Abstract: A method of calibrating detectors in a detector ring of a PET scanner, each detector including a plurality of crystals, the PET scanner having a field of view, is disclosed. The method comprises collecting timing data indicative of coincidence events occurring between each pair of crystals within the field of view. The method further comprises determining a detector adjustment value for each detector, determining a crystal adjustment value for each crystal in each detector, and discretizing the crystal adjustment value for each crystal to produce a discretized crystal adjustment value for each crystal. Lastly, the method comprises calibrating each detector by applying the discretized crystal adjustment value for each crystal in each detector to the collected timing data indicative of coincidence events.

Abstract: A method and system for measuring neutron emissions and ionizing radiation, such as gamma emissions, solid state detector for use therein, and imaging system and array of such detectors for use therein are provided using Cd- and/or Hg-containing semiconductors or B-based, Li-based or Gd-based semiconductors. The resulting systems and detectors used therein may be not only compact and portable, but also capable of operating at room temperature. The detectors may also be operable as gamma ray spectrometers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to single, dual and multiple channel ultraviolet radiation measurement devices for obtaining a dosage level and an intensity level of an ultraviolet radiation source directed at an irradiation target. The device includes a measurement sensor having a light pathway formed between first and second ends. An internal light guide is positioned along the light pathway adjacent the first end. An external light guide chamber is formed along the light pathway adjacent the second end and extending toward the internal light guide. A light scattering member is positioned along the light pathway. An electric charge generating unit is positioned adjacent the light pathway, an electric charge storage unit is electrically connected in parallel with the electric charge generating unit, a resistive member is selectively electrically connectable in parallel with the electric charge storage unit, and an electrometric unit is electrically connected to the electric charge storage unit.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus is offered which is capable of being used optimally over a wide range of electron beam currents. A method of controlling this apparatus is also offered. The apparatus has an electron emitter for producing an electron beam. The beam is collimated or slightly converged (made a real-image mode beam) by the first condenser lens. As a result, the amount of the electron beam limited by the anode electrode can be reduced to a minimum. The excitation of the first condenser lens is fixed to parallel beam conditions and so movement of the virtual electron source is prevented. This can enhance the axial accuracy.

Abstract: An objective lens with magnetic and electrostatic focusing for an electron microscopy system is provided whose at least partially conical outer shape allows orienting an object to be imaged at a large angle range in respect of an electron beam, said objective lens exhibiting, at the same time, good optical parameters. This is enabled by a specific geometry of the lens elements. Furthermore, an examination for the simultaneous imaging and processing of an object is proposed which comprises, besides an electron microscopy system with the above-mentioned objective lens, also an ion beam processing system and an object support.

Abstract: An apparatus for expeditiously irradiating an object with ultraviolet radiation at a selected UV wavelength. The apparatus includes a plurality of ultraviolet sources, each emitting radiation at a first wavelength. The UV sources are mounted within a housing that also supports one or more conversion plates that can be interposed between the UV sources and the specimen and function to convert the UV to a second wavelength.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining whether a postal object has been exposed to a predetermined level of radiation. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus is a postage stamp including a radiation detection portion comprising a radiation sensitive material having a first characteristic and a visually observable second characteristic when exposed to a predetermined level of radiation, the first characteristic differing from the second characteristic.

Abstract: An optical apparatus and method guide EUV radiation to a predetermined surface. A radiation source supplies EUV radiation having a certain dispersion angle. An illumination optical system having a reflective integrator forms a secondary radiation source having a predetermined shape based on the EUV radiation supplied from the radiation source. A projection optical system is arranged in an optical path between a reflective mask and the predetermined surface and forms an image of the reflective mask onto the predetermined surface based on the EUV radiation from the reflective mask. The secondary radiation source having the predetermined shape has a shape that is a substantially circular shape, an annular shape, or a multipolar shape.

