated axle member. The first and second cylindrical members are mounted in end-to-end relationship on the axle member, and each is rotatable independently both with respect to the other cylindrical member and to the axle. Each of the first and second cylindrical members has an elongated slot along its length and a plurality of through bores of varying size spaced radially from the central bore and adapted to receive the shank portion of an L-key. First and second end caps are secured to the elongated axle, and both the first and second end caps have a slot therein corresponding in shape to the elongated slot on its adjacent cylindrical member.

Abstract: A machining center comprising a frame and, borne by this frame, two devices, referred to as workpiece support devices because each allows a workpiece to be machined to be supported and driven in rotation about a control axis, this machining center being characterized in that: each of the two workpiece support devices is supported by a device for control and for translatory displacement along a first axis, the said devices for control and for translatory displacement being actuated in such a way that each of the workpiece support devices is movable between a position of maximal distance from the opposite support device and a position of maximal bringing closer together with this opposite workpiece support device, the sum of the ranges of possible displacements of the two workpiece support devices being at least equal to the distance which separates the two workpiece support devices when they are placed in their maximal spaced apart position, the main device for holding and for displacement of at least one ma

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting performance of an apparatus for punching holes in a substrate, ensuring hole quality and/or minimizing or eliminating damage to the films during the hole punching process.

Abstract: A monitoring device for the spacing between the knives is provided in a rotation cutting apparatus having a rotation cutting knife and a counter-knife which partly overlap in the cutting region and form a cutting gap.

Abstract: A microtome for producing thin sections, in which the cutting operation is performed by way of a relative movement between a cutting knife and an object. A drive system (14) having a drive motor (17), a control circuit (15), and a handwheel (8) is provided to generate the relative movement. The handwheel (8) is connected to an encoder (16) that delivers corresponding signals to the control circuit (15) upon rotation of the handwheel (8). The drive motor (17) is then activated accordingly by way of said control circuit (15). In the absence of encoder signals, the drive system (14) is locked.

Abstract: An optical fiber cutting device provided with a speed reducing part which transmits drive force by reducing the drive speed of the external drive force, a drive force transmission part which transmits the drive force from the speed reduction part to the cutting blade holder, a cutting blade holder, a cutting blade which is held by the cutting blade holder and moves to the cutting position along with said cutting blade holder, and an optical fiber supporter which supports the optical fiber so as to be perpendicular to said cutting blade at the cutting position. In addition, when a cutting blade with a blade thickness &agr; (mm) is used, and said cutting blade is moved at a speed &bgr; (mm/minute) during cutting, &agr; and &bgr; fulfill the expression &bgr;≦−253&agr;+65.

Abstract: Disclosed are cutting blades for cutting tools and methods of making the blades. Such blades include tooth patterns with both set and non-set teeth. Each of the set teeth are set at an angle with respect to the jaw line of the blade, and each set tooth includes at least one surface feature that is effective to direct a portion of swarf that is produced via the cutting action of the blade into gullets of the blade such that less swarf overall is directed to the cutting surface of the objects being cut by the blade.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a braider comprising a guiding plate, of which a plurality of the paths are intersected with one another; and a corresponding conveying gear. With combination of the guiding plate and the conveying gear, it is possible to produce polygonal braids, such as rectangular braids or triangle braids, and to provide various colors on the braids as different braided yarns are braided on the corresponding surfaces respectively. Furthermore, with the rectangular braids or triangle braids, the banding force is enhanced as the frictione is increased when they are united. Therefore, the braids are not easy to loosen if they are used as banding braids for footwear or clothes.

Abstract: A dual end stop is provided for setting precise open and closed positions for the valve to which the pneumatic actuator is attached. In a preferred embodiment, a stop assembly housing contains two stop adjustment bolts as well as a cam that defines first and second stop surfaces. The stop assembly housing is preferably mounted to the actuator housing outside of the pressurized zone contained by the actuator housing. The stop bolts and associated threaded apertures are designed for minimum overhang of the stop bolts to provide more support. The stop assembly housing not only preferably houses the stop assembly components but also preferably serves as an adaptor plate for the various valves to which the actuator may be mounted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston pump, for instance for an electrohydraulic vehicle brake system. The invention proposes that a pump piston, on an end toward an eccentric element, be sealed off with a sealing ring, such as a quad ring, that has two axially spaced-apart sealing lips, which sealing ring has radial openings, and also proposes that interstices between the axially spaced-apart sealing lips be connected, through a fluid line, to a fluid supply container from which the piston pump aspirates fluid, or to a pump inlet, whereby in the event of a leak of a sealing lip, the piston pump will aspirate brake fluid through the fluid line and prevent the piston pump from aspirating air from the direction of an eccentric element.