Abstract: A greenhouse comprising two roof halves (4, 4′) together forming a roof (3) of V-shaped cross-section, which can be moved between a closed position and an open position, a special feature of said greenhouse being the fact that the roof (4, 4′) can be moved independently of each other both in upward and in downward direction relative to the closed position within certain limits.

Abstract: A protective enclosure for protecting garden plants against frost and other environmental hazards. The enclosure consists of semi-circular arches over which a protective cover is deployed. The cover is held in place by elastic hold-downs strung across the outside of the cover at each arch. Each arch presents to the hold-down a concave shape that receives and stabilizes the hold-down element. The cover is translucent to sunlight and may include two types of material, one impervious to wind and rain, the other a mesh transparent to wind and rain. The wind-impervious material may be bunched up under the hold-downs, leaving plants protected only by the mesh. Access to plants is gained by lifting and bunching up the mesh, which is re-deployed when access is no longer necessary.

Abstract: An evergreen Christmas tree is a Christmas tree dug out with root having means to split root core from root skin with a thin portion of outboard root core, means to bend said root skins with thin cores from a vertical plane into a horizontal plane, means to cut the root core, means to protect the root skins and root cores from rotten, means to hold the tree steady by a fixture, and means to hold and not to hold earth and water so that the tree will be alive continuously indoor and outdoor for the years to come.

Abstract: A system and method that provides for injection control of a liquid additive in a liquid dispensation system. Included as part of the system is a controller device configured to generate one set of control signals for initiating and terminating liquid dispensation to one or more areas while simultaneously generating at least one second control signal which controls the injection rate of a liquid additive to the liquid being dispense. The liquid dispensation rate may be controlled according to a number of criteria, which are received from an external source from the controller or retrieved from an internal memory. The system may be further configured such that the dispensation rate is modified according to a detected condition.

Abstract: A method for modulating plant growth is provided whereby seedlings that are grown in containers such as blocks are fertilized at lift. Prior to fertilization, the block, which has numerous plug cavities, is restrained. The seedlings, which are grown in plugs formed in plug cavities, are supported and a bore is drilled into the bottom of the plug. The bore extends to the top of the plug to produce a small port, which serves as a port for expulsion of air during the injection operation. The fertilizer is measured in a metering roller and is then pneumatically injected into the bore in the plug. Upon completion of the injection, the bore is closed to reduce the loss of fertilizer from the plug. The various operations may be automated or performed manually.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrophilic growing media, preferably soil plugs, having improved properties and minimal plant toxicity. The method involves forming a resilient, integral, dimensionally stable, cohesive, homogenous mass by contacting an aggregate with a hydrophilic urethane prepolymer, glycol, plasticizer and water. The glycol acts as a coalescing agent between the prepolymer, plasticizer and water and enables flexible open cell soil plugs to be produced over a wide range of mixes. Upon curing, the prepolymer binds the aggregate material together. The mixing of the aggregate, prepolymer, glycol and water is conducted under conditions which entrain air in the media and do not adversely affect the growth of seedlings or plants.

Abstract: A plant package produced by a method of covering a pot with a preformed tubular sleeve having a tapered shape, a non-linear upper edge, and free from an upper portion sized to surround and encompass the floral grouping disposed within the pot.

Abstract: A hydrogen supply system is configured so that a hydrogen supply station and a mobile hydrogen production system 1 are included, and hydrogen produced by the mobile hydrogen production system is supplied to the hydrogen supply station.

Abstract: An odor-emitting port is provided in a housing member composed mainly of an inorganic material. An odorous material is contained in the housing member, and the odor-emitting port is sealed with a low-melting metal to constitute a heat-sensitive odor-emitting component. In this heat-sensitive odor-emitting component, as soon as the temperature of a heat generation site has reached a predetermined value, the low-melting metal is instantaneously melted down to open the odor-emitting port through which the odorous material contained in the housing member is immediately spread around the odor-emitting component. Therefore, the odor-emitting component is highly sensitive to temperature. Further, since the housing member is formed of an inorganic material, the long-term stability can be improved.

Abstract: An access system for a building structure includes an access opening formed in the structure and a horizontally oriented track extending across the opening. Panels are slidably mounted on the track. A pulley-track system opens and closes the panels. The system is controlled with a manually operated control panel mounted on the building structure.

