Abstract: An electric power steering device which includes a sample reliability level calculation device for calculating a reliability y of a sampling value &thgr;a as a neutral angle &thgr;c based on a vehicle speed V, a angular velocity &ohgr;, a steering torque T, and relating values of the vehicle speed V, the angular velocity &ohgr; of the steering angle, and the steering torque T when a sampling condition is established. The neutral angle estimation means temporarily determines, confirms, or renews the value of the neutral angle &thgr;c based on the sampling value &thgr;a and the reliability level y.

Abstract: A speaker apparatus includes an elliptical-shaped or a round-edged rectangular-shaped vibration plate; an edge damper portion disposed on an outer peripheral edge portion of the vibration plate; a recessed portion formed between said vibration plate and said edge damper portion, having a caliber of a shape corresponding to the shape of said vibration plate; and an air core voice coil fitted into an interior of said recessed portion. The speaker apparatus further includes a frame for mounting said edge damper portion to support said vibration plate, having a stepped portion and a vertical wall portion; and an edge damper frame arranged on an outer periphery of said edge damper portion, having a support portion placed on the stepped portion and a rising portion being in contact with the vertical wall portion.

Abstract: The speaker assembly includes a speaker housing having a closed top wall and an opposed open end. The speaker assembly further includes a first sound source having a cone with an interior surface and an exterior surface. The first sound source is mounted within the speaker housing such that the interior surface of the cone faces the closed top wall and the exterior surface substantially faces the opposed open end. A portion of the exterior surface of the cone is covered, thereby, revealing an exposed portion which defines the directionality of the first sound source. The speaker assembly also includes a second sound source having a cone with an interior surface and an exterior surface. The second sound source is mounted within the speaker housing such that the interior surface of the cone faces the closed top wall and the exterior surface substantially faces the opposed open end.

Abstract: The present invention is mainly to provide an improved structure for linear guideway, which in general contains: an unlimitedly extendable guideway, a moving slider along the guideway, a slide way installed inside the slider for the movement of the rolling objects, an end cover installed at the end of the slide way for the rolling objects to circulate; among which a lubricating structure is installed longitudinally inside the slider and mainly contains an oil reservoir inside the slider, which oil reservoir extends to the two ends of the slider and connects to the slide way and has a diversion device inside, which diversion device is rather tough and long enough for contact with the most surface area of the rolling objects (FIG. 3).

Abstract: A driving apparatus for an elevator includes rotary elements disposed in such a manner as to be in contact with a circumferential surface of an input shaft adapted to be rotationally driven by an electric motor device so as to rotate as the input shaft rotates, a cylindrical element disposed in such a manner as to be in contact with the rotary elements on an inner circumferential surface thereof so as to rotate as the rotary elements rotate, and a sheave provided on an outer circumferential side of the cylindrical element and configured so as to be wound therearound with ropes for lifting up and/or down a moving cage of the elevator. A brake device is disposed in a radial direction of the sheave for braking a brake disc constructed so as to extend in the radial directions and secured to the sheave.

Abstract: A multi-deck cage has a deck floor with a ramp drive for fine positioning. The deck floor is configured as a ramp rotatable about a rotary axle and is movable up and down by means of actuators of the ramp drive. A sensor, which locates a mark arranged at a story sill, is arranged at a deck sill which is constructed as part of the deck floor. If the sensor has, at a stopping of the multi-deck cage at the story, travelled past the mark, the ramp drive is activated in a direction opposite to the travel direction of the multi-deck cage past the story stop until the sensor and the mark are-disposed at the same level.

Abstract: In conventional elevator systems, it is necessary for the passenger to remember the name of an assigned car which is to stop at his destination floor, with the result that the passenger experiences anxiety.

Abstract: A procedure, a system and a computer program product presents multimedia contents in elevator installations. At least one user profile with multimedia contents is provided for an associated elevator user. When the user is identified in proximity to the elevator system, the multimedia contents carried in his user profile are presented to him. The multimedia contents are made available to the elevator installation through a protective wall.

