Abstract: A rotor is disclosed for a synchronous machine comprising: a rotor core; a super-conducting coil winding extending around at least a portion of the rotor core, said coil winding having a side section adjacent a side of the rotor core; at least one tension rod extending through a conduit in said rotor core; at least one tension bolt extending between an end of the tension rod and abutting the side section of the coil winding; and a channel housing attached to the tension bolt and the coil winding.

Abstract: A rotor having a superconducting coil winding is disclosed having a rotor core having at least one conduit extending through the core; at least one tension rod extending between the pair of side sections of the coil winding and through said at least one conduit of the rotor; and an insulator in the conduit thermally separating the tension rod from the rotor.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive device including a pair of mutually opposing thin plate sections and a fixation section for supporting the thin plate sections. A piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is arranged on each of the pair of thin plate sections. Movable sections, having mutually opposing end surfaces, are formed proximate the ends of the thin plate sections. A distance between the end surfaces is not less than a length of the movable sections.

Abstract: A metal halide lamp having excess amount of red radiation, well beyond a tungsten halogen lamp of the same color temperature. The deep saturated red being accomplished with reasonable efficacy utilizing a mixture of sodium and rare earth halides, additional broadening of the Na “D” lines and filtering out the yellow radiation at about 590 nm. The red radiation is comparable to the commercially available white high pressure sodium lamp red radiation.

Abstract: An electrodeless low pressure discharge lamp comprises an envelope made from a straight tube and a reentry cavity sealed to one of tube's ends. The cavity has several hollow ferrite cores separated from each other with a few mm distance. Each ferrite core has an induction coil of few turns wound around the core. Each cavity has a cooling copper tube or rod located inside the ferrite core that removes heat from the cores and dumps the heat into a heat sink welded to the cooling tube/rod thereby keep the temperature of the ferrite cores below their Curie point. Each induction coil is electrically connected to the matching network while all matching networks are connected in parallel to the high frequency power source (driver). Inductively coupled plasmas generated in the envelope by several core/coil assemblies produce axially uniform UV and visible radiation.

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube has an electron gun, a phosphor screen, and a shadow mask closely spaced from the phosphor screen. The shadow mask has plural strips extending in a direction perpendicular to a horizontal scanning direction of electron beams emitted from the electron gun and plural bridge portions connecting adjacent ones among the plural strips. The shadow mask is formed with an aperture area having plural slot-shaped electron beam apertures therein. The shadow mask is provided with at least one wire held under tension in the extending direction of the plural strips so as to be superposed on a surface of one of the plural strips in the aperture area. The surface of the one of the plural strips is a surface of the one of the plural strips facing the electron gun.

Abstract: In a cathode ray tube of the present invention, the shape 20 of an outer wall opening and the shape 21 of an inner wall opening in a direction perpendicular to a tube axis within a range which extends 35 mm to the panel portion side and 20 mm to the neck portion side from a reference line set in a deflection yoke mounting region of a funnel portion are respectively formed in an approximately rectangular shape and an approximately pin-cushion shape, and the shape 21 of the inner wall opening of deflection yoke mounting region of the funnel portion in a direction perpendicular to a tube axis direction has a radius of curvature Rc at respective corners, and the difference between a first straight line 22V and 22H which connects neighboring bottom portions of the corners and a second straight line 23V and 23H which is in contact with a central point of the inner wall between the neighboring corner portions and is disposed parallel to the first straight line is set to 2.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp having a discharge vessel, for example composed of a base plate, front plate (2) and frame (3), has at least one closure element (6) which closes a discharge vessel opening in a gas-tight fashion by virtue of the fact that the closure element (6) was inserted into the discharge vessel opening and subsequently fused. The closure element (6) consists of a material which is low-melting by comparison with the remainder of the discharge vessel, for example sintered glass. It is possible to dispense with an additional connecting means between the closure element (6) and the adjacent wall of the discharge vessel (2).

Abstract: A vacuum container for a flat image display apparatus includes a rear substrate having an electron-emitting device mounted thereon, a face substrate arranged to face the rear substrate, having thereon a phosphor emitting light when the electron emitted from the electron-emitting device collides therewith, and an outer frame arranged between the dace substrate and the rear substrate. For this vacuum container, the outer frame is provided with a plurality of frame members. With the structure thus arranged, this vacuum container contributes significantly to manufacturing a light weight, but highly robust flat image display apparatus at lower cost. By providing a plurality of frame members for the outer frame portion, thinner substrates can be utilized with a good sealing mechanism, while securing the sufficient robustness of the edge circumference of the vacuum container.