Abstract: A window assembly with a frame and a sash mounted to tilt open relative to the frame includes a tilt control to prevent a free fall opening of the sash. The tilt control provides a resistance to the tilt opening of the sash. The sash applies a force on the tilt control as the sash is tilted open. The force increases the farther the sash is tilted open. The resistance provided by the tilt control also increases the farther the sash is tilted open to compensate for the increased force applied on the tilt control.

Abstract: An automotive window glass assembly has a division post carried by a support, a movable window pane that has an edge that slides in a slot of the division post, and a window regulator for raising and lowering the movable window pane. The window regulator includes a forward bracket and a rearward bracket that are spaced apart and secured to a bottom portion of the movable window pane, a set of upper and rollers that are spaced equidistant from the division post for guiding the forward bracket, a guide rail carried by the support in a parallel relationship with the division post, and guiding the rearward bracket, and a drive assembly for raising and lowering the forward bracket and the rearward bracket in unison. The drive assembly includes a movable cable or cables that are attached to the forward bracket and wrapped around the set of upper and lower rollers for travel in a path that is parallel to the division post.

Abstract: First pivot lever is connected to a fuel-lid opening rod, and a sensor is connected to the first pivot lever for detecting a projected state and retracted state of the opening rod. Second pivot lever connected to a slide-door locking member is pressed against the first pivot lever via a tension spring. As the opening rod is retracted by closing movement of the fuel lid, the second pivot lever is pressed by the first pivot lever, while, as the opening rod is projected, the second pivot lever is caused to pivot together with the first moving member by a biasing force of the tension spring.

Abstract: The invention relates to a door module support, for fixing to a door body, between the damp space and the dry space of a motor vehicle, comprising a support plate for the location of functional elements of a vehicle door, for example, a window winder, a doorlock, a door handle and/or a door internal cladding, first fixing points for the support plate which serve for the fixing of the support plate to the door body. In the mounted state thereof, one surface of the support plate is facing the damp space and the other surface is facing the dry space with a sealing contour around the edge thereof, along which the support plate lies against the door body in a sealed manner when in the mounted state. The support plate further comprises second fixing points, for the fixing of at least one functional element to the support plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor vehicle door with a door inner shell and a door outer shell joined thereto. A large-area opening in the door inner shell can be covered in a sealed manner by a supporting plate by means of a sealing area, and with a channel seal, which forms the upper termination of the inner parapet area. The motor vehicle door is characterized in that the upper edge of the supporting plate supports the channel seal. The ends of the channel seal are connected to lateral sealing areas of the supporting plate.

Abstract: A method for the production of an oxide of aluminum based corundum abrasive having a titanium oxide content of less than 0.8 wt. %, wherein the oxide of aluminum is processed by means of a melt or sintering process to form a compact base body for abrasive grains; the base body for abrasive grains is comminuted; the abrasive grain strip thus obtained is graded and the manufactured grain or the graded strip of abrasive grain is subsequently post-treated thermally at temperatures of 800-1500° C. in order to increase the tenacity thereof. The invention also relates to the use of the corundum abrasive grain in abrasives.

Abstract: A multi-purpose structure, especially useful as a greenhouse or other plant-protective structure, comprising; (a) a framework comprising a plurality of vertical supports, said vertical supports being arranged in rows that extend the entire width of the structure, wherein each of said rows contains at least two vertical supports having substantially the same height, said framework further comprising a plurality of connecting members that connect the vertical supports in a row to one another at junction points located at the tops of said supports; the framework further comprises a plurality of permanent cross strips extending perpendicularly to said connecting members; (b) at least one flexible sheet adapted to be weaved through said connecting members and extending the entire length of the framework so as to form at least a part of a roof of said framework.

Abstract: A prefabricated dormitory or other rigid wall structure is defined by a plurality of prefabricated components. The prefabricated components include corner alignment posts, in-line connection alignment posts, and T-connection posts. Each of the posts includes two or more alignment grooves to either connect prefabricated wall panels at right angles, for a corner, in-line for the extension of a wall in a co-planar manner, or include three alignment grooves for a T-connection wall.