Abstract: A wafer chuck is designed to allow the substrate to thermally deform during charged particle beam lithography. The wafer chuck includes a compliant layer disposed over an chuck body. During lithography processing the wafer is electrostatically held in contact with a flexible compliant layer and the wafer is exposed to the charged particle beam resulting in thermal deformation of the wafer. The compliant layer deforms with the substrate and allows the wafer to deform in a predictable manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for pre-acceleration of ions and optimized matching of beam parameters used in a heavy ion application comprising a radio frequency quadruple accelerator (RFQ) having two mini-vane pairs supported by a plurality of alternating stems accelerating the ions from about 8 keV/u to about 400 keV/u and an intertank matching section for matching the parameters of the ion beam coming from the radio frequency quadruple accelerator (RFQ) to the parameters required by a subsequent drift tube linear accelerator (DTL).

Abstract: A magnet assembly is provided for use with an ion beam. The magnet assembly includes a magnet disposed in the path of the ion beam and an electron source. The magnet includes first and second polepieces spaced apart to define a magnet gap through which the ion beam is transported. The electron source is disposed on or in proximity to at least one of the polepieces for producing low energy electrons in the magnet gap. The electron source may include a one or two dimensional array of electron emitters or one or more linear electron emitters, for example. The magnet assembly may be utilized in an ion implanter to limit space charge expansion of the ion beam in the magnet gap.

Abstract: A method is provided for uniformly implanting a wafer with an ion beam. The wafer is generally of the type with a surface area in the form of a disk with a diameter and center. The ion beam is first formed as an elongated shape incident on the wafer, the shape having a length along a first axis smaller than the diameter, and a width shorter than the length along a second axis. Next, the wafer is translated at a variable translational velocity in a direction substantially parallel with the second axis. The wafer is also rotated substantially about the center at a rotational velocity. These movements are made such that the ion beam implants the wafer with substantially uniform dose across the surface area of the wafer. The wafer is preferably translated such that the ion beam implants the wafer from one side of the wafer, across the surface area of the wafer, and through another side of the wafer, in a selected velocity versus position profile.

Abstract: An electron projection lithography apparatus using secondary electrons includes a secondary electron emitter which is spaced apart from a substrate holder by a first predetermined interval and has a patterned mask formed on a surface thereof to face the substrate holder, a primary electron emitter which is spaced apart by a second predetermined interval from the secondary electron emitter in a direction opposite to the substrate holder and emits primary electrons to the secondary electron emitter, a second power supply which applies a second predetermined voltage between the substrate holder and the secondary electron emitter, a first power supply which applies a first predetermined voltage between the secondary electron emitter and the primary electron emitter, and a magnetic field generator which controls a path of secondary electrons emitted from the secondary electron emitter.

Abstract: A method for transporting a source pin in a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system having a transmission ring includes aligning the transmission ring with a source pin within a storage device having a magnetic force holding the source pin in place, and moving the source pin from the storage device to the transmission ring using a magnetic force greater than the magnetic force of the storage device.

Abstract: A device for mounting a UV bulb includes a housing having a hole therein, a fixed bracket and an adjustable bracket, the fixed bracket is connected to the housing and the adjustable bracket is rotatably mounted to the side bracket, the adjustable bracket also has means for mounting a UV bulb such that when said UV bulb is mounted to the adjustable bracket, the bulb can be inserted through the hole in the housing and rotated through an arc of approximately 90 degrees.

Abstract: An optocoupler drive circuit for the high side of a totem pole power transistor pair in a bridge circuit for commutating a motor includes an optocoupler output device being directly connected to the upper power transistor in the totem pole, and series resistor of selected value for controlling the drive current to said upper power transistor to reduce its speed of turn on.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention generally provide an in situ method for assembling and measuring optical characteristics of an optical component. The method generally includes pressing an optical source or lens into an optical housing while simultaneously measuring the optical output of the device. The measured optical output is used to determine and control when the optical source or lens is pressed to an optical position within optical housing. Once the source or lens is pressed into the optical housing, the method includes measuring the optical offset and/or pointing angle of the assembled component in the same apparatus that assembled the component. The measured optical offset and/or pointing angle information is used to determine how to mechanically alter the optical housing to correct or compensate for the optical offset and pointing angle.

Abstract: An apparatus for moving and positioning a device (14) includes a stage assembly (24) and a first mirror component (226). The stage assembly (24) includes a device stage (202) that retains the device (14) and a stage mover assembly (204) that moves the device stage (202). The first mirror component (226) is secured to the device stage (202) and is used for monitoring the position the device stage (202). A first fluid gap (348) exists between the first mirror component (226) and the device stage (202). The first fluid gap (348) provides squeeze film damping of the first mirror component (226) along a first axis. Additionally a second fluid gap (352) can exist between the first mirror component (226) and the device stage (202). The second fluid gap (352) provides squeeze film damping of the first mirror component (226) along a second axis that is orthogonal to the first axis.

