Abstract: The present invention relates to an ultrawideband radar. It also relates to a modulator, in particular for switching microwaves over a very short duration.

Abstract: A method of tracking a target (2) moving in an airspace and a target tracking system (10) for performing the method are described. A search sensor (12) searches a search space at a first clock rate (2&pgr;/&Dgr;T1) and establishes target information in regard to a track (4) flown through by the target (2). Calculation means (16) extrapolate an expected flight path (6) from the target information established and provide flight path data, which describes the expected flight path (8), to a tracking sensor (14), which covers a tracking space (15), and provides this data at a second clock rate (2&agr;/&Dgr;T2), which is higher than the first clock rate (2&pgr;/&Dgr;T1). When the target (2) reaches the tracking space (15), the tracking sensor (14) is aimed at the expected flight path (6) on the basis of the flight path data provided, the target (2) is detected as soon as it is detectable by the tracking sensor (14), and the tracking sensor (14) is tracked on the target autonomously.

Abstract: A pulse radar device includes a VCO that oscillates a carrier wave that has been modulated in frequency, a switch that modulates the carrier wave generated by the VCO to a pulse wave, a transmission antenna that transmits the pulse wave that has been modulated by the switch as an electromagnetic wave, a reception antenna that receives a reflection wave obtained by reflecting the electromagnetic wave that has been transmitted by the transmission antenna by a target substance, a mixer that demodulates the reception signal that has been received by the reception antenna on the basis of the carrier wave that has been generated by the VCO, and a limiter that limits an amplitude of the demodulation signal which has been demodulated by the mixer.

Abstract: A system is provided for detecting a low-power error condition in a local area augmentation system (LAAS). The system receives a radio signal from a global positioning system (GPS) satellite and measures the wide band and narrow band power of the radio signal in real time. The system estimates the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal in real time based on average wide band and narrow band power measurements. A low signal-to-noise ratio indicates a low power condition. The system then calculates an error contribution due to the low power condition and sums the error contribution with other error contributions to determine the total error in a navigational measurement. To ensure error overbounding, the system may subtract a confidence offset from the signal-to-noise ratio to obtain a lower confidence limit.

Abstract: One embodiment of the invention relates to an antenna system, which comprises an antenna array and a calibration system adapted to calibrate the antenna array. The calibration system can calibrate the antenna array in transmit mode, in receive mode, or in both transmit and receive mode. The antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements and an antenna beamforming system, and the calibration system includes a plurality of calibration probes integrated with the plurality of antenna elements. The calibration probes may be transmit calibration probes, receive calibration probes, or both. In addition, the calibration system includes a calibration processing system adapted to calibrate the antenna array utilizing the interleaved calibration probes. In one embodiment, the calibration processing systems calibrates the antenna array by performing control circuit encoding (CCE) calibration on the antenna array.

Abstract: A receiver for improving reception ability of digital broadcasting service by switched beam-forming is disclosed. The receiver includes: an array antenna having a plurality of antenna elements for receiving signals of the digital broadcasting service; a demodulation unit for demodulating the receiving signals corresponding to each of antenna elements in the array antenna; beam-forming unit for generating a predetermined number of beam-forming signal by applying a beam-forming weights in order to direct to a predetermined direction according to the modulated signal from the modulation unit; and beam selection unit for selectively receiving signals of desired direction according to the beam forming signal. The present invention effectively eliminates multipath based on space filtering by utilizing beam-forming method with an array antenna for improving receiving performance of digital television broadcasting with VSB.

Abstract: Techniques for location determination are described. A plurality of tags emitting radio frequency signals are dispersed throughout an region, such as a building, within which a user's location is to be determined. The radio frequency signals emitted by the tags include information that can be used to identify the location in which the tags are placed, or simply to distinguish the tags from one another. A portable device receives signals from the tags and provides the signal information to a location server that computes the location of the portable device by comparing the signal information received from the portable device to a map of location versus stored signal information, and identifies the location of the portable device as the location for which the stored signal information best matches the signal information received from the portable device.

Abstract: An antenna array having one or more multi-layer substrates each including top and bottom ground planes and an inner conductive layer, a plurality of proximity coupled cavity backed patch antenna elements formed by each multi-layer substrate, and distribution traces extending along the inner conductive layer of the substrates and coupling with the proximity coupled cavity backed patch antenna elements.