Abstract: A novel system for constructing smooth-faced metal framing and novel connectors therefore. The system and connectors of the present invention utilize metal framing members or wall studs that demonstrate a U-channel configuration having a base, sidewalls, and marginal lips that extend inward from the sidewalls, and similarly configured framing tracks having a recessed channel along the sidewalls thereof. A variety structurally related connectors, comprising at least a connector body, lip and base flange are described. These connectors are capable of interconnecting metal framing members and tracks performing all framing functions including, without limitation, floor and ceiling joists, top and bottom plates, roof rafters, roof rims, window sills, trusses, headers and wall studs. The connectors lock into place within the member or track and are secured from the inside using fasteners applied into the non-surface aspects of the stud.

Abstract: A metal boot configured as a hollow, box-like structure having a closed end and an open end. The boot is adapted to fit snugly over the end of a standard 2-inch by 4-inch wood board and caps the end of the board. A boot is fitted over each end of the board and the board is placed at an angle between a wall and a floor of a building that is under construction. Each boot is then temporarily affixed to the floor and wall.

Abstract: A mat assembly particularly suited for heavy equipment transit and support, such as roadway construction and the like. The mat assembly is made up of a number of structural members preferably having a “double I-beam” cross-sectional shape. Each I-beam has spaced apart flanges with edges preferably formed in tongue and groove profiles. When butted together, the tongue and grooves of adjacent I-beams mesh. Filler blocks are disposed in the cavities between the webs of the I-beams. Tension members extending through the webs and filler blocks tie multiple I-beams together to form the mat assembly. Preferably, both the I-beams and filler blocks are formed of a plastic material, via extrusion or other molding methods. The resulting mat is capable of bearing very high loads yet is decay resistant.

Abstract: A skylight having an arched main body, an apex, a base, and corrugations is described. The main body has two lengths, the first being at substantially the apex and the second at the base wherein the first length is less than the second length. The skylight also has a first end portion and a second end portion at opposing ends of the main body, each of which has a top and bottom section. The distance between the top sections define the first length and the distance between the bottom sections defines the second length. The corrugations disposed on the main body vary by orientation, method of manufacture, number, and shape.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated method for a header in a structural framing system comprising a pair of track members defining opposing receiving portions. A plurality of column members is disposed substantially transversely to the track members and joined thereto. A web member is receivingly engaged in the receiving portions and spans the column members. The track members can be characteristically longitudinally arcuate and the web member characteristically conformable to the arcuate shape of the track members. In one illustrative embodiment the track members can comprise a plurality of flexibly joined sections that are moveable to define a selected arcuate longitudinal shape. A retaining member is adapted for retaining the flexibly joined sections in the selected shape. A fixing member is adapted for fixing the web member to one or more column members and/or one or more of the track members after the track members achieve the selected shape.

Abstract: A raised floor system which includes a plurality of cable support apparatus are disclosed which cable support apparatus include first and second stringer elements and channel sections suspended from the first and second stringer elements. Each of the stringer elements is preferably adapted for removable engagement with at least two of the support pedestals of the raised floor system. The channel sections preferably include a plurality of transverse support members extending from the first stringer element to the second stringer element and at least one engagement member extending longitudinally therefrom. The engagement members are configured and dimensioned to engage a portion of an adjacent cable support apparatus in the raised floor system.

Abstract: The invention comprises a system for constructing a finished convex or concave curved wall of any desired radius beyond a specified minimum. The wall is constructed of pre-finished rectangular panels retained on a sub-wall structure in horizontal rows and vertical columns. The panels are retained on the sub-wall structure with vertical rails at their vertical edges and retainer clips spaced along their horizontal edges. The panels are slotted at their rear face to provide rigidity in the vertical direction and flexibility in the horizontal direction. The horizontal edges of the panels are kerfed to receive the retainer clips and flexible splice strips that conform to the curvature of the wall and align and space a panel with the panel immediately above it. Clips attaching vertical edges of the panels to the rails allow the associated areas of the panels to align tangentially with the curvature of the wall.

Abstract: The building module earmarked for construction of wall skeletons is provided with equally spaced carrying posts /1/ joined crosswise by means of at least one distance joint /2/ which is pulled out outside planes of the terminal posts. The distance joints in a form of a plate or a slat are fixed to carrying posts in their central section longwise passage holes /8/ or to one or both their sides longwise external walls. The terminal posts of the distance joint section of the length s 1 and s 2 that are pulled out outside, after their assembly with adjacent modules has the length /s/ equal to a distance between successive carrying posts /1/. On their frontal sections, the posts are provided with points (preferably tenon joints provided with mortises /5/ and tenons /6/) for vertical joining with adjacent modules. The distance joint /2/ in a form of a plate /2a/ is provided with joining ends /9/ on its borders.