Abstract: A field emission device using carbon nanotubes grown in a direction parallel to a substrate and a method of manufacturing a high definition field emission display using an edge emitting luminescent thin film. The device includes a process of selectively depositing a metal catalyst on a sidewall of the pattern to grow the carbon nanotube in a direction parallel to the metal catalyst and a process of attaching the grown carbon nanotube on the main board by application process, so that it can be freely applied in a subsequent process. The device employs a carbon nanotube field emission emitter and an edge emitting in a high fine luminescent body deposited in a thin film type. Thus, a close relationship with the substrate can be maintained due to the horizontally grown carbon nanotubes, a subsequent semiconductor process can be freely applied using a thin film type luminescent body, and a high fine field emission display can be thus manufactured.

Abstract: A light-emitting element includes a light-emitting layer including a base layer made of a first nitride semiconductor and plural island-shaped crystal portions made of a second nitride semiconductor, and an irradiation source of electron beam which is disposed so as to be opposite to the light-emitting layer. Then, electron-electron hole pairs in the light-emitting layer are excited through the irradiation of electron beam from the irradiation source, to generate and emit a light.

Abstract: A low pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp includes an arc tube in which one discharge path is formed by connecting a plurality of U-shaped glass tubes that are provided with a fluorescent layer at the internal surface. The arc tube is held by a holder and is enclosed into a globe. A lighting circuit is connected to the arc tube. The light circuit and the holder are enclosed into a case having a lamp cap. The globe and the case integrally form a housing. The outline of the sectional face of a U-shaped glass tube at the bent part includes a circular arc and a gentle curve.

Abstract: A plasma display panel and a method of driving the same that are capable of improving the discharge efficiency using a direct current type discharge and a radio frequency discharge. In the panel, an address discharge for selecting a display cell is generated by a direct current discharge. A data written into the selected cell is displayed by a radio frequency discharge. The address discharge of direct current type and the radio frequency discharge are allowed to maximize the brightness and the discharge efficiency.

Abstract: A CRT device with an electron gun provided therein includes control means for controlling voltages applied to a cathode and a control electrode constituting the electron gun. The control means exerts control on each electrode voltage so that the difference between the cutoff voltage of the cathode and the voltage of the control electrode is greater when the luminance level of a luminance signal separated from picture signal is higher, thereby minimizing a spot diameter.

Abstract: The discharge tube (1) of a dielectric barrier discharge lamp is closed off in a gas-tight manner with the aid of a disk-like closure element (7) but without the use of joining elements. For this purpose, the discharge tube (1) has a constriction (10), which surrounds the edge of the disk-like closure element (7) in the form of a ring.

Abstract: A rechargeable emergency lamp tube includes a lamp tube holder, the lamp tube holder having a base adapted to obtain AC power supply from an electric socket and a socket adapted to hold a tube for emitting light, a rechargeable battery and a control circuit board mounted inside the lamp tube holder, the control circuit board driving input AC power supply to charge the rechargeable battery and, converting DC battery power supply into AC power supply for the tube upon power failure.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to contain plasma at optimal fill capacity of a metallic container is disclosed. The invention includes the utilization of anodized layers forming the internal surfaces of the container volume. Bias resistors are calibrated to provide constant current at variable voltage conditions. By choosing the appropriate values of the bias resistors, the voltages of the metallic container relative to the voltage of an anode are adjusted to achieve optimal plasma fill while minimizing the chance of reaching the breakdown voltage of the anodized layer.

Abstract: A display is provided which is constructed with a plurality of display blocks linked together so as to be continuous in the vertical direction. Each display block comprises a display portion having a flat rectangular shape with a plurality of pixels which emit light using organic EL elements, arranged over the entire face in a matrix, and a terminal portion provided continuous with one of the short sides of the display portion for relaying signals or power from the outside to each pixel. Each display block is attached on a transparent substrate via a transparent adhesive so that the long sides of the display portion are contacted and are vertically continuous. The display surface of the display portion (the surface on the side which the emitted light in the organic EL element illuminates) faces towards the transparent substrate side. As a result, the light from the display portion shines from the surface of the transparent substrate to the outside.

