Abstract: A device with a piezoelectric actuator (1) comprises two faces (2, 3) and two electroconductive contact paths (4, 5), each traversing the actuator (1) starting from at least one face (3). The actuator is clamped between two metallic plates (6, 7), each arranged against a face (2, 3). The piezoelectric actuator further comprises an electroinsulating layer (8) arranged between each face 92, 3) and the corresponding metallic plate (6, 7).

Abstract: A compact disc organizing kit apparatus includes a compact disc case having means for attaching a compact disc therein and being labeled as a compact disc organizing kit. A compact disc replica, which may be made of paperboard or the like, has instructions for using the compact disc organizing kit printed thereon and is removably mounted in the compact disc case. A sheet having a plurality of removable attachable polymer members each having coating indicia thereon is located on the compact disc case for easy removal and attaching to compact disc cases. The method includes selecting a compact disc replica and printing instructions for organizing a plurality of compact discs thereon and selecting a compact disc case and removably attaching a compact disc replica therein along with a selected set of cling polymer members having coated indicia thereon.

Abstract: The present application relates to a storage container and a storage system include a stack of such storage container.

Abstract: A system for display cases comprising a star shaped structure (1) and a circular groove (3), the star shaped structure (1) is equipped with a support (4) placed at the end of each of its spokes (2), the said support is constantly maintained in a level position by a pin (6) constrained in the circular groove (3), whose position is such that it creates a jointed parallelogram connection for each support (4); it also comprises a transmission which is suitable to operate the rotation of the star shaped structure (1) with the supports (4) that sustain protruding shelves, trays and dishes, or at least a couple of such star shaped structures (1), facing each other, in which the relative supports (4) are joined to the flat surfaces (9) or other means which are constantly maintained level during their rotation; it finally comprises display cases equipped with said jointed system.

Abstract: A cabinet cover of a home appliance is provided, which enables a secure installation of an aesthetic member in an installation hole of a cabinet cover body having an aesthetically pleasing external appearance, i.e., without welding marks being visible for the exterior of the apparatus, and which achieves an improved mechanical coupling between the cabinet cover and the aesthetic member. The cabinet cover includes a cabinet cover body having an installation hole at a predetermined location for receiving at rear side of the installation hole a control panel for controlling the home appliance; and an aesthetic member, attached at a perimeter of the aesthetic member, to the rear side of the cabinet cover body, for closing the installation hole, wherein the aesthetic member is attached by an adhesive agent and wherein the perimeter of the aesthetic member is welded to the rear side of the cabinet cover body.

Abstract: In order to prevent foam from discharging through an opening of a wall of a hollow body to be foam-filled, a destructible material layer is placed between the opening of the hollow body and a section of the wall, which surrounds the same, and a reinforcing part, which has a hole that overlaps the opening. The section of the wall and the reinforcing part are joined at a short distance from the opening without substantially heating the wall and the reinforcing part. The hollow body is foam-filled and the destructible material layer is removed in the area of the opening.

Abstract: A light emitting element has a base made of heat conductive material, a wire plate made of an insulation material and secured to an upper surface of the base. Conductive patterns are secured to the wire plate, and a light emitting chip is secured to the base at an exposed mounting area. The light emitting chip is electrically connected to the conductive patterns.

Abstract: A display structure (200, 500, 600, 700, 800) comprises an emissive layer (260, 360, 460) and an excitation prevention layer (270, 370, 470, 735, 840). The emissive layer includes a set of first color emitting areas (211, 216, 221, 311, 316, 321, 411, 416, 421) that emit a first color light in response to light that is generated by a first set of light emitting diodes (LEDs) (210, 215, 220, 310, 315, 320, 410, 415, 420) that are preferably organic. The excitation prevention layer is disposed at the front side of the emissive layer and includes a first set of excitation prevention filter areas (225, 230, 235, 325, 330, 335, 420, 430, 435). In one embodiment, a first set of excitation prevention filter areas block a band of the light that is incident upon the emissive layer from the front of the display, wherein the blocked band of light is within an excitation band of the first set of LEDs.

