Abstract: In an electromagnet having an armature, in particular for use in a solenoid valve, which includes a solenoid coil, a magnet core which passes through the solenoid coil and has at least one pole face, an armature which is supported perpendicularly to the at least one pole face of the magnet core so as to be able to slide and has an armature plate facing the pole face and an armature pin that projects from the armature plate and is supported so as to be able to slide and rotate, and an adjusting arrangement that is formed on the electromagnet and/or on the armature and adjust the armature plate to a predetermined rotational position, it is proposed that at least one first cutout which is radially offset from the armature pin and formed in the armature plate, and at least one second cutout which is situated in the at least one pole face of the magnet core and assigned to the first cutout, be provided as adjusting arrangement; the second cutout magnetically interacting with the first cutout in response to the sol

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuator, particularly for a valve for controlling the injection of fuel or fuel oil is described and comprises: a fixed permanent magnetic core, and an electrical control winding which is disposed in the magnetic field generated by the core and is movable relative to the core when an electrical current flows through the winding, in which the winding is intended to be connected to a movable member actuable by the device, in a manner such as to bring about movement of the movable member between a rest position and at least one operative position. The winding is also arranged to act on the movable member by exerting a resilient force which can hold the member in the rest position or return the member to the rest position.

Abstract: The magnet system is part of a relay, which displays particularly low-noise switching. Components of the magnet system include a core unit (1), an armature (6) and a not represented coil, whereby the armature (6) is preloaded in an open position. The low-noise switching behavior is achieved in that the armature (6) is designed in such a manner that the armature pole face in the region of its front end (8a) in the closing direction is essentially perpendicular to a connecting line (16) towards the bearing edge (12). In addition, when the armature (6) is attracted, the core pole face (9) extends at least substantially parallel to the armature pole face (8). The arrangement according to the invention requires no additional parts for the purpose of noise reduction, resulting in a particularly simple and compact structure.

Abstract: A non-reciprocal circuit element has a metallic component and a resin component combined with the metallic component. Connection electrodes are integrated with the resin component. A permanent magnet is disposed in a region defined by the metallic component. Center electrodes are disposed in a region defined by the resin component and the metallic component. The center electrodes are connected to the connection electrodes with solder (colored gray). The resin component is formed of a white liquid crystalline polymer and the connection electrodes are plated with silver. The connection electrodes and the resin component, therefore, have light reflectances higher than that of the solder. By setting a threshold for binarization between the level of the reflection at the solder and the level of the reflection at the connection electrodes, the amount of applied soldering paste can be determined with an image analyzer.

Abstract: Slot core inductors and transformers and methods for manufacturing same including using large scale flex circuitry manufacturing methods and machinery for providing two mating halves of a transformer winding. One winding is inserted into the slot of a slot core and one winding is located proximate to the exterior wall of the slot core. These respective halves are joined together using solder pads or the like to form continuous windings through the slot and around the slotted core.

Abstract: The number of layers of a secondary winding of a flyback transformer for use in a PWM controlled high-tension voltage generator is increased to six or higher. The distributed capacitance of the flyback transformer is thus decreased, the frequency of ringing is increased, and the pulse width of a flyback pulse is narrowed. The timing of the on-operation of a control FET is expedited, and the input current to the flyback transformer is lowered. A compact and power-saving flyback transformer thus results.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for displaying informational messages communicated by wireless apparatus to selected ones of a plurality of display devices (16) and displayed in a sequence of such informational messages, having message sources (18, 20, 22) such as news and advertising sources that create a plurality of message records (34) which each have a cap code (36), a pin code (37) which identifies one of a plurality of message memory slots associated with the particular display device (16) to receive the message, a message (38) and at least one display characteristic (40) for the message. The cap code (36) uses conventional messaging apparatus to designate the display devices (16) to receive a particular message record (34).

Abstract: A holster for a telecommunication device includes a self-contained power source for driving an alert and a detector. The detector detects the presence and unseating of an telecommunication device that is insertable into the holster. The alert is coupled to the detector and is operable to alert to a user when the telecommunication device is removed from the holster. In this way the user is warned of the imminent loss or theft of the communication device.