Abstract: A media processing system retrieves a sheet of media and transports it to an imaging process. Misalignment of media from retrieving and transporting is removed by a media realignment process which wedges the leading edge of the media into stopped rollers while additionally advancing the trailing edge of the media for a predetermined distance. The media flexes and forms an arching buckle which aligns parallel to the leading edge of the media with the stopped rollers, thereby removing the skew of the media in relationship with the stopped rollers. The amount of over-advancement of the trailing edge of the media is modified according to the stiffness of the media. A media stiffness sensor measures the media stiffness by quantifying the deflection of the media when a portion of the media is cantilevered into deflection-measuring sensors. Imaging processes are also improved by employing media stiffness measurements to modify imaging processes.

Abstract: A blowout preventer which has ram chambers with an upper sealing surface and a lower sealing surface. Upper sealing elements, lower sealing elements and intermediate sealing elements are mounted to the sealing face of each of the rams. The upper sealing elements engage the upper sealing surface. The lower sealing elements engage the lower sealing surface. The intermediate sealing elements are positioned between the upper sealing elements and the lower sealing elements. When the rams are in the sealing position and pressure is exerted from below the rams, sealing engagement between the intermediate sealing elements, the upper sealing elements and the upper sealing surface contain such pressure from below. When the rams are in the sealing position and pressure is exerted from above the rams, sealing engagement between the intermediate sealing elements, the lower sealing elements and the lower sealing surface contains such pressure from above.

Abstract: A valve assembly comprised of a valve body, a piston, a modulating plug, a valve cover adjoining the valve body, and a throttling member. The valve body has an inlet and outlet port, a partition with a valve seat separating the valve body into a first and second flow passage. The piston has a throughbore including an orifice, reciprocably mounted in the valve body and movable between a first and second position. The modulating plug, in abutting contact with the piston and reciprocably mounted in the valve body, gradually moves between an open position, permitting a main fluid flow, and a closed position engaging the valve seat, blocking the main fluid flow. The throttling member is adapted to insure a gradual alteration of the cross-section of the orifice upon piston movement. A method of gradually opening the valve assembly modulating plug is also set forth.

Abstract: An axial valve has a housing, an inlet, an outlet, a valve seat between the inlet and the outlet, and a valve element cooperating with the valve seat, and is controlled by a pilot valve arranged between the inlet and the outlet, with the valve element being moveable parallel to a flow path from the inlet to the outlet and surrounding an interior space. Without changing the external measurements of the valve an increased through flow is achieved in that a first section of the flow path leads through the interior space and a pressure space is arranged between the housing and the valve element, in which pressure space in the closed condition of the pilot valve a closing pressure is formed and applied to the valve element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a valve for the closure of fluid channels, in particular for use in disposable cartridges for extracorporeal circulations, with a valve body with a pressure channel, a sealing cap, which can cooperate with the valve body in such a way that it closes off the end of the pressure channel on the valve body side against the surroundings, whereby the valve is designed in such a way that a pressure chamber can be formed between the pressure channel and the sealing cap, and whereby the sealing cap has a deformable sealing area (8) for entry into a fluid channel in order to close the latter. The invention further relates to a device for use with a disposable cartridge for at least one fluid channel, which has a valve according to the invention and respectively a housing for a valve according to the invention. Finally, the invention relates to a disposable cartridge for use with the device according to the invention and a sealing cap for use with a valve according to the invention.

Abstract: A precision controlled fast valve includes a diaphragm, a piezo actuator, and a plunger. The plunger is adapted to engage the diaphragm to create a seal which closes the valve. The piezo actuator is attached to the plunger and adapted to receive control signals which define the distance and speed of travel of the plunger. A control signal is received by the piezo actuator which causes the plunger to rapidly travel to a first position which is proximate to the diaphragm but does not create a seal. A second control signal is received by the piezo actuator which causes the plunger to pinch the diaphragm and creates a seal (due to the blocked force generated by the piezo). Creating the seal without excessive forces reduces the wear on the seal, allowing longer intervals between maintenance.