Abstract: A field emission display includes a substrate and a plurality of emitters formed on columns on the substrate. The display also includes a porous dielectric layer formed on the substrate and the columns. The porous dielectric layer has an opening formed about each of the emitters and has a thickness substantially equal to a height of the emitters above the substrate. The porous dielectric layer may be formed by oxidation of porous polycrystalline silicon. The display also includes an extraction grid formed substantially in a plane defined by respective tips of the plurality of emitters and having an opening surrounding each tip of a respective one of the emitters. The display further includes a cathodoluminescent-coated faceplate having a planar surface formed parallel to and near the plane of tips of the plurality of emitters. The porous dielectric layer results in columns having less capacitance compared to prior art displays.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a flat panel for cathode-ray tube capable of securing a large viewing area in the flat panel which is fitted into a window of a cabinet. In accordance with the panel of the present invention, stepped portions are formed along an edge of a face to fit the panel into the window of the cabinet. A depth from a surface of the face to a surface of the stepped portion is set to satisfy a condition of 2≧Tf/Tc≧0.7 where Tf is a vertical distance from a starting point of the stepped portion to an inner surface of the panel and Tc is a thickness of the center of the face. The panel in accordance with the present invention can provide perceptual flatness to a viewer; improved implosion-proof characteristics; and a structure capable of enduring an external mechanical impact. Further, the panel having a precise structure can be manufactured by a press-molding process.

Abstract: A composition and method of forming an internal neutral density filter on a luminescent screen assembly of a cathode ray tube (CRT) is disclosed. The luminescent screen assembly is formed on an interior surface of a glass faceplate panel of the CRT tube. The luminescent screen assembly includes a patterned light-absorbing matrix that defines three sets of fields corresponding to one of a blue region, a green region and a red region. An internal neutral density filter is formed on the light-absorbing matrix. An array of blue, green and red color phosphors is formed on the internal neutral density filter corresponding to one of the blue region, the green region and the red region defined in the light-absorbing matrix. The internal neutral density filter has a composition including a red pigment, a blue pigment and at least one non-pigmented oxide particle.

Abstract: A low-pressure gas discharge lamp comprising a gas discharge vessel with a gas filling containing an indium compound and a buffer gas, and comprising a phosphor layer containing at least one phosphor emitting in the visible range of the spectrum, and comprising electrodes and means for generating and maintaining a low-pressure gas discharge.

Abstract: An electron emission device with nano-protrusions is described. Electrons are emitted from the nano-protrusions and directed by one or more conductors into beams. The beams may be shaped to be collimated, diverged, or converged. The shaped beams from one or more nano-protrusions may be focused onto a target spot through the use of additional electron optics.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission display has a cathode substrate having a cathode layer patterned on a glass substrate. The surface of the cathode layer is defined as a plurality of electron-emitting areas apart from each other, and a plurality of CNT structures is grown on the plurality of electron-emitting areas respectively.

Abstract: In an image display device, assuming a distance between electron sources and control electrodes as Lkg, a distance between the control electrodes and acceleration electrodes as L12, a thickness of opening holes formed in the control electrodes as Tg1 and a short diameter of the opening holes formed in the control electrodes as FG1, the acceleration electrodes satisfy the relationship (Lkg+Tg1+L12/2)/FG1≧0.25, assuming a thickness of the opening holes formed in the acceleration electrodes as Tg2 and a short diameter of the opening holes formed in the acceleration electrodes as FG2, the acceleration electrodes satisfy the relationship Tg2min≦Tg2≦Tg2max and the relationship Tg2min=2.98FG2−0.04, assuming FG2<0.109, the acceleration electrodes satisfy the relationship Tg2max=0.02/(0.115−FG2)−0.06, and assuming FG2≧0.109, the acceleration electrodes satisfy the relationship Tg2max=0.03/(FG2−0.1)+0.045.

Abstract: An active matrix organic light emitting display and a method of forming the same. The AM-OLED including a substrate with a plurality of thin film transistors serving as driver circuits, a dielectric layer formed conformally on the substrate and the thin film. transistors, a first insulating layer formed on parts of the dielectric layer to define the exposed surface of the dielectric layer as a predetermined transparent electrode area, a transparent electrode formed conformally on the predetermined transparent electrode area, a second insulating layer formed on both sides of the transparent electrode to expose parts of surface of the transparent electrode, an organic electroluminescent layer formed on the transparent electrode, and a metal electrode formed on the organic electroluminescent layer. The insulating layer smoothes the transparent electrode surface enhancing the luminescent characteristics of the AM-OLED.