Abstract: Transponders present in an interrogation zone can be identified by an interrogator by it sending an RF interrogation signal into the interrogation zone, the RF interrogation signal containing a code string prompting the transponders to generate partial addresses. As soon as one transponder “sees” that the generated partial address agrees with part of its own address, it responds by sending its full address which can then be read by the interrogator. Immediately after having received a full address the interrogator sends a code string characterizing the address of the transponder having responded before so that this transponder is thereby addressable. The signal sent by the interrogator to the transponder with this code string also contains an instruction which prompts the transponder to assume the condition in which it no longer responds to receiving its address or partial address.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a vehicle transmission includes a camera that generates an image signal indicating the situation in front and behind the vehicle, a shift operation body that generates an operation signal indicating a shift operation position of the shift operation body that is operated by a driver, and a control unit that controls the transmission in accordance with the operation signal. The control unit determines whether movement of the vehicle is obstructed on the basis of the image signal and invalidates the operation signal to prohibit the operation of the transmission.

Abstract: In a method and a system (1) for determining a position (d) of a wanted object (BKn) fitted with a transponder (TRn), scanning signals (INTnle, INTnri) with current strengths (Ire, Iri) changed (reduced) in steps and starting from a starting value (maximum value) are supplied to a left transmission coil (9) and separately therefrom to a right transmission coil (10), and it is determined by detection means (15, 16) when the transponder (TRn) associated with the wanted object (BKn) has changed its behavior between delivery and non-delivery of its response signal (RESn), whereupon those values V(Ii+1), V(Ik+1) of the changed (reduced) current strengths (Ii+1, Ik+1) are determined at which the transponder (TRn) has changed its behavior between delivery and non-delivery of its response signal (RESn), and the position (d) of the wanted object (BKn) is subsequently determined from said values V(Ii+1), V(Ik+1).

Abstract: A main controller for controlling an emergency informing terminal, and a sub controller for controlling communications with an external device are provided. The main controller and sub controller have microcomputers, and the main controller and sub controller monitor the operation of each other. If the other is abnormal, a reset signal is issued to initialize it, and if still abnormal, the history of abnormality is recorded, and the abnormality is informed to the user by means of sound or light. The power source device of this emergency informing terminal has a function of cutting off power supply to the emergency informing terminal when overheat or overcurrent occurs in the auxiliary battery which operate when supply from the main battery is interrupted, and if overheat or voltage drop occurs due to short circuit of the auxiliary battery or other trouble, power supply into the emergency informing terminal is cut off, so that spread of damage may be avoided.

Abstract: In order to make it possible to go to and to find a field device in a process plant in the shortest possible time, there is provided a fixed-position device and a mobile device. The fixed-position device is associated with the field device and comprising at least one processing unit, one communication device with an antenna for wire-free communication, and a non-volatile memory. Details relating to the position of the installation location of the field device are stored in the non-volatile memory such that they can be called up. The mobile device is equipped with a processing unit, a keyboard, a display unit for visualizing the details relating to the position of the installation location of the field device and a communication device which corresponds to the communication device in the fixed-position device and has an antenna for wire-free communication.

Abstract: Apparatus relates to systems and devices for enabling persons to locate lost or misplaced objects and items in households, offices, and other work places. Such devices and items may include remote-control devices for television sets, VCR's, calculators, and miniature dictating machines. The apparatus comprises a wireless transmitter for producing a unique digital signal or data packet for a codable wireless receiver coded to respond only to the specific transmitter to cause the coded receiver to emit an audio signal or sound from a sound generating device for locating a misplaced object.

Abstract: A terminal designed for communication with contactless-type data carriers with two different carrier frequencies has two resonant circuits (I, II) for one and the other carrier frequency. Both resonant circuits (I, II) work with one and the same antenna (A) and one capacitor (C1, C3) in each case. In the resonant circuit (II) for low carrier frequency a coupling inductance coil (L) is provided between the capacitor (C3) and the antenna (A).