Abstract: A structural foundation assembly for use with expansive and other soils. The foundation includes slab and wall assembly in which foundation walls are poured on an upper surface of a previously poured slab such that the slab supports the walls. The slab is poured in a slab form supported upon a center, elongate support beam that is supported by piers. The height of the piers and beam provide a void between the slab and soil to allow the soil to expand and contract. The wall is attached to the slab with angled connector members in the slab. The foundation includes a dam that has planar members positioned about the periphery of the slab contacting the soil and the slab to block soil from entering the void space. A sump pit is provided exterior to the slab and wall assembly with access provided by a window well in the foundation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reinforcement device for fastening, in this context, tremendous loads to particularly weaker walls of the type wallboard coated stud frame, and to contribute to the ability of walls to resist horizontal forces. The reinforcement device comprises portions, which connect and reinforce the parts of the wall construction. Thus, exceeding a materials tensile strength can be avoided, and the forces are distributed over a larger area, wherein the resistibility thereof can be summarised to a larger resistance. In a certain embodiment the reinforcement device can be used for fastening in solid constructions, such as light concrete and hollow brick constructions.

Abstract: A brick veneer assembly having improved accommodation of brick tolerances, simple assembly, and lower cost relative to the prior art. A plurality of bricks having a tapered locating surface are provided. A support panel includes horizontal rows of L-shaped retainers and corresponding rows of holes. Each L-shaped retainer further includes a leg portion extending away from the support panel, and a foot portion that depends downwardly away from the leg portion. The tapered locating surface of each brick is inserted into the L-shaped retainer thereby elastically deforming the foot portion away from the support panel such that the tapered locating surface is interferingly engaged by the foot portion of the resilient retainer. Mortar is applied between the bricks and flows through the holes in the support panel to interlock the bricks and support panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tie for securing insulation to a cast concrete wall comprising: a head; a shaft attached to the head and having a longitudinal axis, the shaft comprising a series of barbs positioned at pre-determined longitudinal positions along the longitudinal axis, each successive barb being rotated about the longitudinal axis by a pre-determined rotational increment from the immediately preceding barb; and, a tip on the shaft.

Abstract: A reinforced fire retardant panel door that prevents buckling of the door during a fire. The reinforced fire retardant panel door includes a door member having at least one door panel and stiles and rails. The reinforced fire retardant panel door also includes at least four (4) steel washer inserts embedded within the door member for connecting at least one door panel to the stiles and rails. Further, the reinforced fire retardant panel door includes at least four (4) steel joint plates embedded within the door member for connecting said stiles and rails together more securely for providing increased structural strength and stiffness to the door in order to prevent buckling of the fire retardant panel door during a fire.

Abstract: Disclosed are a panel for repairing and reinforcing a concrete body, a multi-purpose anchor, an anchor for level adjustment and injection a method for repairing and reinforcing the concrete body using the same, which can connect adhesives and anchors at weak parts of the concrete body, which is neutralized, aged, deteriorated, cracked due to water leakage, or segregated, or at parts requiring the repair and reinforcement due to a change in use environment. The composite reinforced panel includes lightweight concrete, high strength concrete or a steel plate and reinforcing means, thereby being effectively prevented from bad environments causing a drop of reinforcing capacity, providing good heatproof and fireproof properties, and maximizing merits of materials used as the reinforcing means.

Abstract: A plastic building board preferably used in the building of an outdoor deck has first and second opposite sides which are different in color from one another. The board also has a male connector at one of its side edges and a female connector at the other of its side edges. The male and female connectors are symmetrical to allow connection of the board with another corresponding board with either one of the colored sides in an upwardly facing direction.

Abstract: A portable enclosure, easily erectable and collapsible, to provide environment control and prevent contaminants from being released from the enclosure. The enclosure provides a flexible envelope attached to the interior of the space defined by vertical and horizontal supports which can be erected and collapsed. When erected the enclosure functions as an anteroom and has removable panels in the sides and top. In use, the enclosure is sealed against a vertical or horizontal surface to be worked on and a panel from the side of the enclosure is opened and closed to provide access to the surface by the user. When collapsed the enclosure is a package approximately the size of an average golf club bag which is easily portable to another location. Ducting is provided to which negative pressure pumps are connected to maintain negative pressure within the enclosure and draw contaminants into the pump and then into a closed container.