Abstract: There is provided an organic light-emitting element comprising at least one light-emitting layer between a pair of electrodes formed on a substrate and at least two or more light emission center materials included in the light-emitting layer, and that the at least one or more light emission center materials include a phosphorescent light-emitting material, and an excitation lifetime of the light emission center material that emits light having a shortest wavelength is shorter than an excitation lifetime of the other light emission center material, whereby a high-efficiency organic light-emitting element without decreasing a color purity of white light emission can be obtained.

Abstract: Grooves (3R, 3G, 3B) corresponding to red, green and blue respectively are formed on a substrate (40), and the edge portion of each groove (3R, 3G, 3B) is formed so as to be farther from a side of substrate (40) in order. The edge portion of each groove (3R, 3G, 3B) is immersed in an organic EL solution (8R, 8G, 8B) of corresponding color, the grooves (3R, 3G, 3B) are severally filled with the organic EL solution (8R, 8G, 8B) of corresponding color using capillary phenomenon, and thus a full-color organic EL display device is manufactured.

Abstract: Light emitting devices are described which incorporate, as the light emitting element, a dendrimer of which the constituent dendrons include a conjugated dendritic structure comprising aryl and/or heteroaryl groups connected to each other via bonds between Sp2 hybridised ring atoms of said aryl or heteroaryl groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to a passive matrix-driven display based on electroluminescent polymers having a structured matrix of pixels and a structured second electrode with electrode connectors, having the following features:

Abstract: An electroluminescence display device including a substrate, a corrugated structure formed on the substrate, wherein the corrugated structure disperses light through diffraction and reflection; and a first electrode layer, a first insulation layer, a fluorescent layer, a second insulation layer, and a second electrode layer sequentially formed on the substrate to follow the shape of the corrugated structure.

Abstract: A light emitting diode has: a ceramics substrate that has a high thermal conductivity; a light emitting element that is mounted on the ceramics substrate; and a radiation plate that is bonded to the back surface of the ceramics substrate. The radiation plate contacts the ceramics substrate at a contact region that includes a region of the back surface of the ceramics substrate corresponding to a region of the ceramics substrate on which the light emitting element is mounted.

Abstract: A luminescent display device comprises a resin substrate having one and another surfaces, an auxiliary electrode made of metal and disposed on the one surface of the resin substrate, a transparent electrode disposed on the auxiliary electrode in a conductive state to the auxiliary electrode, and a luminescent layer composed of an organic compound and disposed on the transparent electrode. A layer of metal oxide may be further formed between the resin substrate and the auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic electro-luminescence (EL) device, comprising: a substrate; a plurality of first electrodes formed on the surface of the substrate; a plurality of divisions of organic layer, formed on the first electrodes and being superimposed perpendicularly upon the first electrodes, the organic layer comprising at least one organic EL layer; a plurality of second electrodes, formed on the organic layer; a plurality of bottom insulating pads, each disposed between the divisions of the organic layer and on the two sides of the organic layer; and a plurality of heat sinks formed of a metallic material, each disposed on one of the bottom insulating pads.

Abstract: Disclosed are a non-evaporation type getter excellent in gettering effect, capable of maintaining the inside of a gas-tight container in a display apparatus, particularly a flat panel display apparatus or the like, in a high vacuum condition, easy to mount and less liable to contaminate the inside of the gas-tight container, a display apparatus including the getter, and methods of manufacturing the same. The non-evaporation type getter (20) includes a molded body including at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Al, V, and Fe as a principal constituent thereof, the molded body formed by powder injection molding. The molded body is composed of a porous body having a porosity of 10 to 30%.

Abstract: In a plasma display panel, a back substrate has a first metal electrode on a back base substrate, and a front substrate has a transparent electrode and a second metal electrode on a front base substrate. The front substrate is arranged opposite to the back substrate. At least one of the first metal electrode and the second metal electrode being formed by e electrophotographic printing. At this time, coated metal particles are used as toner, which particles are formed by coating metal particles having an average diameter of 0.1 to 20 &mgr;m with thermoplastic resin. The electrophotographic printing enables manufacture of plasma display panels and the like with less waste of materials.