Abstract: The dielectrophoretic force caused by the non-uniform electric field squared spatial gradient three-dimensional pattern uniquely exhibited by a predetermined type of inanimate entity can be detected by a locator device. A human operator holds the device in hand to thereby electrically and dielectrically connect the device to the human operator. The human operator's naturally occurring very low electrical decay time constant is increased through electronic circuitry externally connected to the device. The device is held in a balanced nearly horizontal state, and the operator scans the device in a constant speed uniform linear motion back and forth. An antenna extends from the front of the device, and both are acted on by the dielectrophoretic force.

Abstract: A method and system for airport or other building security where passengers or persons entering a building approach a check-in point or check-in counter and must undergo a positive identification (ID) by fingerprint scan, retinal or iris scan, face feature scan, or an other means of positive identification. A digital photograph can then be taken of the person. This data plus the positive ID data and optional data about the person including a scan of a government supplied ID like a drivers license or passport is entered in a database and checked against various law enforcement databases such as FBI or others for law enforcement interest in the person. The person is given an electronic card that has wireless capability. The person carries the card while in the airport or building. The system is notified when the person enters a secure gate area, boards or leaves an aircraft, etc. In addition, the system can determine if a person is carrying more than one card or if a card has been abandoned.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for tracking the location of assets and persons are provided. According to the invention, position information is provided to a central monitoring station aperiodically. The central monitoring station utilizes software agents to analyze the information received from remote tags, and to determine the appropriate action to take with respect to that information. In particular, the central monitoring station provides aperiodic notifications to authorized users regarding the position and status of a monitored person or asset. The central monitoring station operates without requiring human analysis of the information received from remote tags. Furthermore, the use of aperiodic transmissions of information to the central monitoring station, and the use of software agents in the central monitoring station, allows the present invention to efficiently process information received from a large number of remote units.

Abstract: There is described a circuit for controlling the operation of a fan. The circuit operates to control the speed of the fan and to operate the means to monitor fan malfunctioning.

Abstract: A display apparatus on the vehicle ceiling, in front of a partition wall which blocks the view of the rear window from the internal rear-view mirror, in order to display information, in particular about an area to the rear of the vehicle which is monitored by a monitoring device. When driving rearwards, the internal mirror is deflected, for example being pivoted automatically upwards from the position of the direction of travel selection lever, so that the driver can read the display, which is otherwise located outside the mirror field of view, via the rear-view mirror.

Abstract: A utility meter reading device includes a set of stator wheels each including a plurality of conductive segments and a set of indexable digit discs driven sequentially by consumption of a provided utility and having each a conductive segment movable upon rotation of a respective disc into capacitive alignment with one of the conductive segments of a stator wheel; a micro-controller supplies a current signal to the meter discs and stators and through a circuit reads the amount of the utility consumed as reflected in the alignment of certain ones of the conductive segments of the discs and stator wheels.

Abstract: A method for inputting Chinese character using numeric keys, comprises allocating all phonetic symbols of the Chinese language on the numeric keys, setting a dictionary for storing phonetic symbols together with single Chinese characters or words corresponding thereto, inputting a key signal from numeric keys by user's operation, retrieving a phonetic symbol or a tone symbol corresponding to the input key signal, obtaining a phonetic symbol or tone symbol from the retrieved symbol in accordance with a combination rule of the number of operations and phonetic symbols of the Chinese language, verifying whether the obtained symbol is a phonetic symbol or a tone symbol, converting phonetic symbol string which has been input to a corresponding single Chinese character or word with reference to the dictionary and then outputting to a display when the retrieved symbol is a tone symbol.