Abstract: A light emitting display may include cathode columns with a folded arrangement so that each column includes two selectively activatable sections. Each column section may be selectively activated or deactivated depending on whether defects are associated with a given section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroluminescent device including an anode and a cathode capable of being electrically connected to a power supply and a voltage regulator, and a multi-layered polymer structure, between the anode and cathode, including a first polymer layer which includes a hole transfer polymer contacting the anode and a second polymer layer which includes an n-type conjugated polymer contacting the cathode, wherein changes in the voltage of current passing through the electroluminescent device change the color of electroluminescent emissions from the multi-layered polymer structure.

Abstract: A discharge lamp driving apparatus includes, a direct current power supply having a rectifier, an inverter circuit, which has stable and unstable output terminals, converting a direct current power to an alternating current power with a predetermined high frequency and driving a discharge lamp having a folded portion, a controller for being able to dim the discharge lamp, and an auxiliary conductor, arranged to the folded portion of the discharge lamp, and electrically connected to the stable potential output terminal of the inverter.

Abstract: A light source device in which a discharge lamp, which contains greater than or equal to 0.15 mg mercury per cubic millimeter of the volume of the discharge space, and in which there is a pair of electrodes disposed opposite one another, is connected to a feed device (Ex). The feed device is used to start the discharge lamp and to supply the discharge current to the electrodes. The feed device (Ex) serves an identification function identifying a discharge state of the discharge lamp as a glow discharge state. Further, during the identification of the glow discharge state, the electric power supplied to the discharge lamp is set at less than or equal to twice as high as the nominal electric power of the above described discharge lamp to eliminate the formation of blackening on the inside of the bulb glass during glow discharge.

Abstract: A central controller and a number of image projection lighting devices (“IPLD”), a type of multiparameter light, are interconnected by an enhanced performance communications path that is capable of simultaneously carrying different digital signals on various bidirectional channels, such as various content signals, including continuous video and/or audio, in digital form on respective content transfer channels, a command signal on a control channel, and a control or content signal in digital form on an auxiliary channel. In accordance with commands transmitted from the central controller over the control channel, content signals may be sent from any of the IPLDs to any other of the IPLDs, or from the central controller to any of the IPLDs, or from any of the IPLDs to the central controller. The IPLDs have respective unique device addresses, and the control channel, the auxiliary channel, and the content transfer channels also have respective unique channel addresses.

Abstract: A (vibration) stopper protection circuit of an electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps. The electronic ballast has an inverter to convert a direct current source into a square-wave source, and to provide the square-wave source to multiple lamp tubes. The stopper protection circuit has several harmonic oscillating capacitors, a sampling transformer, a protection signal processing circuit and a stopper circuit. The sampling transformer samples a normal sampling signal and an error sampling signal when the lamp tubes are normal or out of order, respectively. The protection signal processing circuit outputs an error signal while receiving the error signal. While receiving the error signal, the stopper circuit outputs a stop signal to the inverter, so that the inverter stops operating.

Abstract: A horizontal deflection circuit output stage includes a trace capacitor for developing a trace voltage. A retrace capacitance is coupled to a deflection winding to form a retrace resonant circuit with the deflection winding, during a retrace interval of a deflection cycle. A rectifier for rectifying a retrace pulse voltage developed in the retrace capacitance. A switching transistor is coupled to the inductance and to the trace capacitor for applying the rectified retrace pulse voltage to the inductance to generate a current in the inductance. The inductance current is coupled to the trace capacitor, during the trace interval, to provide for linearity correction. The rectifier is coupled to the switching transistor for producing a rectified control signal at a control terminal of the switching transistor to cause a change of state in the switching transistor, during the retrace interval.

Abstract: A door operator and related method of setting custom limits on movable barrier travel, includes a motor for moving the movable barrier between two travel limit positions, an operator for controlling operation of the motor, and a disconnect system coupled between the motor and the operator. The disconnect system is switchable between a connected position and a disconnected position, wherein the motor can engage the operator only when the disconnect system is in the connected position. The operator is connected to a potentiometer for ascertaining movable barrier position, regardless of the position of the disconnect system, and provides position information to the operator. A travel limit is set by placing the disconnect system in the disconnected position and manually moving the door to a desired position whereupon the disconnect system is moved to the connected position so that the operator can detect a positional location to be designated as one of the travel limits.