Abstract: Tile comprising a substrate 10 coated with at least one array of electrodes 11 which is itself coated with an array of barrier ribs 17 made of a mineral material, the porosity of which is greater than 25%, comprising a porous base underlayer 18 which is inserted between the array of electrodes 11 and the array of barrier ribs 17 and which is made of a mineral material, the porosity of which is greater than 25%.

Abstract: The device comprises a metal support plate 1 supporting, on its front face, a plasma discharge panel provided with an array of pairs of adjacent electrodes 7, 8 and, on its rear face, a supply 13′; according to the invention, the connection ends of the electrodes 7, 8 of the same pair are located on opposed edges 5, 6 of the panel and the supply circuit for each pair of adjacent electrodes 7, 8 then forms a current loop which does not surround the metal plate 1.

Abstract: A plasma display panel. A first substrate and a second substrate are provided at a predetermined distance from the first substrate and form a vacuum assembly with the first substrate. Barrier ribs form pixels between the first substrate and the second substrate such that subpixels forming one grouping of pixels are arranged in a triangular configuration. A plurality of address electrodes is formed on a surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate and along a first direction of the first substrate. A plurality of discharge sustain electrodes is formed on a surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate and along a first direction of the second substrate. A phosphor layer and a discharge gas are provided between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: Photoluminescent phosphor powders and a method for making phosphor powders. The phosphor powders have a small particle size, narrow particle size distribution and are substantially spherical. The method of the invention advantageously permits the economic production of such powders. The invention also relates to improved devices, such as display devices and lighting elements, incorporating the phosphor powders.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is disclosed, which prevents luminance from being reduced, prevents error discharge from occurring due to crosstalk, and improves exhaust ability. Auxiliary barriers or projections are formed in a boundary portion between respective cells in a stripe type barrier structure. Alternatively, a predetermined groove is formed in a predetermined position of a dielectric layer in a lattice shaped barrier structure. In addition to these barriers, second barriers are formed at a greater width or at constant intervals. Thus, exhaust ability can be improved, and error discharge due to crosstalk can be prevented from occurring. Also, luminance in corner portions of the cell can be improved, and contrast can be improved even if a black matrix is not formed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mercury short-arched-high pressure discharge lamp (1) which operates with direct-current, comprising a discharge vessel (2) having two necks (4) arranged in a diametrical manner opposite each other, wherein an anode (26) and a cathode (7), made respectively from tungsten, are melted in a gas-tight manner and said vessel is filled with mercury and at least one inert gas. According to the invention, the material of the cathode tip (11) contains, in addition to the tungsten, lanthanum oxide La2O3 and the mercury content of the filling in the discharging vessel volume is at least 1 mg/cm3 and at the most 6 mg/cm3.

Abstract: A dimming-control lighting apparatus for an incandescent electric lamp with less accompanying color temperature change, using a dimming power source installed in TV studios or theater stages, is disclosed. The voltage of the first filament whose rated voltage is lower than the maximum output voltage of a dimming power source rapidly rises to the sawtooth voltage of the dimming power source, and after the first filament reaches a constant color temperature, the output of the second filament having the same rated voltage as the maximum output voltage of the dimming power source is delayed to thereby light the second filament.

Abstract: An organic EL element drive circuit includes a current mirror circuit, a first current output circuit for generating a current having a first value in response to an output current of one of output side transistors of the current mirror circuit and a current generator circuit. An input terminal of the organic EL element drive circuit is supplied with a current having a second value from a second current output circuit of another organic EL element drive circuit preceding to the organic EL element drive circuit, which has substantially the same construction as that of the first current output circuit, to generate a predetermined drive current and the input transistor of the current mirror circuit is driven by the predetermined drive current to generate the first current value corresponding to the second current value.

Abstract: An electric machine assembly having an electric machine. The electric machine can include a first speed circuit and a second speed circuit. In some constructions, both speed circuits can be of a permanent split capacitor design. At least one of the speed circuits can include a switch that is controlled by the controller to limit current through an auxiliary circuit of the unused speed circuit when certain conditions exist.