Abstract: In a solenoid valve having a valve section having a valve member which comes into contact and separates from a valve seat to switch passages, and a solenoid portion for driving the valve member, the solenoid portion includes a fixed core, a bobbin around which a coil is wound, a cylindrical magnetic cover constituting an outer profile of the solenoid portion, a magnetic plate and a moving core. An electrical insulation film is formed on an inner surface or both inner and outer surfaces of the magnetic cover.

Abstract: A connecting member (4) for a fast-fit safety coupling (1), having a tubular main member (10) connectable to a first conduit (2) for conducting pressurized fluid; a valve member (11) fitted inside the main member (10) to slide axially between a first work position separating the first conduit (2) in fluidtight manner from the outside, and an open second work position; first retaining means (18) for releasably connecting an endpiece (5) of a second conduit (3) to the valve member (11); second retaining means (17) for releasably connecting the valve member (11), in the second work position and connected to the endpiece (5), to the main member (10); and control means (70, 71, 72, 54) for disconnecting the connecting member (4) and the endpiece (5).

Abstract: What is disclosed is a magnetorheological fluid useful for incorporating within the working gap of magnetorheologically controllable linear or rotary devices. The MR fluid includes a carrier fluid component and a magnetic responsive particle component characterized by D10 of 2 &mgr;m up to and including a D10 of 5 &mgr;m, a D50 of 8 &mgr;m up to and including D50 of 15 &mgr;m; a D90 of 25 &mgr;m to and including a D90 of 40 &mgr;m; and further characterized by least squares regression (R2) particles size against log normal cumulative volume percent of greater than or equal to 0.77. Optional preferred additives included therewith include thixotropic agent or viscosity modifier, dispersant or surfactant, antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, and one or more lubricants.

Abstract: Disclosed are heat transfer fluids which possess a highly desirable and unexpectedly superior combination of properties, and heat transfer systems and methods based on these fluids. The heat transfer fluid comprise from about 30 to about 70 percent, on a molar basis, of carbon dioxide (CO2) and from about 30 to about 70 percent, on a molar basis, of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), preferably HFC having one to two carbon atoms, and even more preferably difluoromethane (HFC-32). The preferred fluids of the present invention have a vapor pressure of at least about 100 psia at 40° F.

Abstract: New aromatic diamine derivatives and the preparation thereof are disclosed. The diamine derivatives of the present invention can be added to conventional polymerization reactions of tetracarboxylic acids or dianhydrides thereof and diamines to form new polyamic acids. After high-temperature baking, the polyamic acids are cyclized to form polyimides. These polyimides can be used as alignment film materials for liquid crystal display cell and have good alignment property and stability, and are effective in promoting pre-tilt angles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a radiation detection device for detecting ionizing beam discharges such as gamma rays, x-rays, electron beams, charged particle beams and neutral particle beams. Specifically, it relates to a radiation detection device which can measure radiations which exist for a very short time (of the order of subnanoseconds or less) from the appearance of photoemission to extinction.

Abstract: In some aspects, a scintillator composition includes, prior to annealing, the composition (G1-x-yAxREy)aDzO12, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga and In, G is selected from the group consisting of Th, Y, La, Gd, and Yb, A is selected from the group consisting of Lu, Y, La, Gd, and Yb, and RE is selected from the group consisting of Ho, Er, Tm and Ce, and x is in the range from 0 up to about 0.2774, inclusive, y is in the range from about 0.001 up to about 0.012, inclusive, a is in the range 2.884 up to about 3.032, inclusive, and z is in the range from about 4.968 up to about 5.116, inclusive.

Abstract: A phosphor for vacuum ultraviolet ray-excited light-emitting elements which comprises a compound represented by the following formula (I):

Abstract: A weldable coating composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a binder in which is dispersed a conductive pigment and a source of silicon. Enhanced corrosion protection is offered, without sacrificing weldability of the coating layer. The composition is applied to and cured on a metal substrate.

Abstract: A mixture for heat storage devices has a phase change material and particulate expanded graphite. The material mixtures are produced by mixing phase change material and expanded graphite as powders or in molten form, and shaping the mixtures into shaped bodies.

