Abstract: An electron beam tomography (EBT) scanning system comprising an electron source generating an electron beam, a target ring that receives the electron beam and emits an x-ray fan beam upon impingement of the electron beam on the target ring, a pair of detector arrays arranged opposite the target ring, and a collimator arranged concentrically between the target ring and the pair of detector arrays. The collimator has interior and exterior walls concentrically arranged with one another and surrounding a patient examination area. The interior and exterior walls have a first set of apertures aligned to collimate the x-ray fan beam into a first collimated beam having a first width and a second collimated beam having a second width. Each collimated beam may form a single or double tomographic slice. The collimated beams are detected by the pair of detector arrays.

Abstract: The invention is intended to shorten a positioning time required for forming an irradiation area with high accuracy using a number of leaf plates, and to reduce physical and mental burdens imposed on patients. A multi-leaf collimator comprises leaf plate driving body each including a plurality of movable leaf plates and provided respectively on one side and the other side, the plurality of leaf plates of the leaf plate driver on one side and the plurality of leaf plates of the leaf plate driver on the other side being disposed in an opposing relation to form an irradiation field of a radiation beam between the opposing leaf plates. Each of the leaf plate driving body includes a motor provided in common to the plurality of leaf plates. Driving force of the motor can be transmitted to the plurality of leaf plates at the same time through a pinion gear, upper and lower air cylinders, and upper and lower guides. Also, the driving force can be cut off selectively for each leaf plate.

Abstract: A system for transmitting operational control messages to a plurality of remotely-disposed cable-locating transmitters uses a spare communication line associated with each transmitter to carry the control messages from unit to unit. In the case of a fiber optic cable, the control message is transferred from an incoming telephone line associated with a first cable-locating transmitter to a spare optical fiber. The control message then propagates down the fiber to the next transmitter (where this transmitter does not otherwise have accessibility to a telephone line). This transmitter converts the optical signal to an electrical signal and either uses the control message (if indeed destined for that particular transmitter), or re-converts it to optical form and sends it further along the spare fiber to the next remote cable-locating transmitter further down the line.

Abstract: A method and system for automatically testing E911 systems using digital loop carrier trunks in a laboratory. A testbed running a testing program evaluates the functionality of a digital loop carrier trunk, a channel unit pair, and an E911 switch by measuring a delay and duration of an acknowledgement pulse from the E911 switch in response to an off-hook condition at a simulated PBX. The testbed and testing program also evaluate the functionality of the E911 switch and a simulated PSAP by measuring a delay and duration of a ring signal from the E911 switch in response to an emergency signal sent by the simulated PBX. Once connection between the simulated PBX and the simulated PSAP has been established, the end-to-end signal loss is also measured.

Abstract: An emergency notification system. The system includes a first server for receiving an emergency communication from a telecommunications network and for transmitting a message to a subscriber of the emergency notification system. The system also includes a second server in communication with the first server, the second server for supplying the first server with information associated with a subscriber.

Abstract: A personal assistant system uses context to intelligently make contacts and for provisioning an address book. The system can be customized by subscribers for all or specific contacts. The system uses history information to make predictions of whether calls will be successful when no preference is specified by the user.

Abstract: A voice-controlled multi-station network has both speaker-dependent and speaker-independent speech recognition. Conditionally to recognizing items of an applicable vocabulary, the network executes a particular function. The method receives a call from a particular origin and executes speaker-independent speech recognition on the call. In an improvement procedure, in case of successful determination of what has been said, a template associated to the recognized speech item is stored and assigned to the origin. Next, speaker-dependent recognition is applied if feasible, for speech received from the same origin, using one or more templates associated to that station. Further, a fallback procedure to speaker-independent recognition is maintained for any particular station in order to cater for failure of the speaker-dependent recognition, while allowing reverting to the improvement procedure.

Abstract: A platform provides access to multiple telecommunications services via a single telephone number. These services may include, for example, paging services. A guest caller may call the single telephone number and select an option to page the subscriber. Other services, such as voicemail services, facsimile services, electronic mail messaging services and outbound calling services may also be available.