Abstract: A process for adjusting a motor vehicle part between at least two positions and a drive device for executing this process. The motor vehicle part is driven by an electric motor. A pulse signal is generated according to the rotary motion of the electric motor (10) and is supplied to a control unit (24) for controlling the electric motor (10). The instant of input of each signal on the control unit (24) is acquired and between two such input instants at certain extrapolation instants from at least some of these measured instants the current force acting on the motor vehicle part is estimated, this estimate being used as the criterion in the decision whether the electric motor (10) is turned off or reversed or not.

Abstract: A three region control strategy for a permanent magnet motor is presented. In a first control region, the permanent magnet motor is operated at, a 120° conduction square wave mode at reduced phase current, and below a no-load speed. The motor phase current commutation causes eddy current losses in the rotor magnets and core which are insignificant due to the low phase currents and relatively low rotor speed. Meanwhile, the inverter switching losses are kept low as two switches are in use (on/off) for each current commutation during the 120° conduction mode. In a second control region, the permanent magnet motor is operated at a 180° conduction sinusoidal wave mode with high phase currents. The 180° conduction sinusoidal wave mode minimizes the commutation loss. In a third control region, the permanent magnet motor is operated above its no-load speed or in a field weakening mode.

Abstract: Process for determination of the position of a door, window or roof of an automobile vehicle, according to which the angular position of the rotor of the electric motor actuating this door, window or roof is determined and the position of the door, window or roof is calculated as a function of the said angular position. The position of the door, window or roof is calculated by correcting a theoretical position that depends on the angular position by a term that takes account of the stiffness of the mechanical transmission between the door, window or roof and the electric motor, this term being a function of the motor power supply current. The device embodying this process is advantageously used in an electric window winder.

Abstract: A robotic module for a toy construction system includes a housing enclosing a gear mechanism and an actuator connected to a pivot mechanism to supply operational power for rotation. An energy storage device supplies power to the actuator, which rotates in response to instructions received from a control unit connected to the actuator. A connection plate forms a connection between at least two of the modules. At least one position sensor is provided to sense the arrangement of the modules connected together.

Abstract: The present invention provides a numerical control apparatus for a machine tool, which corrects an axial displacement of a main spindle caused due to a change in preload level and occurring according to the rotation speed of the main spindle. The numerical control apparatus (3) comprises: a numerical control section (6) for numerically controlling the movement of a spindle head (2) and for outputting a rotation command; a spindle control section (7) for controlling the rotation of a main spindle (5); a preload change control section (8) for changing the level of a preload applied to bearings (36, 37); and a correcting section (9) for outputting correction data for correction of an axial displacement of the main spindle (5) caused due to a change in the preload level and occurring according to the rotation speed of the main spindle (5) to the numerical control section (6) on the basis of the rotation command.

Abstract: It is an object to perform a near rotating control of a rotary element. As a construction, disclosed is a rotating position control apparatus having a potentiometer constructed by a contact element rotating in accordance with the rotation of a rotary element and a resistive element on which the contact element slides, a control unit for driving the rotation of the rotary element to a plurality of rotating positions on the basis of an output of the potentiometer, and an insulator which is provided between both ends of the resistive element in the potentiometer and on which the contact element can slide, wherein the apparatus includes an A/D converting unit for A/D converting the output of the potentiometer and drives the rotation of the rotary element from the current rotating position to a target rotating position on the basis of a value obtained by A/D converting the output of the potentiometer through the A/D converting unit and a command code to instruct the rotating position of the rotary element.

Abstract: A method of regulating a rotating electrical machine includes a preparatory step of determining a discrete voltage control law for the machine. The discrete control voltage to be applied at each sampling time is determined in the form of a first term corresponding to free evolution of the state of the machine in the absence of control, between the preceding sampling time and the current sampling time, and a second term dependent on the set point torque and a set point for the magnetic energy consumed by the machine. The method further includes, at each sampling time, a step of determining, with the aid of the discrete control law, the control voltage to be applied to the machine for the torque of the machine to reach the set point torque and the magnetic energy consumed by the machine to correspond to the set point magnetic energy.