Abstract: A system and method for decompressing data read from a storage medium include a multiple stage pipeline process for substantially simultaneously processing at least two bytes of data in parallel. The process includes a first stage for receiving literal reference data and history reference data converted from history references to corresponding addresses, and directing data to subsequent stages. A second stage in communication with the first stage has multiple parallel buffers for selectively storing data and/or addresses provided from the first stage. A third stage in communication with the first and second stages has parallel literal buffers and parallel history buffers for selectively storing literal references and a predetermined number of bytes of previously processed uncompressed data, respectively. A fourth stage in communication with the third stage stores uncompressed data and provides the uncompressed data to an output channel in addition to updating the history buffers.

Abstract: A data compressor for compressing an input stream of data characters into an output stream of compressed codes includes a plurality of AND-gates corresponding to a respective plurality of codes to be assigned to strings. Each string comprises a prefix string, having an associated prefix code, and an extension character. An AND-gate has a prefix code input and a character input for enabling the AND-gate, the energized output of an AND-gate providing a representation of the code corresponding thereto. The compressor includes a first matrix switch for selectively coupling the provided representations of codes corresponding to the AND-gates to the prefix code inputs of the AND-gates and a second matrix switch for selectively coupling representations of data characters fetched from the input stream to the character inputs of the AND-gates.

Abstract: Systems and methods that encode and decode data in a manner that limits error propagation by parsing a data word of length n into a predetermined number of data blocks, individually encoding each data block into a single associated code block, and then combining each of the code blocks to form a resulting code word of length (n+1), resulting in a code rate of n/(n+1). By parsing and encoding the data word in this manner, errors that occur with respect to one or more bits of one code block will not be propagated throughout an entire data word during the decoding process.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for decoding a bit stream of variable-length and fixed-length codewords representing encoded digital content. A decoder includes a memory for storing microinstructions that control the decoder. The decoder further includes a first barrel shifter for extracting a first bit field from the bit stream, a position of the first bit field being specified by the microinstruction, and a second barrel shifter for extracting a second bit field from the bit stream, a position of the second bit field being specified by the microinstructions. A microprogram counter keeps an address of a currently-executing microinstruction of the microinstructions, where a next state of the microprogram counter is determined by the microinstructions and the first bit field. A data converter modifies a value of the second bit field according to the microinstructions. A data storage stores either data in the microinstructions or an output of the data converter as decoded data values.

Abstract: A circuit, apparatus and method for efficiently and accurately calibrating an output driver current are provided in embodiments of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, a circuit comprises a first digital-to-analog converter (“DAC”) that generates a first current. A first transistor is coupled to the first DAC and generates a first biasing current responsive to the first current. A second DAC is coupled to the first transistor and generates a first control current responsive to the first biasing current. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first and second DACs are binary weighted control DACs. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the binary weighted values of the second DAC are obtained in response to a calibration signal generated by a controller. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first DAC is an M-bit DAC and the second DAC is an N-bit DAC, wherein M is less than N.

Abstract: The present invention provides a unique way of using a 2N bit synchronization pattern to obtain a faster and more reliable calibration of multiple data paths in a memory system. If the 2N bit synchronization pattern is generated with a known clock phase relationship, then the data-to-clock phase alignment can be determined using simple decode logic to predict the next m-bits from a just-detected m-bits. If the succeeding m-bit pattern does not match the predicted pattern, then the current data-to-clock alignment fails for a particular delay value adjustment in the data path undergoing alignment, and the delay in that data path is adjusted to a new value. The invention also ensures that data alignment will occur to a desired edge of the clock signal, e.g., a positive going edge, by forcing a failure of all predicted m-bit patterns which are associated with an undesired edge, e.g., a negative going edge, of the clock signal.

Abstract: A digital controller comprises two control paths each having an A/D converter. One of the two converters has a substantially higher sampling speed and lower resolution than the other. Thus, one is suitable to deal with the fast responses while the other is suitable to deal with the slow responses, and can replace high-speed high-resolution A/D converter which is high in both cost and power consumption.