Abstract: The present invention provides a semiconductive glaze product which exhibits low thermal expansion coefficient without adversely affecting other glaze characteristics, and which, when applied to an insulator, attains enhanced mechanical strength of the insulator; a method for producing the semiconductive glaze product; and an insulator coated with the semiconductive glaze product. The semiconductive glaze product contains a glaze composition and a flux, the glaze composition containing a KNaO—MgO—CaO—Al2O3—SiO2-based base glaze in which the compositional proportions of basic components; i.e., KNaO, MgO, and CaO, as represented by the Seger formula, are 0.1 to 0.4, 0.2 to 0.6, and balance, respectively, and containing a metal oxide composition including tin oxide and antimony oxide, wherein the amount of the flux is 10 parts by weight or less on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the glaze composition.

Abstract: The invention provides photochromic bis-naphthopyran compounds as well as methods for their manufacture and their use. The bis-naphthopyran compounds of the invention exhibit a wide range of color, i.e., from pink to purple to blue gray, upon activation by a source of UV light. Additionally, the bis-naphthopyran compounds of the present invention exhibit broad coloration ability, fast response as to both color change on activation and return to original color, and good fatigue-resistance.

Abstract: An electrochemically-activated optical switch is provided, comprising a molecular system configured between a pair of electrodes. The molecular system includes a moiety that is oxidizable or reducible in the presence of an electric current.

Abstract: A device for lifting office partitions having a housing with a main body portion and spaced apart base legs. The main body portion is spaced upwardly from the base legs at one end of the housing to form an open channel between the main body portion and the base legs. An elongated lever has one end pivotally mounted about a first axis to the housing. A piston and cylinder assembly is movable between a retracted and extended position. One end of the piston and cylinder assembly is secured to the housing while the second end is pivotally secured to the lever about a second axis parallel to but spaced radially from the first axis. A lift bracket is attached to the other end of the lever so that the lift bracket vertically moves in synchronism with the extension and retraction of the piston and cylinder assembly. A torsion bar assembly is disposed between the main body portion of the housing and the base legs adjacent the lift bracket.

Abstract: A tire winch, tire winch kit, and method of pulling an object. The tire winch includes a spool having a substantially cylindrical hub dimensioned to accept and wind a cable thereabout, and a means for attaching the spool to a tire such that the rotation of the tire causes the spool to rotate. The kit includes a winding spool, an unwinding spool and a means for attaching one of the spools to the tire. The method includes the steps of attaching the winch to a drive wheel of a vehicle, winding a flexible member around the hub of the winch, attaching the free end of the member to an object, and driving away from the object to unwind the member from the winch and, thereby, pull the object a distance that is less than the distance traveled by the vehicle.

Abstract: An elevated equipment holding apparatus includes a pin; and a latch plate that engages the pin. The latch plate includes a tortuous path that directs the pin to a latching point after the latch plate is raised and then lowered a first time, and frees the pin from the latch point after the latch plate is raised and lowered a second time. The elevated equipment holding apparatus includes a capsule for holding equipment. One of the pin or the latch plate is attached to the capsule. The other of the pin or latch plate attached to a body at an elevated position. The body, in various embodiments, can be a tower, a monopole.

Abstract: A lift assembly having a drum rotatably mounted to a frame and linearly translatable with respect to the frame. A plurality of head blocks are connected to the frame along a helical mounting path, wherein linear translation of the drum during takeoff or take-up maintains a predetermined fleet angle between a take off point from the drum and the head block.

Abstract: The invention includes a switchable circuit device. The device comprises a first conductive layer and a porous silicon matrix over the first conductive layer. A material is dispersed within pores of the porous silicon matrix, and the material has two stable states. A second conductive layer is formed over the porous silicon matrix. A current flow between the first and second conductive layers is influenced by which of the stable states the material is in.

Abstract: A semiconductor device (100) has, as its well layer, a III-V compound semiconductor layer (106) containing, as V-group components, nitrogen, antimony, and one or more V-group elements other than nitrogen and antimony to improve emission characteristics. Such a III-V compound semiconductor layer is formed by repeating a cycle including a process of simultaneously supplying a plurality of sources containing at lest indium, and a process of simultaneously supplying a plurality of sources not containing indium but containing antimony.