Abstract: A unified messaging system is provided that includes two-way synchronization and replication of messages. The unified messaging system includes a workstation, a voice-mail server, and an e-mail server. The workstation may be a personal computer, for example. The workstation includes an agent to monitor messaging activities within the workstation mailbox. Also, the voice-mail server includes a proxy e-mail client (PEC) to operate and retrieve e-mail messages in the absence of the workstation. In accordance with the system and method of the invention, two-way synchronization and replication is provided. The two-way synchronization and replication operates between the workstation and the voice-mail server. Specifically, the replication operates between the e-mail store, e.g., the mailbox, of the workstation and the voice-mail store of the voice-mail server. The replication duplicates messages in each of the mailbox of the workstation and the voice-mail message store of the voice-mail server.

Abstract: A system and method for creating voice codes (“VCodes”), storing content corresponding to the VCodes, publicly displaying the VCodes in proximity to an object, attraction or subject, and enabling users to selectively access the stored content via telephone by calling a central number and entering the VCode or verbally describing the object, attraction or subject, in which case the verbal description is associated with a VCode or collection of VCodes.

Abstract: A scheduling system which is arranged for automated schedule entry, revision and reporting is described.

Abstract: A cellular phone decides with a transmission category decision portion whether a message is sent from an external device or from the cellular phone. In the case where the message is sent from the external device, a personal identification number comparison portion compares the personal identification number sent from the external device with a predetermined personal identification number. A control portion permits the message to be sent from the external device only when the two personal identification numbers correspond to each other.

Abstract: However, the current call detail record system has certain drawbacks. For example, specific billing information is ordinarily tracked and available for calls made from one local access and transport area (LATA) to another (i.e., interLATA or long distance calls). Billing and usage information for calls within the same LATA (i.e., intraLATA or local calls), including local toll calls, are not maintained by the network or otherwise accessible to the network provider and customers. Therefore, the customers are not able to track intraLATA calls in the same manner as interLATA calls. For example, customers may desire identifying codes to be entered next to each charged call in order to facilitate subsequent billing of the customers' respective clients.

Abstract: A telephone directory address storing method and an information terminal by which telephone directory information is efficiently managed to achieve augmentation of the operability. The information terminal includes a display section, a storage section, an inputting section, a circuit interface section, and a control section for controlling the entire information terminal. The control section has a function of drawing a window delineated by closed line segments on the display section. The display section draws a first window displayed most forwardly with respect to any other window, fetches a character train selected on a second window into the first window through the storage section, waits a call origination instruction from the inputting section in the first window, dials in response to a call origination instruction from the inputting section through the circuit interface section, and simultaneously stores the character train selected on the second window into a telephone directory address storage section.

Abstract: A network-based intercom system and method comprises software and the necessary portions of a computer network on which it is implemented. The software includes a dispatcher portion to be installed on any of the computers of the network, and an intercom module portion to be installed on each of the participating computers in the system. The system has the advantage that it can be installed on non-dedicated computers, thus avoiding costly and inconvenient wiring and hardware installation. The system provides automatic message receipt without unnecessarily interrupting a recipient. This is achieved by signaling that a message has been sent by an assigned audible tone that is unique to the addressee. Thus, the recipient becomes aware that he or she has automatically received a message. The message is displayed in a banner on the addressee's computer monitor for selective viewing based on an order of priority.

Abstract: A method and system for independent participant control of audio during a multiparty communication session includes receiving an audio stream from each of a plurality of participants to a multiparty communication connection. An audio control signal is received from a participant for an audio stream of another participant. A conference output stream is generated for the participant by applying an audio parameter based on the audio control signal to the audio stream.

Abstract: A telephone call recording and recorded call retrieval system records telephone conversations and stores the recorded conversations for later retrieval. The system includes on one or more servers coupled to the PSTN, but preferably separate from mobile and land-based telephone company switches. A first server includes telephony, call recording, and call conferencing functionality. A subscriber calls an access telephone number for the first server and is routed to the server by the PSTN. The subscriber has several options with respect to the type of recording: dictation-type recording, automatic recording upon dialing and answer by a called party, or selective recording of any portion of a conversation upon activation of pre-assigned keys on the telephone. The recorded calls are then stored for later retrieval by the subscriber, e.g., on a storage server. The system may be used from both land-based and mobile telephones.