Abstract: Differential heating is avoided by a digital to analog converter for generating analog cyclical waveforms having a period. The cyclical waveforms are generated by conversion of a sequence of step wise linearly incrementing digital phase words presented during the period for conversion. The digital to analog converter has a clock for operating conversion timing within the digital to analog converter. The clock generates a clock pulse for conversion of each of the digital phase words by said digital to analog converter while generating the cyclical waveform. A lookup read only memory for converting each of the incrementing digital phase words within the period into a plurality of ON commands to be used by a plurality of current sources. The plurality of ON commands are timed to generate the cyclical waveforms and have nearly equal time duration approximating a 50 percent duty cycle. The cyclical waveform has one or more non-linear portions reflected in the content of the read only memory.

Abstract: Sigma delta modulators and digital to analog converters therefor are disclosed, in which intentional mismatch is provided in circuit elements of the digital to analog converter to facilitate tone reduction where dynamic element matching is used in selecting the digital to analog converter circuit elements. Methods are disclosed for fabricating digital to analog converters for providing analog feedback using a group of circuit elements selected according to a quantized output signal in a sigma delta modulator, in which a plurality of matched circuit elements having values within a tolerance amount of a design value are provided in the group along with at least one mismatched circuit element having a mismatched element value differing from the design value by a mismatch amount, where the mismatch amount is greater than the tolerance amount.

Abstract: Line drivers are provided that are suitable for driving communication cables (e.g., in Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) certified systems) without the need for output drivers and their size, power-consumption, noise and signal-distortion penalities. These line drivers directly couple switched current mirrors to a transformer's input winding to simultaneously provide currents in response to a differential input signal and a digital command signal and drive the load impedance to thereby realize a corresponding signal gain.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for varying and measuring the position of a micromachined electrostatic actuator using a pulse width modulated (PWM) pulse train are disclosed. One or more voltage pulses are applied to the actuator. In each of the pulses, a voltage changes from a first state to a second state and remains in the second state for a time tpulse before returning to the first state. The position of the actuator may be varied by varying the time &Dgr;tpulse. A position of the actuator may be determined by measuring a capacitance of the actuator when the voltage changes state, whether the time t is varied or not. An apparatus for varying the position of a MEMS device may include a pulse width modulation generator coupled to the MEMS device an integrator coupled to the MEMS device and an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the integrator. The integrator may measure a charge transferred during a transition of a pulse from the pulse generator.

Abstract: The invention makes secure the processing of a signal (Se) delivered by a sensor (2) of resistive analog type, in a safety device, the signal (Se) being converted into a digital signal (n) in an analog/digital converter (4) of resolution (R). A digital signal (n1) is acquired and stored, then the supply voltages (Va, Vb) of the sensor (2) are inverted (at 8) and a new digital signal (n2) is acquired. The two signals (n1, n2) are summed, and their sum (S) is compared with the resolution (R) of the converter (4). Depending on whether the sum (S) is or is not equal to the resolution (R), the control (Cm) of an actuator (6), corresponding to a pre-set (Sc), is enabled or otherwise. Application to tower crane safety devices.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital conversion method and device for a multilevel non-volatile memory device that includes a multilevel memory cell. The method comprises a first step of converting the most significant bits contained in the memory cell, followed by a second step of converting the least significant bits. The first step is completed within a time interval corresponding to the rise transient of the gate voltage, and the second step is initiated at the end of the transient. Also disclosed is a scheme for error control coding in multilevel Flash memories. The n bits stored in a single memory cell are organized in different “bit-layers”, which are independent from one another. Error correction is carried out separately for each bit-layer. The correction of any failure in a single memory cell is achieved by using a simple error control code providing single-bit correction, regardless of the number of bits stored in a single cell.