Abstract: An apparatus for a deck includes a first upright post, a cross member attached to the first upright post, and an elongated modular joist unit, which includes at least two spaced joists. The elongated joist unit is attached to the cross member. The modular joist unit is attached to a surface on an edifice. Decking material is attached to the modular joist unit. The decking material can be a modular decking unit that includes a plurality of decking members. The modular joist unit includes a first end plate and a second endplate, one of which can include a curved surface. The modular joist unit can include brackets for receiving and attaching guardrail posts about the perimeter of the modular joist unit. The modular joist unit can have a locking mechanism for attaching to the edifice. The joists of the modular joist unit can also have tabs to facilitate attaching the decking material from beneath the decking surface.

Abstract: A modular portable floor decking system for constructing a temporary or a permanent flooring structure is described. The system comprises a plurality of extruded metal hollow support posts and a plurality of beams interconnectable with the posts to form a support frame. Decking boards are securable across the beams. The support posts each have flat outer surfaces and two or more longitudinal connecting channels each disposed internally of an associated one of the flat outer surfaces. The channels have a central narrow slot extending along the respective flat outer surfaces. The beams have opposed flat connecting end walls and a metal clamping shoe is connected to the end walls of the beams by fasteners whereby to displace the shoe away from the flat surfaces to slide the shoe in a respective connecting channel of the posts as the beam is lowered between two posts.

Abstract: A structural section for use in frame construction where the section includes a horizontal segment and a pair of spaced apart legs. Each leg has a first end portion attached to the horizontal segment, a second end portion opposite the horizontal segment, and a flange that extends inward from the second end portion toward the centerline of the structural section. Each leg further includes a longitudinal surface located between the first end portion and the second end portion. The longitudinal surface is positioned inboard of the flange so that the distance between opposed flanges that extend along each leg of the structural section is greater than the distance between opposed longitudinal surfaces that extend along each leg of the structural section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bracket for supporting a structural element, such as a precast concrete beam, on a concrete pile or similar support structure in a building. The bracket comprises a first support part (1) which is cast at least partly into the concrete pile. The first support part (1) comprises a bracket part (5) for supporting the structural element so that the structural element bears against the concrete pile. The bracket part (5) is movably fastened to the first support part (1), which is cast at least partly into the concrete pile, such that the position of the bracket part (5) with regard to the concrete pile can be changed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-strength bolted connection structure for realizing a steel structure with no fire protection, which is capable of adequately assuring high-temperature strength of the connection in a high temperature region of 650° C., and which does not depend on a fire protection or protective structure using fire resistant material, wherein ultra-high-strength bolts having excellent fire resistance and excellent resistance to delayed fracture are used, which bolt have a tensile strength at room temperature (TS) of 1200 N/mm2 or higher, and satisfies the relation that the shear proof stress at high temperature of 650° C. (b&tgr;t) is not less than (coefficient of slip at room temperature (&mgr;)×design bolt tension (N0))/(safety factor for long term load (&ngr;)×cross-sectional area of bolt shank (bAs)).

Abstract: A disclosed aerial protection system relies on the principle of disrupting horizontal flight of an attacking aircraft toward the facility it protects. By disrupting the aircraft's flight, the system helps reduce concentration of any impact and fire from the aircraft. The system includes a number of support masts disposed about an area of terrain enclosing a facility, and a plurality of cable groups that each include a multitude of cables. The cables in each group are coupled to an adjacent pair of the support masts and extend substantially coplanar with the support masts. The cables are separated from each other at a spacing that is comparable to (and preferably slightly less than) a typical wingspan of an aircraft from a class of interest. Numerous variations and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A laminate composition of a thin film of low density polyethylene adhered to a sheet of low density polyethylene foam by means of a very thin layer of low density polyethylene. The polyethylene foam has a low density which is preferably between about 1.9 pcf and about 2.2 pcf. The bottom polyethylene film serves as a vapor barrier. One side of the polyethylene film extends beyond one edge of the polyethylene foam sheet. The laminate composition is installed in a free floating manner on the concrete subflooring, with the polyethylene film or the polyethylene foam sheet contacting the surface of the concrete subflooring. The laminate composition is usually in long strips, so when it is installed one edge of one strip overlies the extended portion of the polyethylene film of an adjacent strip. Tape having adhesive on both sides can be positioned between the overlay region to adhere together the overlaid portions to prevent movement thereof during installation of the laminate wood finish flooring.