Abstract: At telecommunication service that takes caller mobility into account and allows the caller to connect to a destination on one attempt. The intelligent call connection service according to the present invention receives a call initiated by a caller/subscriber and dials the called party's number identified by the subscriber. If the called party's line is busy or unanswered, the connection service prompts the subscriber to hang up. Thereafter, the connection service continues calling the called party for a predetermined duration and, when the called party answers, calls the subscriber back at one or more of the telephone numbers supplied by the subscriber as part of the service subscription. Thus, the subscriber or caller mobility is not hampered when the called party's line is busy or unanswered. The service-doesn't require the caller/subscriber to reinitiate the call when the called party's line is busy or unanswered.

Abstract: A telecommunications system provides “feature forwarding” between a fixed telephone unit (such as a desktop wired telephone) and a portable telephone unit (such as a cellular telephone) that are assigned to the same prime telephone number. Thus, only one of the two phones in the telephone pair is accessible (e.g., is forwarded ring signals) at any one time. In one embodiment, the system monitors changes in state regarding whether or not the wireless telephone is in a power recharging state. When the wireless telephone is connected to a power recharger, the wired telephone is designated as the current exclusive telephone to which service features are to be applied. On the other hand, when the wireless telephone is removed from the power recharging state, the common user information necessary for seamlessly implementing common features is reallocated to providing service to the wireless telephone.

Abstract: A method of providing a caller with a directory assistance dialog. The dialog is configurable, at any level of the dialog, from an automated speech recognition (ASR) dialog to an operator-assisted (OP) dialog. The dialog is handed off to an operator if any level of the speech recognition dialog fails. Also, a configuration switch may be set to cause the dialog to be handed off to an operator even if a response at some level of the ASR dialog is successfully recognized.

Abstract: Telephony call control functionality is divided into a set of components. Each component provides a specific portion of the call control. The components communicate with each other via a unique telephony protocol. The unique telephony protocol is defined as a set of events. A component sends/receives events to other components that are involvement in a call. Sets of components are located together on telephony servers. Because communication between components is via a protocol, the components may be located on many different servers.

Abstract: An inter-network line level adjustment system includes a switch (SW1) and a processing unit (24) for identifying calls between a remote telephone network and a local telephone network. Echo cancellers (20) and/or speech coders (22) collect line level data associated with the identified calls. The processing unit (24) determines statistical properties of the collected line level data. Finally, the processing unit (24) instructs the echo cancellers (20) and/or speech coders (22) to adjust, based on the determined statistical properties, line levels of future calls between the remote telephone network and the local telephone network to a desired line level.

Abstract: A traffic control method for intelligent network services is disclosed. When an overload state is detected, a service control point (SCP) requests a call gapping operation by transmitting a call gapping message containing a gapping information to a service switching point (SSP), the SSP executing the call gapping operation for controlling an intelligent network call to arrive only at the SCP that has requested the call gapping message by distinguishing between different physical nodes of each SCP.

Abstract: Migration of a circuit-based-switch to a packet-based-soft-switch in a SS7 telecommunications network is accomplished with no disruption to subscriber service and retains and reuses the assigned signaling point code (SPC) of the existing circuit-based-switch. The system and method inserts a new soft-switch between an SS7 signaling transfer point (STP) and the existing circuit-based-switch in a way where traffic is split incrementally off the circuit-based-switch to the soft-switch so that no administrative changes are required at either the STP or the existing circuit-based-switch. The soft-switch is gradually cutover to act as a proxy STP and tandem switch for the existing circuit-based-switch and routes all calls to and from the network on behalf of the existing switch. The system makes use of multiple internal networks of the soft-switch to accomplish the controlled routing of bi-directional traffic.