Abstract: Transistors including a buried channel layer intermediate to a source and a drain and a surface layer intermediate to the buried layer and a gate are operated so as to cause current between the source and the drain to flow predominately through the buried channel layer by applying a back-bias voltage to the transistor. The back-bias voltage modulates a free charge carrier density distribution in the buried layer and in the surface layer.

Abstract: An active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) and method of manufacturing the same. The AMOLED comprises of a thin film transistor with a gate, a gate insulation layer, a channel layer and a low-roughness source/drain metal terminal and an organic light-emitting diode with an anode layer, an organic light-emitting layer and a cathode layer. The gate of the thin film transistor is on a substrate, the channel layer is above the gate and the gate insulation layer is between the gate and the channel layer. The low-roughness source/drain metal terminal is positioned on each side of the gate covering a portion of the channel layer and the gate insulation layer. There is an ohmic contact layer between the channel layer and the low-roughness source/drain metal terminal. The anode layer of the organic light-emitting diode and one end of the low-roughness source/drain metal terminal are connected.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-layer organic memory device that can operate as a non-volatile memory device having a plurality of stacked and/or parallel memory structures constructed therein. A multi-cell and multi-layer organic memory component can be formed with two or more electrodes having a selectively conductive media between the electrodes forming individual cells, while utilizing a partitioning component to enable stacking of additional memory cells on top of or in association with previously formed cells. Memory stacks can be formed by adding additional layers—respective layers separated by additional partitioning components, wherein multiple stacks can be formed in parallel to provide a high-density memory device.

Abstract: A new test structure to locate bridging defects in a conductive layer of an integrated circuit device is achieved. The test structure comprises a line comprising a conductive layer overlying a substrate. The line is coupled to ground. A plurality of rectangles comprises the conductive layer. The rectangles are not connected to the line or to other rectangles. Near edges of the rectangles and of the line are parallel. The rectangles are floating. The test structure is used with a passive voltage contrast test in a scanning electron microscope. A test structure and method to measure critical dimensions is disclosed.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate of a channel protection type having a gate electrode, a drain electrode and a pixel electrode isolated from one another from layer to layer by insulating films. The active matrix substrate is to be prepared by four masks. A gate electrode layer, a gate insulating film and an a-Si layer are processed to the same shape on a transparent insulating substrate to form a gate electrode layer (102 of FIG. 6) and a TFF area. A drain electrode layer (106 of FIG. 6) is formed by a first passivation film (105 of FIG. 6) via a first passivation film (105 of FIG. 6) formed as an upper layer. In a second passivation film (107 of FIG. 6) formed above it are bored an opening through the first and second passivation films and an opening through the second passivation film. A wiring connection layer is formed by ITO (108 of FIG. 6) provided as an uppermost layer.

Abstract: There is provided a high quality liquid crystal panel having a thickness with high accuracy, which is designed, without using a particulate spacer, within a free range in accordance with characteristics of a used liquid crystal and a driving method, and is also provided a method of fabricating the same. The shape of a spacer for keeping a substrate interval constant is made such that it is a columnar shape, a radius R of curvature is 2 &mgr;m or less, a height H is 0.5 &mgr;m to 10 &mgr;m, a diameter is 20 &mgr;m or less,.and an angle &agr; is 65° to 115°. By doing so, it is possible to prevent the lowering of an opening rate and the lowering of light leakage due to orientation disturbance.

Abstract: A semiconductor fabrication process and structure in which a dielectric structure (106) is formed upon a substrate (102). Silicon is then deposited and processed to form a crystalline silicon wall (118) that envelopes the dielectric structure (106) and is physically and electrically isolated from the substrate (102). A gate dielectric film (130) is formed over at least two surfaces of the silicon wall (118) and a gate electrode film (132) is formed over the gate dielectric (130). The gate electrode film (132) is then patterned followed by conventional source/drain implant processing. Portions of the silicon wall (118) disposed on either side of the gate electrode (140) may then be contacted to form source/drain structures (150). In this manner, the portion of the silicon wall (118) covered by the gate electrode (140) comprises a transistor channel region having multiple surfaces controlled by gate electrode (140).