Abstract: A motor controller for a motor operated by an AC line voltage includes solid-state switches connectable between an AC line and a motor terminal for controlling application of AC line voltage to the motor. A current sensor senses motor current. A control circuit is connected to the switches and the current sensor for varying relative duration of on time and off time during each cycle of line voltage to control motor voltage. The control circuit determines on time during each cycle of line voltage and compensates sensed motor current responsive to the sensed on time.

Abstract: A method of establishing motor speed control, the method comprising the acts of generating a desired speed command, indirectly measuring the slip of the motor, and adjusting the speed command in response to the slip to maintain a constant speed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for providing digital signal processing method for controlling the speed and phase of a motor involves inputting a reference signal having a frequency and relative phase indicative of a time based signal; modifying the reference signal to introduce a slew-rate limited portion of each cycle of the reference signal; inputting a feedback signal having a frequency and relative phase indicative of the operation of said motor; modifying the feedback signal to introduce a slew-rate limited portion of each cycle of the feedback signal; analyzing the modified reference signal and the modified feedback signal to determine the frequency of the modified reference signal and of the modified feedback signal and said relative phase between said modified reference signal and said modified feedback signal; and outputting control signals to the motor for adjusting said speed and phase of the motor based on the frequency determination and determination of the relative phase.

Abstract: An electric power supply system for a starter comprises a capacitor. This capacitor is charged by a battery through a charging circuit including resistors that charges the capacitor by dividing a voltage of the battery by the resistors. This capacitor is discharged to the starter through a discharge circuit that applies to the starter a charged voltage of the capacitor in addition to the voltage of the battery. When the starter is driven, the connection of the capacitor is switched from the charging circuit to the discharging circuit by an ECU and switching relays.

Abstract: The battery pack is provided with output terminals and an authenticity discriminating circuit. The authenticity discriminating circuit is not supplied power from the rechargeable battery, nor is it connected to either the rechargeable battery or the output terminals. The authenticity discriminating circuit is provided with a receiver section which receives an activating radio wave from the electrical equipment, a transmitter section which sends an authentication radio wave as a signal to discriminate authenticity when the receiver section receives the activating radio wave, and a power supply section which converts the activating radio wave to direct current to supply electrical power to the receiver section and the transmitter section.

Abstract: An improved power source is provided incorporating a main battery pack and reserve battery pack. Both the main battery pack and reserve battery pack include rechargeable power sources and electrical power terminals. In addition, the power source includes a first mount for affixing the main battery pack to the reserve battery pack so that the respective power terminals engage and become electrically coupled. Moreover, the reserve battery pack includes an additional second set of power terminals for connection to an electrically powered device, such as a video camera. A second mount is provided for affixing the reserve battery pack to the electrically powered device so that the reserve battery pack's second set of power terminals engage electrical terminals of the electrically powered device. A controller is provided for controlling the electrical connection of the main battery pack and reserve battery pack to the electrically powered device.

Abstract: A function expansion device is attached to a portable electronic device such as a notebook-type personal computer so as to provide a function to use various kinds of information storage media. A bay housing is detachably attached to a bottom surface of the notebook-type personal computer. The bay housing has a bay into which a drive unit is inserted. The drive unit can be selected from among a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, a magneto-optical disk drive, a high-capacity floppy disk drive, a digital video disk and a hard disk drive. Each of the drive units has an identical outer configuration so that each of the drive units can be alternatively attached to the bay housing. Various types of drive units can be connected to the notebook-type personal computer by merely changing the drive unit accommodated in the bay housing.

Abstract: The invention provides a power source circuit which is capable of preventing a current from being caused to flow from a battery charger to a secondary battery in the over-charge detection state. In order to cut off a current from a parasitic diode of a transistor having a gate electrode to which a signal to release the over-current state is inputted from a switching-device-controlling logic circuit, a charge and discharge controlling circuit includes a diode connected between the transistor and a current detecting circuit, thereby preventing a current from being caused to flow from the battery charger to the secondary battery.

Abstract: A battery charger, a method for charging a battery, and a software program for operating the battery charger. The battery charger is capable of charging different types of batteries and capable of operating on alternate sources of AC power or alternate sources of DC power. Also, the battery charging circuit will not operate if one of the power source, the battery, the power switch means and the control means (including the microcontroller) malfunctions. In addition, in the battery charging circuit, the battery under charge enables the operation of the battery charging circuit.