Abstract: Securing device for securing a flat panel includes a clamping device having a receiving area, a flange and at least one clamping element, and a holding device having at least one bearing arrangement and a securing element. The holding device is secured to the clamping device by the securing element and is used for bearing and securing the panel to the flange.

Abstract: Methods are provided for making slider-operated fasteners for use in reclosable plastic bags using at least a double index and dual unit operations. The methods involve forming two preseals, forming two notches within the preseals, applying two sliders into the previously formed notches, and applying two end stops proximate the previously applied sliders by having the various stations perform their respective functions, either simultaneously or at generally the same time, on different parts of the fastener spaced approximately at a double index. Also provided are methods of producing finished bags by applying the slider-operated fastener to a flat web of plastic film and conveying the web to a vertical or a horizontal form-fill-seal machine.

Abstract: Methods and means for forming and lifting parcels comprising at least two stacks of units of goods (A, B) comprising a lifting sling or a load carrying band (1) that is arranged to surround the stacks in a manner where it follows the outer contour of the stacks and where a loop of the band is arranged to protrude upwards in an intermediate space between the stacks to form an intermediate section (3) that can be served by a lifting device (2). The intermediate section (3) is arranged at a vertical level below the top of the stacks and further above the centre of gravity (G) of the parcel. The invention also relates to an apparatus for forming said parcel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for automating the positioning and fastening of a clip to a pouch. The system describes automated assembly of first and second clip members having ends, clamping surfaces, latching components, and hinge components with a product. Each of the clip members are loaded into feed mechanisms and mechanically manipulated into desired orientations. The clip members are dispensed in aligned, spaced apart relation with their clamping surfaces, latching components, and hinge components disposed one toward the other with the product situated between the clamping surfaces. The invention also relates to a product created by the automated assembly of clip members with a product.

Abstract: In a web packaging machine (10) and method packaging a food product (P) between upper and lower webs (14 and 25), wherein the lower web (14) is transported through a series of stations which form the lower web (14) into a component of a package at a forming station (18), and receive the food product (P) at a loading station (20), and close the package with the upper web (25) at a closing station (26), a pasteurization station (300) is provided between the loading station (20) and the closing station (26) and pasteurizing the food product (P).

Abstract: String of packing cushions formed by two superposed layers of flexible plastic film sealed together along transversely extending lines to form a series of closed chambers, loose fill packing material in the chambers, and perforations in the film between the chambers defining tear lines by which the cushions can be separated. In certain disclosed embodiments, the string of cushions is made by positioning an elongated length of flexible plastic tubing about a chute, drawing a section of the tubing from the chute, introducing loose fill packing material through the chute into the section of the tubing which has been drawn from the chute, sealing the walls of the tubing together along a transversely extending seal line above the loose fill packing material to close the section and form a cushion, perforating the tubing along a transversely extending tear line above the cushion, and repeating the process to form successive cushions separated by tear lines.

Abstract: A filter element comprising a pleated metal fiber fleece is pleated according to pleating lines, providing an edge with pleat openings to be closed to make gas flowing through the metal fiber fleece. The filter element comprising at least two flanks, each of these flanks comprises a thermally and electrically insulating fabric and a stiff material layer. The thermally and electrically insulating fabric is present at one side of the stiff material layer, providing a thermally and electrically insulated side to the flank. The metal fiber fleece is mounted between the thermally and electrically insulated sides of both flanks, which exercise a clamping force on the edges of the metal fiber fleece in a direction essentially parallel to the pleating lines, while the flanks closing said pleat openings.

Abstract: A filter element comprises a pleated metal fiber fleece being pleated according to pleating lines providing an edge with pleat openings to be closed in order to make gas flowing through the metal fiber fleece. The filter element further comprises at least two flanks, each of these flanks comprising a stiff material layer. The stiff material layer and the metal fiber fleece are connected using a layer of ceramic adhesive, which prevents direct contact of the metal fiber fleece over the length of the edge of the metal fiber fleece with the flank. Meanwhile the flanks, being essentially perpendicular to the pleating lines, closing the pleat openings in order to prevent bypasses.

Abstract: A film is provided that can collect oils by causing oils to adhere thereto and enables the collected oils to be relatively easily washed and removed.