Abstract: A dual channel ADC uses two digital to analog converters (DACs) and a single comparator to convert two analog input channels. One DAC is used for successive approximation, while the other DAC is used for calibration. The dual channel ADC allows for sampling and conversion of single-ended, pseudo-differential, and fully differential analog input signals while maintaining layout symmetry and reducing crosstalk without substantially increasing circuit area. The single comparator is used for converting both analog input channels. Additional logic (such as switches or digital logic) is used to connect the input sampling capacitors and DACs to the appropriate inputs of the comparator for converting the analog input channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analog-to-digital conversion is provided that uses pulse width modulation to provide accurate and reliable conversion of analog signals. The methods and apparatus can be implemented in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that can meet the requirements of the most demanding environments. Additionally, the ADC can be implemented to provide the high precision needed for many applications. The method and apparatus provides an ADC that converts a received analog input into a pulse width modulated signal with a duty cycle that is responsive to the analog input. The pulse width modulated signal is passed to a duty cycle mechanism that determines the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated signal. The determined duty cycle can then be used to generate a digital value that is proportional to the analog input. The preferred method and apparatus thus provide a reliable and accurate ADC that can be used in a wide range of environments.

Abstract: An analog to digital converter includes a reference ladder, a track-and-hold amplifier tracking an input signal with its output signal during the phase &phgr;1 and holding a sampled value during, a coarse analog to digital converter having a plurality of coarse amplifiers each inputting a corresponding tap from the reference ladder and the output signal, a fine analog-to-digital converter having a plurality of fine amplifiers inputting corresponding taps from the reference ladder and the output signal, the taps selected based on outputs of the coarse amplifiers, a clock having phases &phgr;1 and &phgr;2, a circuit responsive to the clock that receives the output signal, the circuit substantially passing the output signal and the corresponding taps to the fine amplifiers during the phase &phgr;2 and substantially rejecting the output signal and the corresponding taps during the phase &phgr;1, and an encoder converting outputs of the coarse and fine amplifiers to an N-bit digital signal representing the input s

Abstract: An M-bit folding/interpolating analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit, comprising a reference voltage generator, a converter, an interpolator, an amplifying stage, a comparator, and an encoder. The converter has an amplifier that receives at least one of a plurality of first reference voltage signals and outputs a plurality of coarse bits. The converter also has N-number of folding blocks, which output a plurality of folded signals. Each folding block comprises a plurality of capacitors, a differential amplifier and a feedback element. The folded signals output by the converter are then interpolated, amplified, compared and output as a plurality of fine bits. The encoder receives the coarse and fine bits and outputs the digital signal.

Abstract: A pulse Doppler radar receiver is disclosed wherein monopulse sum and difference signals are time-multiplexed and passed through a single gain-controlled amplifier channel for normalization, the sum signal being processed to provide both a D.C. gain control signal for such channel and a reference signal for demodulating the difference signal.

Abstract: A system includes a storage medium storing contextual information about a target or target area, and a simulator communicatively coupled to the storage medium and operable to receive the contextual information. The simulator is operable to generate a set of simulated information about the target using the contextual information. The system further includes a sensor operable to collect a set of actual information about the target. A comparator is operable to generate a set of delta information in response to differences between the set of simulated information and the set of actual information. The delta information is transmitted and added to a second set of simulated information to generate a set of information that is substantially similar to the set of actual information.

Abstract: A motor-vehicle radar system provided with at least one housing includes at least one send/receive element for sending and/or receiving electromagnetic waves, at least one first dielectric member in the beam path of the electromagnetic waves, and at least one arrangement of electrical conductor tracks which are in direct contact with the first dielectric member. It is possible to supply an electric power to the electrical conductor tracks, the electrical conductor tracks preferably being used to heat the first dielectric member, and the electrical conductor tracks being made of a material having a pronounced, positive temperature coefficient (PTC characteristic).

Abstract: An FM-CW radar processing system pairs up peaks obtained by fast-Fourier transforming a beat signal occurring on an up portion and a down portion of a triangular-shaped FM-CW wave, calculates a distance or relative velocity with respect to a target object based on the peak signal in the up portion and the peak signal in the down portion obtained by the pairing, and compares the distance or relative velocity, obtained after changing the modulating signal for the FM-CW wave, with the distance or relative velocity obtained before changing the modulating signal. If the distance or relative velocity differs before and after changing the modulating signal, the pairing is judged to be mispairing.