Abstract: A motor driving apparatus for driving a linear vibration motor is provided with an order output determining unit for determining a motor output required of the linear vibration motor, and a driving frequency determining unit for determining a driving frequency of the linear vibration motor on the basis of the determined motor output, and an amplitude-fixed AC voltage having a frequency equal to the determined driving frequency is applied to the linear vibration motor, whereby the output of the linear vibration motor can be controlled without changing the amplitude value of the driving voltage applied to the linear vibration motor.

Abstract: The invention makes an output sharing of an engine and an electric motor proper so as to suitably drive a load. When a throttle opening degree variation amount &Dgr;V is within a &Dgr;V1, an engine E can drive a power generator G at a rated revolution speed. A switching circuit 28 is switched in such a manner as to charge a battery 27 by a generated power. When the opening degree variation amount &Dgr;V becomes larger than the &Dgr;V1, a power assist of operating the power generator G as the electric motor is set to be standby. When the opening degree variation amount &Dgr;V is more than &Dgr;V2 (>&Dgr;V1), the power assist is started. In the power assist, an angle advance amount is increased. When acceleration is insufficient, it is possible to further increase a conduction angle in stages.

Abstract: A voltage detection section (11a) and current detection section (11b) detect a voltage and current supplied to a motor, and the detected voltage and current are supplied to a position detection section (12). An angular speed output from the position detection section (12) is supplied to a differentiator (13) to output an angular acceleration. A fundamental wave component extraction section (14) extracts a fundamental wave component of the angular acceleration, and the extracted fundamental wave component is supplied to an amplitude adjustment section (15). The output of the amplitude adjustment section (15) is subtracted from the average current command by a subtraction section (16). This subtraction result, current detection value, and the rotor position from the position detection section (12) are supplied to a current control section (17) to carry out the current control operation so as to obtain a current command.

Abstract: Simulated textures whose parameters are held with object model data in a data store 5 are modified in accordance with data held in a data store 6 which data defines a Gamma correction factor 73 previously determined for each identified user. The gamma correction factor is determined by outputting to a Haptic Output interface a texture simulation comprising spaced grooves or ridges. By correlating user response to the perceived “feel” of the texture (rough, medium or smooth scale for example) the user's perceptual factors can be determined. Subsequently applying the perceptual factors to effect a mathematical adjustment (power) of texture in simulation algorithms allows output simulations to be adapted so that each user has a corresponding perception of the simulated objects.

Abstract: To appropriately detect overload which may break a motor or deform a body and reduce the overload in the motor. The DC component of a load torque is derived from the sum of absolute values of a torque applied to a link connected to the output shaft of a motor and the generated torque of the motor, and it is determined that overload has been applied when the DC component exceeds a first threshold value for a prescribed period of time or longer. In addition, considering such a characteristic that the variation of energy applied to the output shaft of a motor is in proportion to a product of the torque and the angular velocity of the motor, the AC component of the load torque is detected based on the variation of energy, and it is predicted that overload will be applied when the AC component exceeds a second threshold value.

Abstract: A directional control system for a land, water or airborne vehicle is provided by thrust generated by a selectively actuatable motor coupled to a propeller to produce thrust laterally and cause rotation of the vehicle about its vertical axis. Such thrust, coupled with forward motion of the vehicle will provide directional control left or right, depending upon the direction of rotation of the thrust producing propeller. Controls for operation of the motor driving the thrust producing propeller may be effected by a conventional radio control transmitter and receiver.

Abstract: A stepping motor control apparatus that is able to electrically detect the load of the stepping motor and effectively prevent step-outs by means of an inexpensive configuration. The stepping motor control apparatus is equipped with a microcomputer (10) that outputs a command pulse, a chopper-type constant current driver (20) that outputs a drive current that corresponds to the input command pulse to the stepping motor (5) and outputs a chopper signal to keep the output drive current fixed, and a load detection circuit (30) that detects the chopper signal to detect the load of the stepping motor (5). The load detection circuit (30) is equipped with a waveform shaping circuit (50) that makes the chopper signal waveform continuous to convert it to a pulse or voltage, and it detects the load of the stepping motor by means of the width of the pulse or the voltage value.