Abstract: An all-terrain board (10, 50) ridden by a rider (18) standing on the board (10, 50) is provided with a braking member which can be engaged by a leg of the rider (18) and moved into braking engagement with a wheel (14, 52). The braking engagement may be directly onto a tyre (15) of the wheel (14). Alternatively, the braking engagement may be indirectly onto a wheel (52) through a linkage connecting the brake (60) to a brake mechanism (74) acting on a rim (56) of the wheel (52).

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromechanical, self-boosting friction brake, in particular a disk brake. The friction brake is embodied with a wedge element for exerting contact pressure on a friction brake lining; a wedge angle (&agr;) is selected such that a brake parameter C* is located at or near a pole point. As a result, a high self-boosting that tends toward infinity and consequently a low actuating force are attained. To avoid blocking of the friction brake, an actuating device is embodied to block an independent motion of the wedge element, or has a regulating device for regulating a contact pressure of the friction brake lining against a brake body (brake disk).

Abstract: The invention relates to a disk brake cylinder comprising a piston and a parking brake mechanism consisting of an input shaft which is turned when the parking brake is operated, a ball-ramp mechanism comprising a first groove (15) borne by the input shaft, a second groove facing the first groove, borne by a member (13) capable of pushing the piston toward the disk and balls (14) trapped between these grooves, each groove comprising an escapement zone (16) of exclusively concave profile along which, when the input shaft turns with respect to said member, the ball rolls and, initially, takes up the play in the mechanism and then moves said member (13) axially toward the piston.

Abstract: A wedge drum brake of vehicles is disclosed. A pair of pistons of a wheel cylinder are pushed out by a vertically descending wedge to make a leading shoe and a trailing shoe press against an inner circumference of a drum 10, wherein the wedge has a larger inclined angle on the side of the trailing shoe compared to the inclined angle on the side of the leading shoe and the end surfaces of the pistons facing both sides of the wedge have correspondingly different inclined angles, thereby reinforcing the expanding force of the trailing shoe so that the leading and trailing shoes have the same degree of expanding force.

Abstract: A piece of baggage is provided with a retractable identification card holder that slides into and out of a receptacle. When substantially retracted from the piece of baggage, the identification holder is able to clearly display an identification card that has been secured thereto. At other times, the identification card holder can be retracted into the receptacle where it remains concealed from view and where it does not detract from the aesthetic appearance of the piece of baggage. A method of identifying a person associated with a piece baggage utilizing the piece of baggage described above is also disclosed.

Abstract: Multi-clutch arrangement, comprising at least two clutch areas, each with a pressure plate, which can be connected to a housing for rotation in common around an axis of rotation (A) and which can be shifted in the axial direction relative to this housing; with an opposing support; and with a clutch disk, the friction surface arrangement of which can be clamped between the pressure plate and the opposing support. Each of the clutch disks is designed to be connected nonrotatably to a different power takeoff element. A wear-compensating device is assigned to at least one of the clutch areas. In at least one of the clutch areas, the pressure plate is connected to the housing for rotation in common by way of a connecting element arrangement, which, when the clutch area is in the torque-transmitting state, exerts a force on the pressure plate arrangement acting in the direction toward the opposing support.

Abstract: A dual clutch arrangement including two clutch areas, each with a pressure plate connected to a housing arrangement for rotation in common around an axis of rotation (A) and which can be shifted in the axial direction with respect to the housing; and a clutch disk, the friction surface areas of which can be clamped between the respective pressure plate and an opposing support arrangement. Each of the clutch disks is designed to be connected nonrotatably to a different power takeoff element. In addition a clutch cooling arrangement, through which a coolant can flow, is installed adjacent to the clutch areas.

Abstract: A torque head for gripping tubular members, in at least some aspects, has a housing, grip mechanism secured within the housing, the grip mechanism for selectively gripping a tubular member, the grip mechanism including at least one jaw selectively movable toward and away from a portion of a tubular member within the housing, the at least one jaw having mounted thereon slip apparatus for engaging the portion of the tubular member, the slip apparatus including die apparatus movably mounted to the at least one jaw, the die apparatus movable with respect to the at least one jaw so that relative movement of the tubular with respect to the torque head is possible to the extent that the die apparatus is movable.