Abstract: A miniature broadband stacked microstrip patch antenna formed by two patches, an active and a parasitic patches, where at least one of them is defined by a Ring-Like Space-Filling Surface (RSFS) being this RSFS newly defined in the present invention. By means of this novel technique, the size of the antenna can be reduced with respect to prior art, or alternatively, given a fixed size the antenna can operate at a lower frequency with respect to a conventional microstrip patch antenna of the same size and with and enhanced bandwidth. Also, the antennas feature a high-gain when operated at a high order mode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an antenna structure. In one embodiment, the method includes forming an antenna trace on a substrate proximate a ground plane of the substrate. In addition, the method includes creating an insulation region extending through the substrate and located between the antenna trace and the ground plane.

Abstract: The present invention is drawn to an antenna having a reconfigurable length, and a method of reconfiguring an antenna. The antenna can comprise an enclosed composition capable of forming plasma operable as an antenna; an energy source configured for applying variable energy levels to the composition to thereby form variable plasma configurations; and an enclosure containing the composition. The enclosure can have a proximal end, wherein upon application of a first energy level to the composition, a first plasma length with respect to the proximal end is formed, and upon application of a second energy level to the composition, a second plasma length with respect to the proximal end is formed.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus coupled to a feeding point arranged on a cavity is disclosed. The apparatus includes a linear element extending from the feeding point and having a physical length that is shorter than a one-quarter wavelength. A half-wave antenna element is connected to an end of the linear element. The apparatus also includes a metal conductor piece including a connecting point between the linear element and the half-wave antenna element and located close to one surface of the cavity. The linear element includes a first portion extending in a first direction opposite to that of the half-wave element from the feeding point and in parallel with one surface of the cavity and a second portion extending in a second direction, which is equal to a direction in which the half-wave antenna element extends, and in parallel with one surface of the cavity.

Abstract: A top-loading monopole antenna apparatus having a feeding point is provided for use in a communication system such as a mobile communication system or the like. The top-loading monopole antenna apparatus includes a grounding conductor, a top-loading electrode, a linear conductor element, and a short-circuit conductor. The grounding conductor is provided so as to oppose to the grounding conductor. The linear conductor element electrically connects the feeding point with the top-loading electrode, and the short-circuit conductor electrically connects the top-loading electrode through a reactive element. This antenna structure leads to a height lower than that of prior art, and easy impedance matching.

Abstract: A dynamically variable beamwidth and/or variable azimuth scanning antenna includes a plurality of active radiating columns and a plurality of continuously adjustable mechanical phase shifters. The columns define a beam having a beamwidth and an azimuth scan angle. Each phase shifter has an independent remotely controlled drive and is directly electrically connected to a respective radiating column. The phase shifters are independently operated to vary the beamwidth and/or azimuth scan angle of the beam defined by the plurality of active radiating columns.

Abstract: An antenna system includes a plurality of cascading power dividers that work in conjunction with a plurality of mechanical phase shifters to vary a beamwidth and/or an azimuth scan angle of a beam that radiates from active columns. Each phase shifter has an independent remotely controlled drive and is directly electrically connected to a respective radiating column. The radiating columns include cross dipole antenna elements.

Abstract: A transponder is secured to a substrate with a temperature sensitive adhesive. A pair of tabs acts as a first antenna to allow the transponder to respond to interrogation at a first frequency, and a slot in the substrate acts as a second antenna to allow the transponder to respond to interrogation at a second frequency. When the transponder is secured to the substrate with the temperature sensitive adhesive, the transponder only operates at the second frequency. The temperature sensitive adhesive melts when exposed to a temperature above a predetermined threshold, causing the transponder to decouple from the slot and operate at the first frequency. An alternate embodiment functions similarly for pressure sensing.

Abstract: A phased array antenna having a low profile (approximately ⅛ wavelength) wide bandwidth (approximately 50%). The invention teaches making such an antenna using open channel resonators and monopole wave launchers. The wave launchers may conveniently be made on circuit card assemblies with strip lines that mimic coaxial cable monopole wave launchers. The channel resonators may be made in sections that are soldered to the circuit card assemblies. The circuit card assemblies have plated through holes that trace the edges of the resonator sections to provide electrical continuity.