Abstract: A shutter mechanism includes a drum (2), a stepping motor (5), a driver (20), a microcomputer (10), a memory (16), and a load magnitude detection circuit (30) that detects the magnitude of the load on the stepping motor (5) when an object such as a shutter (3) is either wound or unwound from the drum (2). The microcomputer (10) can set the upper and lower limit stopping positions of the shutter (3) by resetting the number of command pulses stored in the memory (16) when the load magnitude detection circuit (30) detects an increase in the load at the stepping motor (5), and storing the number of command pulses output to that point from the memory (16) when the load magnitude detection circuit (30) next detects an increase in the load at the stepping motor (5) after the outputting of the command pulses is next restarted.

Abstract: The phase current detection apparatus comprises an output time detection section 6a for receiving a voltage vector command as input, and for detecting a voltage vector which should be enlarged its output time, output time enlargement section 6bfor receiving the voltage vector command and the voltage vector detected by the output time detection section 6a as input, and for carrying out enlargement processing for output time (enlarge the output time up to a length allowing the current detector 5 to detect the voltage vector), subtraction section 6c for subtracting the length of actually output voltage vector from the voltage vector command, and for outputting an error, output error integrating section 6d for integrating the error from the subtraction section 6g and for calculating an integrated error of an output with respect to the voltage vector command, reverse vector generation section 6e for outputting a vector (reverse vector) which is obtained by replacing the ON/OFF in Table 1 for the enlarged voltage v

Abstract: Stationary and on-board battery chargers, methods of charging batteries, electric-vehicle chargers, and vehicles with chargers, including electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Chargers may automatically charge at the correct battery voltage for various types of batteries. Chargers have variable AC power supplies controlled by digital controllers, isolation transformers, and rectifiers. Transformers may be foil-type, and may have copper foil. Power supplies may be variable-frequency generators and the controllers may control the frequency. Electric vehicle chargers may have card readers, and vehicles may have batteries and a charger. Methods of charging include identifying the battery type and gradually increasing the charging at different rates of increase while monitoring charging voltage, charging current, or both, until a current lid is reached. Charging may occur at constant current and then at constant voltage.

Abstract: A power supply device for a motor-driven blind or similar (1), which is not connected to a network by means of electric wiring, characterized in that it comprises a detachable power supply device (5) consisting of an autonomous power supply (12) and detachable electric connection means enabling said detachable power supply device (5) to be connected to and disconnected from the blind.

Abstract: A charging method for a battery pack with each of the at least two series-connected cells being supplied with an effective charging current (ICharge), in a charging cycle (1) over a charging period, and being supplied with a lower effective refresh current. (Irefresh), in an at least occasional subsequent refresh cycle (2) over a refresh charging cycle (6). The refresh cycle (2) follows after a period (K) in a number (M) of charging cycles (1).

Abstract: Provided is a method for charging a battery that dynamizes the charging phase of the battery, thereby enabling optimum charging. The dynamization of the charging phase is intended to achieve effective mixing of the battery acid and/or depolarization of the electrodes and ultimately result in improved receiving of the charging current. In this context, the charging method can be carried out according to at least two different methods. In a first method, targeted discharges result in depolarization of the electrodes due to locally decreasing acid density, and in a second method the battery acid is reliably mixed as a result of temporary increasing of the charging voltage via the so-called gassing voltage of the battery. Both methods result in improved battery charging. In an embodiment of the method, the two methods are combined.

Abstract: The invention provides a secondary battery system that allows a high overload operation regardless of discharging condition during a steady operation, and an operating method thereof. The secondary battery system comprises first tanks 31, 32 for reserving electrolytes required for a steady operation, and second tanks 33, 34 for reserving electrolytes required for an emergency operation. Valves 41-48 are opened and closed for allowing selective switching between the electrolytes in the first tanks 31, 32 and the electrolytes in the second tanks 33, 34 to circulate the selected electrolytes through a cell stack 100. The electrolytes reserved in the second tanks 33, 34 are electrolytes having a proportion of a quantity of active material produced in a charging reaction to a total quantity of active material of not less than 50%.

Abstract: A built-in battery controller for a personal telecommunication device. The battery controller includes a push switch that is switched on and off by a user, a power control unit that is connected to the push switch and allows a leakage current to flow through the power switch, a battery pack including a protection circuit module (PCM) for turning off the battery when the leakage current flows through the power switch under the control of the power control unit, and a charging circuit for charging the battery pack. The battery controller can be simply operated and can more reliably turn off the battery without affecting the outer appearance of the device.