Abstract: In an electromagnetic clutch having drive and driven side clutch plates in which the drive side clutch plate is provided with a plurality of elongated holes circumferentially arranged at given intervals, a depression is formed by compressing and plastically press deforming each bridge portion positioned circumferentially between adjacent two of the elongated holes on an axial end surface of the drive side clutch plate facing the driven side clutch plate. Though tensile stress caused by belt tension is likely concentrated on the bridge portion, the depression, which causes higher hardness of the bridge portion, effectively serves to restrain occurrence of the fatigue failure.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for positioning a coupling means in a gearbox in a first gear position, a second gear position and an intermediate neutral position. The apparatus includes a housing (5) that forms a working cylinder (6), a main piston (7) arranged in the working cylinder (6) in order to interact operationally therewith, and a piston rod (8) connected rigidly to the main piston and extending from a first side thereof out of the housing (5). The piston rod (8) is connected to the coupling means or mechanism (4) outside the housing. The main piston (7) is arranged displaceably between three different positions in the working cylinder that correspond to the first and second gear positions, and the neutral position. An auxiliary piston (11) is also arranged displaceably inside the housing. The auxiliary piston (11) is adapted to operationally interact with the working cylinder and is arranged on a second, opposite side of the main piston relative to the first side.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for regulating the delivery rate of bulk tablets to a tablet transportation system.

Abstract: The curved conveyor section allows the transport of articles guided between two guide rails (7) and comprises means for adjusting the spacing (e) between the two guide rails. At least one of the two guide rails is elastically deformable and the adjusting means are designed to displace and deform said elastically deformable guide rail so as to provide it with a specific curvature which depends on its position. Preferably, the adjusting means comprise, for each guide rail (7), a deforming plate (9, 9′) which is elastically deformable, and the guide rail (7) is rigidly secured to said deforming plate.

Abstract: A key device 1 has a plurality of peripheral key tops 11 arranged around a center key top 7 so that the key tops, when pressed, operate switches 3 and 4 arranged below them respectively The center key top 7 is elastically supported by a center hinge 8 extending from a center frame 10 provided around the center key top 7, and the peripheral key tops 11 are provided above the center frame 10 and are each elastically supported by a peripheral hinge 12 extending from a peripheral frame 13 provided around the peripheral key tops 11.

Abstract: A system is provided for aiding left-handed individuals or individuals whose right hands are immobilized to be able to start a vehicle by turning an ignition key in which the key slot is movable or placeable to the left of the steering wheel at the driver's option to permit starting of the vehicle utilizing an individual's left hand only. In one embodiment a duplicate key slot is positioned to the left of the steering wheel on the dash of the car or, in a further embodiment, for key slots mounted to the steering column, the column is provided with a duplicate key slot to the left-hand side of the column. In another embodiment, a rotatable sleeve or collar is made part of the steering column, which when rotated rotates the key slot from an initial right-hand position to a left-hand position, thus to enable the starting of the vehicle only utilizing one's left hand.

Abstract: The present invention involves processes that utilize an olefinic compound, in particular, hexafluoropropene (HFP) or chlorotrifluoroethene (CFC-1113) as extracting agents in the purification of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125). These processes can utilize recovered HFP as a precursor for the production of heptafluoropropane (HFC-227) or other derivatives.

Abstract: Less colored trans-1,3-dichloropropene and a process for producing it, are presented.

Abstract: A portable, radiation-producing apparatus is provided that can produce highly energetic electron beam radiation and X-rays from a low voltage power source., e.g., a battery. The radiation-producing apparatus is comprised of a radiation generating device, a pulsed high voltage generator and a control system. The pulsed high voltage generator is comprised of a power source and a Tesla resonant transformer. The Tesla resonant transformer has at least one first capacitor, a primary coil, a secondary coil and at least one second capacitor. The at least one second capacitor is disposed axially within the secondary coil. The pulsed high voltage generator is connected to the radiation generating device for providing electrical energy to the radiation generating device. The control system is connected to the pulsed high voltage generator for selectively controlling the transfer of energy from the pulsed high voltage generator to the radiation generating device.