Abstract: A waveguide antenna apparatus is provided including a rectangular waveguide having one end short-circuited by a terminating conductor and another end opened. The rectangular waveguide includes a grounding conductor and a ceiling conductor opposed to each other, and includes two side surface conductors joining the grounding conductor with the ceiling conductor and being opposed to each other. An antenna element has one end and another end, where one end thereof is connected with a position in the ceiling conductor in a vicinity of opened another end of the rectangular waveguide, and another end thereof is connected with a feeding portion located in the grounding conductor. The ceiling conductor includes a removed portion on the side of opened another end of the rectangular waveguide. Then an electromagnetic wave of a fed radio signal is radiated from the removed portion and opened another end of the rectangular waveguide.

Abstract: An antenna formation device/method has been developed to create variable shaped antennas using predetermined interference patterns to expose and develop a photoresist layer that is etched on a substrate to form the structure corresponding to the desired variable shaped antenna.

Abstract: An AM radio antenna circuit having a ferrite bar loop antenna comprises a resonating structure forming a balanced antenna circuit, a varactor diode tuning structure presenting a controllable capacitance to said winding structure, a DC path including the winding structure coupled to the varactor constructed and arranged to deliver a tuning signal to the varactor, and means for connecting the antenna circuit to the input of an external detector integrated circuit.

Abstract: A three-axis antenna chip includes a cross-shaped core made of a magnetic substance. The core includes an X-axis core piece and a Y-axis core piece. The core pieces are laid on top of each other such that the core pieces extend perpendicular to each other. An X-axis coil portion is provided about the X-axis core piece, and a Y-axis coil portion is provided about the Y-axis core piece. A Z-axis coil portion is provided about a Z-axis that is perpendicular to the X-axis core piece and the Y-axis core piece. The three-axis antenna chip thus constructed is advantageous in reducing the size.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a large-sized display apparatus and a large-sized display unit, which reduces the occurrence probability of a failure of a unit of one array causing failures of units following the failed unit of the same array as well as does not require any laborious work or constructions of setting address values in the unit control portions.

Abstract: By opening and closing the sub display with respect to the main display D1 via a hinge H mounted on the side portion, a variety of uses, such as to display different information on the two different displays, are easily realized, whereby easily supporting diversification of displayed information expected in the future and improvement of the functions. The sub display can be rotated upside down in addition to the horizontal open/close movement with respect to the main display D1, thereby increasing the possible states of use. When the sub display is rotated upside down by 180°, each button B and the markings marked thereon rotates and inverted as well, the marking is shown in the normal orientation, but not inverted orientation as a consequent, thereby facilitating identification and operation of each button. The state of currently selected/connected source is displayed on one of the main display D1 and the sub display.

Abstract: A virtual reality display apparatus (10) for generating virtual reality images to be viewed by a user, and an associated display mounting system (12). The virtual reality display apparatus (10) includes an image generating system (14) for generating virtual reality images, the image generating system including first and second video display units (20, 22) for transmitting video images to the eyes of the user. The display mounting system (12) is secured on the head of the user and supports the first and second video display units (20, 22) in a position such that the virtual reality images can be view by the user.

Abstract: A pair of data-specs is provided. The pair of data-specs includes a pair of spectacles adapted to be worn on the face of a person, and a projection unit coupled to the spectacles. The projection unit is adapted to display data received from a computer, or a television set.

Abstract: A display device comprises a light guide and a movable element. By locally exerting a force on the movable element by means of selection means, optical contact between the movable element and the light guide can be brought about. Light emanates from the display device at the locations where optical contact takes place. Measures are taken to employ the force exerted by the selection means as efficiently as possible. This can be achieved by making the force act at the location where the optical contact takes place and/or by reducing other adhesive forces (caused, inter alia, by differences in pressure, static charging, surface stresses, van der Waals' forces and/or chemical forces).

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member, a charging member that is contactably provided to the image bearing member and that charges the image bearing member with a voltage containing an AC component and a DC component; and a control device that makes selection on whether a mode, in which a rotation time of the image bearing member is prolonged and in which a voltage is applied to the charging member in the prolonged rotation time, is performed or not. As a result, the image forming apparatus is provided which performs charging with high stability.