Abstract: A method to transport a reference clock signal from a central office to a line terminal in a communication system. The central office retrieves a reference clock signal, and a first counter in the central office is synchronized with the reference clock signal. The counter values of the first counter are regularly transferred as part of physical layer operation and maintenance cells over the optical link. A counter value of a second counter of the carrier unit is adjusted when a counter value is received as part of a physical layer operation and maintenance cell. Clock signals are derived from the second counter for the line terminal. The first counter values are inserted into a group of predefined message fields of the physical layer operation and maintenance cell, and extracted therefrom to adjust the value of the second counter.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for matching a routed call to an agent workstation. An agent working at an agent station of a call center enters an agent ID when the agent answers a routed call. The routed call is therefore associated with the agent ID. The agent ID is encoded into DTMF tones which is detected by a telephony server so that the encoded agent ID can be extracted. The extracted agent ID is then sent to a browser server. The agent ID is then used by the browser server to identify a workstation that is represented by the same agent ID by matching the received agent ID with the workstation.

Abstract: A system is provided for automatically dialing a number stored in an electronic organizer on a telephone. The system comprises an electronic organizer including memory for storing a plurality of telephone numbers therein, an input device for selecting one of the telephone numbers, and a communicator for transmitting digits of the selected telephone number. The system further includes telephone circuitry adapted to dial digits of the selected telephone number upon the receipt thereof. Further provided is an interface including a communicator in communication with the communicator of the electronic organizer for receiving the digits therefrom and transmitting the same to the telephone circuitry.

Abstract: A system for matching impedance in the circuitry of an xDSL communication device to improve noise cancellation resulting from signal leakage between transmit and receive signals. The system for matching impedance includes a transformer configured to couple an impedance, which is substantially equal to a line impedance, to a line coupling transformer, and is applicable to all known hybrid topologies. The transformer is ideally as closely matched to the line coupling transformer as possible. This technique allows greatly improved impedance matching in the hybrid, which directly benefits the performance of xDSL communication devices.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a current mode differential active hybrid circuit having an H-bridge output driver with a first output resistor coupled across a transmission medium output. Drive circuitry is coupled to the output H-bridge and constructed to supply data modulated signals to the output H-bridge. A second H-bridge is coupled to the drive circuitry in parallel with the output H-bridge to allow a second output across a second output resistor.

Abstract: An echo canceller and a method of echo cancellation using an NLMS algorithm. The NLMS algorithm alternates adaptation between a slow mode, aggressive mode, and inhibition mode, according to the status of the echo canceller. This implementation requires no correlation information. This implementation is simple and not very time consuming. During initial conversation, the NLMS algorithm is in an aggressive mode to ensure fast convergence. After convergence, the NLMS algorithm switches to a slow mode for lower residual echo return. Whenever an abrupt increase of residual echo caused by either double talk or echo path change is detected, the current adaptive filter coefficients are retained and then updated in the aggressive mode. The decision as to which echo estimation (the response of the retained filter or the response of the aggressively adapted filter) is subtracted from the reference echo for echo cancellation within a short detection delay period is determined according to the Geigel algorithm.

Abstract: A double-talk detector (109) for an acoustic echo canceler (104) of a VoIP terminal (101) converts (216,226) received far-end signals (212) and transmitted near-end signals (222) into the frequency domain and high-pass filters out (218,228) low-frequencies representing noise to obtain a complex reference signal and a complex error signal, respectively. It then correlates (230) the complex signals and computes (232) the instantaneous error energy (234) and smoothed (long-term average) error energy (235) of the complex error signal. If the convergence value is below 0.06 (300), the signals are converged and double-talk detection is enabled (306). If the convergence value is above 0.09 (312), the signals are diverged and double-talk detection is disabled (316). If double-talk detection is not enabled, an error threshold (236) is set (304,318) to the value of the smoothed error energy.

Abstract: For stream or block ciphers, a sequence generator using a quasi-crystal function is used to prepare an encryption or decryption pad. Various techniques for generating purely aperiodic sequences using quasi-crystal functions are available, including geometric, algebraic and symbolic substitution. The aperiodic sequence is generated using minimal processing power, and generation may continue for extended periods of time in the case of long messages or extended period encryption of a data transmission channel.