Abstract: A method for decomposing halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds or aromatic compounds characterized by contacting the compound to be decomposed with functional water under light irradiation, wherein the functional water is characterized by a hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of 1-4, an oxidation-reduction potential of 800-1500 mV (working electrode: platinum, reference electrode: silver-silver chloride) and a chlorine concentration of 5-150 mg/l, and the irradiation is carried out with light of a wavelength of 300 nm or more, with an intensity of 10 mW/cm2 or less. This method is carried out at room temperature under the atmospheric pressure. An apparatus for the method is also provided.

Abstract: The particle implantation apparatus comprises a target, an ion beam source, a target scanning mechanism, a slit plate, a holder, and a holder scanning mechanism. The target is used for sputtering. The ion beam source applies an ion beam apparently like a sheet wider in the X direction onto the target so as to generate sputter particles. The target scanning mechanism mechanically scans the target in the Y direction crossing the X direction in reciprocating manner at a fixed angle with respect to the ion beam. The slit plate is used for passing sputter particles generated from the target and has a long slit extending in the X direction. The holder holds a substrate at the position where sputter particles having passed through the slit are incident. The holder scanning mechanism mechanically scans the holder in the Z direction crossing both the X and Y directions in reciprocating manner.

Abstract: A target for physical-vapor deposition (PVD) and methods for depositing magnetic materials are described. Radio frequency (RF) or direct current (DC) power is introduced into the chamber through the target to produce plasma. The planar magnetron system is chosen for its high deposition rates. Since the permanent magnets are behind the target in the traditional system, a magnetic target interferes with the required magnetic fields on the target. To eliminate this problem permanent magnets are arranged on the surface and a magnetic target is used as a part of the magnetic circuit. Strong magnetic fields on the target can now be maintained for high deposition rates. The permanent magnets may be covered by a relatively thin, suitable protective-film or by a film of the same material as the target.

Abstract: Reactive foils and their uses are provided as localized heat sources useful, for example, in ignition, joining and propulsion. An improved reactive foil is preferably a freestanding multilayered foil structure made up of alternating layers selected from materials that will react with one another in an exothermic and self-propagating reaction. Upon reacting, this foil supplies highly localized heat energy that may be applied, for example, to joining layers, or directly to bulk materials that are to be joined. This foil heat-source allows rapid bonding to occur at room temperature in virtually any environment (e.g., air, vacuum, water, etc.). If a joining material is used, the foil reaction will supply enough heat to melt or soften the joining material, which upon cooling will form a strong bond, joining two or more bulk materials.

Abstract: A method of forming an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer on a heat-sensitive substrate. An amorphous ITO layer is formed on the substrate by a sputtering process, wherein the temperature of the sputtering process is controlled at room temperature and, in situ, hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 1˜5 sccm is introduced in the sputtering process. Part of the amorphous ITO layer is removed by an oxalic acid solution to form an amorphous ITO pattern on the substrate. A heat treatment whose temperature is below 150° C. is performed to turn the amorphous ITO pattern into a crystalline ITO layer. Thus, a crystalline and flat ITO layer can be formed on the heat-sensitive substrate.

Abstract: A recovery system for platinum electrolytic baths operating at low current densities is disclosed. An oxidizing system is provided in a closed-loop recirculation system for platinum plating at low current densities. The oxidizing system reoxidizes Pt+2 ions, which are typically formed at low current densities, to Pt+4 ions by using oxidizers, for example peroxide. A sensor may be also provided to detect the relative concentration of [Pt+2] ions to [Pt+4] ions and to tailor the relative concentrations to a predetermined level.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical synthesis of ammonia gas comprising providing an electrolyte between an anode and a cathode, providing hydrogen gas to the anode, oxidizing negatively charged nitrogen-containing species present in the electrolyte at the anode to form an adsorbed nitrogen species, and reacting the hydrogen with the adsorbed nitrogen species to form ammonia. Preferably, the hydrogen gas is provided to the anode by passing the hydrogen gas through a porous anode substrate. It is also preferred to produce the negatively charged nitrogen-containing species in the electrolyte by reducing nitrogen gas at the cathode. However, the negatively charged nitrogen-containing species may also be provided by supplying a nitrogen-containing salt, such as lithium nitride, into the molten salt electrolyte mixture in a sufficient amount to provide some or all of the nitrogen consumed in the production of ammonia.