Abstract: The image sending apparatus comprises a device which causes a desired movie file to be specified, a device which creates a general-purpose animation image file from the specified movie file, and a device which sends the animation image file. The image sending apparatus is capable of forming and sending images similar to a movie so that even an ordinary portable terminal or the like containing no chip for processing movie data can easily receive movies.

Abstract: A full color LED based lighting apparatus operated in synchronism with music and method of controlling the same is disclosed. LED color and LED brightness can be controlled by means of high and low frequencies of sound. Thus, lighting can be controlled so as to be in synchronism with music as an event proceeds. The invention can provide more excitement, fun, and entertainment. Also, a plurality of embodiments are carried out by the invention.

Abstract: A technique for driving a PDP, which includes scan and sustain electrodes arranged in pairs, data electrodes arranged alternately with the scan electrodes, and sub-fields for one TV field to display a multi-gradation, includes applying a reset pulse voltage to the sustain electrodes, applying a first voltage alternately to the scan electrodes and the sustain electrodes to cause a sustain discharge, and after applying a second voltage to the sustain electrodes or removing part of the first voltage applied to the sustain electrodes, applying third and fourth voltages to the scan electrodes and the data electrodes, respectively, before applying the first voltage, to erase wall charges in cells defined by the sustain electrodes, the data electrodes, and the scan electrodes.

Abstract: Drive switches 3b1 to 3bn selectively apply a constant current to any one of anode electrode lines 1A. Constant current sources 3a1 to 3an supply the constant current to anode electrode lines 1A, respectively, via drive switches 3b1 to 3bn. Scanning switches 2a1 to 2am selectively set any one of cathode electrode lines 1B to a ground potential and apply a reverse bias voltage to the other cathode electrode lines 1B. First temperature compensation means 5 is provided with the temperature detection means 5a for detecting an ambient temperature of organic EL devices E11 to Enm, and generates a first temperature compensation drive voltage VA obtained by changing a power supply voltage according to an output from the temperature detection means 5a and supplies the first temperature compensation drive voltage VA to the constant current sources 3a1 to 3an.

Abstract: A display apparatus is arranged in a manner that each pixel includes a light emitting element for emitting light in response to a current flowing therein, a first switching element for fetching luminance information into a pixel from a signal line, and a second switching element for controlling a current amount to be supplied to the light emitting element in accordance with the luminance information thus fetched; the luminance information is fetched by fetching the signal voltage of the signal line when a scanning line connected to the pixel is selected; and the luminance information thus fetched in each of the pixels is kept in a capacitor even after the scanning line connected to the pixel is place in a non-selection state.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for driving light emitting polymer (PolyLED) displays is provided. Because PolyLED displays exhibit high capacitance characteristics, pre-charge current is injected to bring the diode up to near its operating current prior to enabling the diode. Thus, time and power is not wasted charging and discharging the high capacitance that is inherent in PolyLED displays and life of the diodes are prolonged because the diodes are not required to swing the full voltage range during each cycle. In addition, since older diodes need more voltage to produce the same current thus the same light intensity as newer diodes, an embodiment of the present invention adds an adaptive power generation system that actively monitors and adjusts power as necessary in order to generate constant amount of light (i.e., constant current) from all the diodes in the display.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus: pixel portions of a spatial light-modulation element are two-dimensionally arranged, and individually modulate portions of light applied to the spatial light-modulation element, according to control signals; a first image-forming optical system is arranged in optical paths of the portions of the light modulated by the pixel portions; a microlens array is arranged in a vicinity of an image-forming plane of the first image-forming optical system, and has microlenses arranged in correspondence with the pixel portions, respectively; and a second image-forming optical system is arranged in optical paths of the portions of the light which have passed through the microlenses, and forms on a predetermined surface an image represented by the portions of the light modulated by the spatial light-modulation element. Each of the first and second image-forming optical systems forms an image with a magnification power greater than one.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying an OFF-state stress to a P-MOS device of one of an array substrate for an LCD device and an LCD panel having attached substrates includes: a power supply unit supplies a source power; a panel loading unit including a plurality of panel jigs on which one of the array substrate and the LCD panel is loaded; a voltage control unit including a plurality of voltage control channels and modulating a voltage of the source power; a frequency control unit including a plurality of frequency control channels and modulating a frequency of the source power; a time setting unit determining a time period of supplying the source power; and a panel selecting unit including a plurality of panel selecting channels and modulating an application of the source power.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal display device performs a feedback process. A video signal is written on pixels on a unit by unit basis, each unit including a plurality of pixels (six pixels, for example). Scan pulses output from RGB LCD panels are supplied to a driver IC that supplies the RGB LCD panels with a variety of timing signals. A delay amount from the scan pulses from the optimum state thereof is measured. The delay amount is accounted for in a pulse that samples and holds the video signal, i.e., a pulsewidth control clock pulse.