Abstract: An object location of a 3-D object to a side of a transportation vehicle is classified wherein the transportation vehicle moves along a front-to-rear directional axis and has a remote sensor mounted at a predetermined reference point. A set of detection points is identified substantially to the side of the transportation vehicle using the remote sensor. A detection point is found having a closest range to the vehicle reference point. The object is classified as on-center if a position Ynear along the directional axis corresponding to the closest-range detection point is within a predetermined threshold distance from a position Yzero along the directional axis corresponding to the predetermined reference point. If not on-center, then the object is classified as spanning if a first position Y1 along the directional axis and a second position Y2 along the directional axis are on opposite sides of the position Yzero.

Abstract: A radar system includes a transmitting/receiving unit, having a voltage controlled oscillator, for repeatedly transmitting a triangular transmission signal including a frequency-gradually-rising up-modulation interval and a frequency-gradually-dropping down-modulation interval and for receiving a reception signal including a reflected signal from a target, a frequency analysis unit, a data storing unit for storing time-varying characteristics of input values to a D/A converter that monotonically change an oscillation frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator with time, in the form of data concerning an expression representing the time-varying characteristics, and a data processing unit for determining the input values to the D/A converter with reference to the data. At least one of the relative distance to the target and the relative speed of the target is detected based on a beat signal during the up-modulation interval and the beat signal during the down-modulation interval.

Abstract: A system and a method for distance measurement utilizes a radio system. The distance is measured by determining the time it takes a pulse train to travel from a first radio transceiver to a second radio transceiver and then from the second radio transceiver back to the first radio transceiver. The actual measurement is a two step process. In the first step, the distance is measured in coarse resolution, and in the second step, the distance is measured in fine resolution. A first pulse train is transmitted using a transmit time base from the first radio transceiver. The first pulse train is received at a second radio transceiver. The second radio transceiver synchronizes its time base with the first pulse train before transmitting a second pulse train back to the first radio transceiver, which then synchronizes a receive time base with the second pulse train. The time delay between the transmit time base and the receive time base can then be determined.

Abstract: A filter, includes a first order band pass filter configured to process non-zero amplitude gated radar return samples and process a portion of received zero amplitude return samples. The filter also calculates past filter outputs based on filter outputs generated during previous non-zero gated radar return samples.

Abstract: A system for providing integrated communications, navigation and surveillance capabilities. A space segment comprises a plurality of time synchronized satellites broadcasting navigation signals and have two-way communication capabilities. Each satellite also has communication switching capabilities and is part of a network. A terrestrial segment comprises processing apparatus that communicates the satellites through the network. A user segment comprises at least one mobile user device capable of two way communication with the plurality of satellites and of using the navigation signals to derive its position. The user device broadcasts surveillance signals which the processing apparatus uses to derive the position of the user device. The signals are also used by the system to measure and transmit the state of the ionosphere.

Abstract: GPS and GLONASS Satellites broadcast code signals which are modulated onto respective carrier signals, and which are received by two receivers on Earth. The first receiver is situated at a point with known coordinates. The results of its measurements are transmitted to a user at a second receiver through a connection link, the user wanting to know the position of the second receiver. The measurements of two receivers are related to a common time moment by extrapolating measurement data that has arrived through the connection link with a delay. An extrapolating unit examines the measurements to find and discard measurements with abnormal errors, and generates extrapolated measurement data (e.g., predictions) for the common time based upon the most reliable data. This enables the measurements of code delays and carrier phase shifts in the satellite signals received by two receivers to be processed for the position of the second receiver.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing GPS positioning information to a master computer and a plurality of slave computers from only one GPS receiver. The apparatus includes a circuit adapted to be coupled between the GPS receiver and the computers for providing each computer with a replica of a positioning information signal from the GPS receiver so that each computer receives all of the positioning information it would have received if it had been connected to its own GPS receiver. In addition, the apparatus includes a circuit adapted to be coupled between the GPS receiver and the computers for providing each computer with a replica of a synchronizing signal from the GPS receiver so that each computer receives the synchronizing signal it would have received if it had been connected to its own GPS receiver.