Abstract: The invention relates to an amperometric electrochemical cell having a first insulating substrate carrying a first electrode, a second insulting substrate carrying a second electrode, said electrodes being disposed to face each other and spaced apart by less than 500 &mgr;m, and defining a sample reservoir therebetween, and wherein at least one, and preferably both, insulating substrates and the electrode carried thereon include an electromagnetic radiation transmissive portion in registration with said reservoir. The walls of the electrochemical cell may be formed from a thin metallic portion on a transparent substrate. Such cells are useful in providing visual confirmation of the validity of the electrochemical measurement.

Abstract: An analytical system to determine the presence of specific constituents in a liquid stream. The analytical system is an automated system that facilitates the testing of one or more samples according to a variety of methods. The methods may be of varying levels of complexity and may be run either in parallel or sequentially.

Abstract: An active matrix microfluidic platform employs thin film transistor active (“TFT”) matrix liquid crystal display technology to manipulate small samples of fluid for chemical, biochemical, or biological assays without moving parts, for example, using a two-dimensional matrix array of drive electrodes. The active matrix microfluidic platform may employ existing active matrix addressing schemes and/or commercial “off-the-shelf” animation software to program assay protocols. A feedback subsystem may determine an actual location of a fluid in the microfluidic structure, and provides location information to for display, for example, on an active matrix display, and/or to control movement of one or more fluid bodies in the microfluidic structure.

Abstract: A microfluidic device includes one or more microchannels providing a passageway for transmitting an electrolyte fluid. A field source provides a defined field in the one or more microchannels, wherein at least one conductor element that is placed in at least one specific location in the device. Interactions between the defined field and the at least one conductor element produce electro-osmotic flows so that the electrolyte fluid is driven across the one or more microchannels.

Abstract: An electrophoretic inorganic porous material, electrophoresis apparatus and method for analyzing a biological sample using the electrophoretic inorganic porous material are described. The electrophoretic inorganic porous material is an inorganic separating media that has a plurality of pores in which molecules from the biological sample (e.g., amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, DNA) migrate during an electrophoresis process. There are disclosed two embodiments of the electrophoretic inorganic porous material including a porous glass and a sol gel monolith.

Abstract: Cathodic electrodeposition coating agent containing 0.1 wt-% to 5 wt-%, based on the resin solids, of at least one polymer having an acid value of 20 to 100 mg KOH/g and a content of lateral and/or terminal aliphatic C5-C14-hydrocarbon radicals of 40 wt-% to 80 wt-%.

Abstract: Waterborne CED coating agents containing resin solids and optionally pigments, fillers and/or conventional coating additives, wherein said CED coating agents contain at least one bismuth complex with ligands selected from the group consisting of hydroxyquinolines, 1,2-dioximes, 1,3-dioximes, and N,N′-diarylthiocarbazides and combinations thereof in an amount of 0.1 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %, calculated as bismuth and based on the resin solids.

Abstract: Described is a process for the separation of americium metal from spent fuel or chlorinated high level waste of fuel reprocessing by using a liquid electrode whereby americium will be obtained in high yields.

Abstract: Electroplating station S has head 1 with anode 2, to one side of which there is located an electrically-neutral wall 3. A passageway 4 for electrolyte 5 is between anode 2 and wall 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating high performance chip interconnects and packages by providing methods for depositing a conductive material in cavities of a substrate in a more efficient and time saving manner. This is accomplished by selectively removing portions of a seed layer from a top surface of a substrate and then depositing a conductive material in the cavities of the substrate, where portions of the seed layer remains in the cavities. Another method includes forming an oxide layer on the top surface of the substrate such that the conductive material can be deposited in the cavities without the material being formed on the top surface of the substrate. The present invention also discloses methods for forming multi-level interconnects and the corresponding structures.