Abstract: A movie anti-piracy system with sensing and reporting is provided. A movie projector projects a light image to reflect off of a screen, while an infrared energy projection source generates an infrared energy pattern which is reflected off the screen (or otherwise projected) in the same field of view as the light images reflecting from the screen. Infrared energy sensors are positioned in the seating area of the theater. The infrared sensors provide sensed signals respectively to a sensor response controller. The controller is responsive to the sensor signals to provide an infrared status (and other data) signal output to a control center. The control center responds to the infrared status and other data signals, from one or a plurality of theaters, and provides for reporting of information (such as security compliance, attendance, etc.) to one or multiple reporting sites (such as movie distribution studios, etc.).

Abstract: What is disclosed are various embodiments of a removable control panel for multi-function equipment for the alternative navigation and selection of various available options presented. The embodiment of FIG. 7 is shown comprising four arrow-shaped buttons so the impaired user can navigate controls and options displayed. An ENTER button is provided for formalizing the entry of desired selections, where required. An UNDO button is provided to de-select entries. A STATUS button initiates audio, visual, or tactile feedback as to machine state, status, and other assistance. An ENLARGE button is provided by which a visually impaired user can enlarge their current focus for easier seeing and reading. An ON/OFF switch enables/disables feedback for use in those work environments where such assistance is not desired. Each of the buttons has an identifying shape, which can be differentiated by feel, and Braille and other text are additionally provided.

Abstract: A method and system for determining the position of a movable member in an electronic input device within a predefined resolution. Two offset signals indicate the position of the movable member. The time required for each signal to cross a threshold level is measured and inverted, revealing an offset sinusoidal relationship. The offset sinusoids may be plotted against each other to reveal an approximate circle of inverse time samples for a cycle. Corresponding inverted minimum and maximum times are used to determine a center reference value for each signal. As a function of the inverted times, a quadrant of the circle is determined. Within a quadrant, a sector most closely corresponding to the position of the movable member is determined from among a plurality of predefined sectors that define the resolution. A number of sectors between position samples of the movable member are accumulated and communicated to a host device.

Abstract: The present invention is provided with an input device for inputting connection information between information processing equipment and information reproduction equipment connected to the information processing equipment, a storage device for storing the connection information and an output device for outputting the connection information; and a control unit having a recognition device for recognizing the connection between the information processing equipment and the information reproduction equipment connected to the information processing equipment, based on the connection information output from the remote control operating unit.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for computer control presented here is based on the novel use of laser produced speckle light patterns and a solid state optical mouse sensor. Two apparatuses for computer control are disclosed, one based on head movement and the other on finger tip movement. Both systems operate on the principle of imaging a speckle pattern onto a solid state optical mouse sensor and translating the movement of the speckle pattern into cursor movement. For the head tracker, the speckle pattern may be generated by passing a laser beam into the end of a fiber-optic bundle or into a specially generated holographic element. For the finger tip tracker, the speckle pattern is generated by focusing a laser beam onto the finger tip. For both types of computer control devices, the solid state optical mouse sensor that may be utilized is a HDNS-2000 sensor element from Agilent Technologies.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a mouse having a heat dissipation arrangement, which comprises a sensor and at least one vent opening on the surface of the mouse, when one hand of a user holds and operates the mouse coupled to an electronic device, an internal fan installed within the mouse is activated to produce a current of air being guided through the vent opening to the palm in close contact with the surface of the mouse. As a result, it is possible to effectively utilize an unoccupied internal space of the mouse to produce current of air for preventing the hand of user from sweating during operating the mouse.