Abstract: The object is to discharge a first capacitor from a high voltage to a low voltage. To this end, the one electrode of the first capacitor is linked with the one electrode of a second capacitor via a FET path. The other two electrodes of the two capacitors are connected to reference potential. A voltage source with its internal resistance is connected in parallel to the second capacitor. A discharge path leads from the one electrode of the first capacitor from the paths of two FET and a protective resistor to the reference potential. A current path leads from the one electrode of the second capacitor to the reference potential via the paths of two additional FET. A control unit switches on the discharge path. Once the voltage of the first capacity has decreased to the required lower value, the discharge path is blocked while a holding path is opened.

Abstract: An electrical system for a turbine/alternator comprising a gas driven turbine and permanent magnet alternator rotating on a common shaft comprises an inverter circuit connectable either to an AC output circuit or the stator winding of the alternator. A control circuit during a startup mode switches the inverter circuit to the stator winding of the alternator and during a power out mode switches the inverter circuit to the AC output circuit. Thus, during the startup mode, the alternator functions as a motor to raise the speed of the turbine to a safe ignition speed and in the power out mode the electrical system outputs to the AC output circuit, electrical power having a frequency unrelated to the rotational speed of the alternator.

Abstract: A power supply noise sensor includes a noise sensing section A to sense impulse noise applied to a power supply line and an output holding section B to hold a sense output from the noise sensing section A. The noise sensing section A includes a time constant circuit to gradually vary a power supply voltage including impulse noise. When a peak value of the impulse noise reduces after the peak value exceeds a predetermined value, a direction of a current flowing through the time constant circuit is inverted to hold a noise output from the output holding section B also after the impulse noise disappears. Therefore, the impulse noise in the forward direction and the impulse noise in the reverse direction superimposed onto the power supply system of the sensor can be sensed in a simple configuration.

Abstract: A low power mode and feedback arrangement for a switching power converter. Two or more main power switches, such as transistors, transfer energy from a supply to load by their opening and closing. When the load requires a relatively low power level, this condition is detected. In response, one or more of the transistor switches is disabled from switching and the reduced power requirements of the load are handled by the remaining one or more transistor switches. As a result, switching losses are reduced. This is because parasitic gate capacitance and on-resistance associated with the disabled switches no longer consume power from the power source. The invention provides significant efficiency advantages during periods when the load draws a low level of power. This is especially useful for battery-powered devices which may operate in a low power mode for extended periods of time, such as standby mode as in a portable telephone.

Abstract: A transient recovery circuit in a switching regulator responds to relatively quick changes in load currents to suppress output voltage overshoots or undershoots. The transient recovery circuit operates independently of a regular feedback circuit. The transient recovery circuit can be used in a single phase or a multiphase switching regulator. In one embodiment, the transient recovery circuit overrides a control voltage from the regular feedback circuit to control the duty cycle of a pulse-width modulation circuit in the switching regulator during transient conditions. In another embodiment, the transient recovery circuit controls a dedicated transient phase in a multiphase switching regulator. The transient recovery circuit is inactive during non-transient conditions.

Abstract: A boost voltage circuit includes a plurality of N channel type MOS transistors connected between an input terminal and an output terminal in series, wherein one electrode of each of the N channel type MOS transistors is connected to each of external terminals to which a capacitor can be connected, to generate a boost voltage. A plurality of P channel type MOS transistors are respectively connected to each of the N channel type MOS transistors in parallel. Thereby, a boost voltage circuit with improved stability is provided so that the boost voltage circuit is started without increase of consumption current.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including: a load connected between outputs of power amplifiers; a mirror current generating circuit connected to the power amplifiers in an output side of the power amplifiers for generating a mirror current which is smaller than and proportional to a load current applied to the load, and the mirror current generating circuit being connected out of a current path through the load between the outputs of the power amplifiers; and a mirror current detecting circuit connected to the mirror current generating circuit for detecting the mirror current.

Abstract: A cartridge system includes a main probing head body with electronics positioned therein. Further, the cartridge system includes a probing tip cartridge having a probing tip. An electrical contact mechanism electrically couples the electronics to the probing tip when the probing tip cartridge is in mating relationship with the main probing head body. The types may be, for example, a pointed tip, a socket tip, or a grabber tip.