Abstract: A method of metal-electro-plating for IC package substrate comprising the steps of: forming vias on the package substrate coated with copper film on both sides thereof; electro-plating the vias to form electrical conductive holes between the top layer and the bottom layer of the package substrate; coating a resisting agent where the patterns should be formed on the top layer and on the entire bottom layer of the package substrate; etching the pattern to form circuit without plating lines on the top layer of the substrate, and removing the resisting agent; coating with a resisting agent on the top side and the bottom side of the package substrate but the wiring position to be electro-plated as surface finish for wire-bonding electro-plating on the top side of the package substrate not being applied with the resisting agent; electro-plating the substrate with nickel and gold, and removing the resisting agent; fabricating the circuit on the bottom side of the package substrate and coating with a resisting agent

Abstract: A device, system and method for diagnosing and treating gastric disorders is provided. A functional device resides within the patient's stomach and is secured to the stomach wall by an attachment device. The functional device may be a sensor for sensing various parameters of the stomach or stomach environment, or may be a therapeutic delivery device. The functional device in one embodiment provides a device, system and method for gastric electrical stimulation where stimulating electrodes are secured to the wall of the stomach by the attachment device or otherwise. A preferred device includes: at least one stimulating electrode in electrical contact with the stomach wall; an electronics unit containing the electronic circuitry of the device; and an attachment mechanism for attaching the device to the stomach wall. The functional devices may be programmed to respond to sensed information or signals.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical synthesis of ammonia gas comprising providing an electrolyte between an anode and a cathode, providing hydrogen gas to the anode, oxidizing negatively charged nitrogen-containing species present in the electrolyte at the anode to form an adsorbed nitrogen species, and reacting the hydrogen with the adsorbed nitrogen species to form ammonia. Preferably, the hydrogen gas is provided to the anode by passing the hydrogen gas through a porous anode substrate. It is also preferred to produce the negatively charged nitrogen-containing species in the electrolyte by reducing nitrogen gas at the cathode. However, the negatively charged nitrogen-containing species may also be provided by supplying a nitrogen-containing salt, such as lithium nitride, into the molten salt electrolyte mixture in a sufficient amount to provide some or all of the nitrogen consumed in the production of ammonia.

Abstract: An oxygen emitter which is an electrolytic cell is disclosed. When the anode and cathode are separated by a critical distance, very small microbubbles and nanobubbles of oxygen are generated. The hydrogen forms bubbles at the cathode, which bubbles rise to the surface. The very small oxygen bubbles remain in suspension, forming a solution supersaturated in oxygen. The electrodes may be a metal or oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, iridium, nickel, iron, rhodium, rhenium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, tantalum, molybdenum, lead, titanium, platinum, palladium and osmium or oxides thereof. The electrodes may be formed into open grids or may be closed surfaces. The most preferred cathode is a stainless steel mesh. The most preferred mesh is a {fraction (1/16)} inch grid. The most preferred anode is platinum and iridium oxide on a support. A preferred support is titanium. Models suitable for different uses are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for indirect-electrification-type continuous electrolytic etching of a metal strip suitable for producing a low-core-loss, grain-oriented silicon steel sheet not susceptible to the deterioration of core loss after stress-relief annealing, and an apparatus for the indirect-electrification-type continuous electrolytic etching.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the disinfection of water and wastewater contaminated with bacteria and other microorganisms. The apparatus includes an electrolytic flow cell including electrodes forming a part of flow pipe or open channel through which water or wastewater passes. The electrodes are formed of iron, stainless steel, carbon or copper and connected to a power supply voltage in the range of 20 to 100 volts and establishing a current in the range of 1 to 6 amperes. Disinfection results from either metal ions impacting microbial cells or through the generation of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid. When the electrodes are copper, toxic metal contamination limits are established through proper design of the flow cell. An ultrasonic transducer is connected to the electrodes and enhances hydroxyl radical generation.

Abstract: A method and device for removing, deodorizing and purifying odor, smoke and harmful substances from exhaust gas or flue gas employs a water solution containing hypohalogen acid such as hypochlorous acid soda, an alkaline electrolyte such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide and a saline electrolyte such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide or potassium bromide which is electrolyzed to produce an electrolytic water solution which is fed to a deodorizing tower and brought into contact with exhaust gas or flue gas to remove odor, smoke and harmful substances in the exhaust gas or flue gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a reactor having a heater, a passage for transporting a reactant, and a chamber containing a gas sample and being coupled to the passage for receiving the reactant and mixing the reactant with the gas sample. The reactor further includes a connector leading from the chamber to the heater for transporting a mixture of the reactant and gas sample, and wherein the heater heats the mixture of the reactant and gas sample.