Abstract: The invention relates to an interface for generating process and coordination inputs, in the form of a computer mouse having an at least two-part housing comprised of a base part and an upper part that are detachably connected to each other, as well as, optionally, a position recording device for generating position signals for recording the position of the housing.

Abstract: An input device 100 is structured such that a flexible display 102 is connected with a keyboard 1 through a control part disposed in a housing unit 101 only during use of the input device 100, in which a contact terminal 105 in the flexible display 102 is connected with a contact terminal 104 in a connector 103 which is electrically connected with a first and second keyboard units 3 and 4 when the flexible display 102 is drawn upward from the housing unit 101 through a slot 118 when required for use of the input device 100.

Abstract: A remote display system includes a base station for transmitting a data output signal for display at one or more remote display devices. The base station includes a computer for providing the data output signal, a control processor for converting the data output signal into a control and data interface RF signal, and an RF transmitter for broadcasting the control and data interface signal. The display device includes an RF receiver for receiving the control and data interface signal, a display controller for converting the control and data interface signal into the data output signal, and a display unit for displaying the data output signal. The remote display system may also function in a full duplex mode to transmit to the base station feedback signals originating from a proximity sensor or a touch-screen provided at the display unit.

Abstract: A keyboard having a plurality of first keys on one side and second keys on the other, separated by a circuit board and a plurality of domes. The circuit board can be activated for entering information in an electronic device by pressing one or more keys on either side via the domes. The keyboard can be fixedly mounted on the cover of the electronic device such that the first keys can be used when the cover is closed and the second keys can be used when the cover is open. The keyboard can also be removably mounted so as to allow a user to change the keyboard side to be used. Alternatively, one side of the keyboard has a touch pad instead of keys.

Abstract: A touch pad pushbutton structure includes two pushbuttons mounted to a casing of an electronic device, such as a notebook computer. Each pushbutton has a circumferential flange. Two deflectable U-shaped ribs integrally extend from the flanges of the pushbuttons and connect between the pushbuttons at opposite ends of the pushbuttons. The ribs are fixed to the casing for movably supporting the pushbutton on the casing whereby each pushbutton is allowed to move from a released position where the flange of the pushbutton engages the casing to an actuated position where the pushbutton is depressed and the flange thereof separated from the casing for activating a circuit to generate a signal indicating the depression of the pushbutton.

Abstract: The present invention provides a way to measure and track non-linear corrections in touchscreens. Some or all of the relevant non-linear corrections may be determined automatically. Production floor test equipment may make electronic measurements, compute parameters, and load the parameters in non-volatile memory of the controller electronics. Alternatively, the controller electronics can make the electronic measurements and determine non-linear parameters. The latter embodiment of the invention permits the determination of non-linear parameters in the field, dynamically tracking changes in the non-linear characteristics of installed touchscreens that occur over time or due to environmental conditions.

Abstract: A touch panel of the present invention in which a piezoelectric substrate is fixed to a movable plate or a supporting substrate has a reduced weight, size, and thickness by providing simpler wiring. The touch panel comprises: a movable plate having an input manipulation surface; a supporting substrate, disposed with a slight insulation gap from the movable plate, for supporting the movable plate from a back surface thereof; conductive layers on the movable plate and the supporting substrate on their respective opposing surfaces; and a piezoelectric substrate fixed to the movable plate or the supporting substrate. A pair of driving electrodes on the piezoelectric substrate are fixed to respective opposing surfaces of the piezoelectric substrate. A conductive layer electrode of the movable plate, a conductive layer electrode of the supporting substrate, and the pair of driving electrodes of the piezoelectric substrate are withdrawn integrally using a single connector tail.

Abstract: A coordinate input and detection device includes a touch panel, light emitting units, a reflective member, intensity distribution detection units, a coordinate detection unit, and filters. Each of light beams projected from the light emitting units travels and has a sector shape in a direction parallel to a surface of the touch panel. The light beams are reflected by the reflective member and received by the intensity distribution detection units. A coordinate detection unit detects a coordinate value of a position where the light beams are interrupted based on intensity distributions detected by the intensity distribution detection units. The filters are disposed in optical paths in directions perpendicular to directions in which the light beams travel, and have transmission rates varying with respect to positions within the filters.