Abstract: Bit generator for determining a secret encryption key and a corresponding process, the generator having a memory with one memorization cell and measurement and reference bits, and a calculation device connected to the memory, such that a bit applied at an input of the bit generator makes another bit appear at an output thereof. Such a generator is applicable to cryptographic systems and methods.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for enhancing the security of selected information associated with a negotiable document, such as the monetary value of a cheque. In the invention, one or more security features are printed or applied onto the cheque. One such security feature is an encrypted control code. The preferred embodiment employs a secret key cryptographic scheme to encrypt the monetary value and thereby generate a first control code which is printed on the check. When the check is presented for payment, a validator, such as bank or cheque clearing house, employs a verification system having a copy of the encryption key to read the monetary value from the cheque and re-encrypt it according to said scheme to generate a second control code. The cheque is not honored if the first and second control codes are not identical. Another security feature is a security image, composed, for instance, from a foreground image of the monetary value superimposed over a background motif image.

Abstract: A cryptation system for information transmitted through packet switching networks masks the digital information data by combining it at the transmitting station with digital data of a certain cryptation code before transmitting the so-encrypted data through the network. The system also performs an inverse decrypting processing at the receiving station using the same code. The system generates at a transmitting station and at a receiving station, starting from a given pair of password codes or user key, a certain discrete chaotic model or map of the pair of codes or key, producing dynamically updated pairs of values of codes or keys every certain number of processing steps of the chaotic map. The data to be transmitted is masked by way of a logic combination with the current dynamically updated keys at the transmitting station.

Abstract: A wireless mobile unit includes a voice encoder circuit that receives an analog voice signal and creates digital voice data representing a user's voice. The mobile unit receives an encryption key entered by the user, typically on the keypad or through a voice recognition circuit, and stores the encryption key in a storage device. An encryption circuit encrypts the digital voice data using the encryption key. A transmitter then modulates the encrypted voice data onto an RF signal and transmits the RF signal to a base station in a wireless network. The base station uses the same encryption key to decrypt the signal before transmitting it to another base station or mobile unit. Signals transmitted from the base station to the mobile unit are encrypted and decrypted using a user-selected encryption key in a similar manner.

Abstract: Content such as computer software, data representing audiovisual works, and electronic documents can converted from a machine-bound state to user-bound state without modification to the content data itself. Instead, keys used to access the content are converted from the machine-bound state to the user-bound state. In particular, the keys are kept in a passport data structure which can represent either a machine-binding or a user-binding. A machine-bound passport can be upgraded to a user-bound passport without modifying the bound content. The private key of the machine-bound passport, in cleartext form, is included in the user-bound passport and encrypted using a user-supplied password to bind the private key to the user. In addition, private user information is collected and verified and included in the user-bound passport.

Abstract: A digital hearing aid according to the present invention is capable of measuring its own performance. The hearing aid includes a test signal generator for feeding a test signal into the hearing aid amplifier. The response to the test signal is acquired at a specific point in the hearing aid, depending upon what aspect of performance is to be measured. Various elements of the hearing aid and/or the hearing aid feedback may be bypassed. The hearing aid further includes the capability of initializing hearing aid parameters based upon the performance measurements. The measurement and initialization capability may be entirely integral to the hearing aid, or an external processor may be used to download the measurement program and the run time program, and assist in computing the parameters.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating harmonics in an audio signal with an adder stage, which can add signals from a first signal line and a second signal line, such that an audio signal with harmonics can be tested at the output of the adder stage and such that a filter device and a nonlinear circuit device are situated in the second signal line, characterized in that a corner frequency of the filter device is adjustable.

Abstract: An earphone with control device of timing call setting, mainly comprises a earphone device with a plug body end and speaker end, a control circuit device that is disposed between the plug body end and speaker end of the earphone phone, as well as an external setting device. Control circuit comprises a timing setting circuit, time pulse circuit, sound generation circuit, sounds switch circuit and sound recording and broadcasting system. And, a timing setting can be done to the timing setting circuit through external setting device, when a set time is reached, the time pulse circuit outputs a time pulse to timing setting circuit, the sound generation circuit then emit an alarm sound to the sounds switch circuit, and the sounds switch circuit shuts off temporally the sound comes from the earphone device, and switches the alarm sound generated from the sound generation circuit to a speaker end of the earphone so as to reach the purpose of timing call.

Abstract: An orientation adjusting apparatus for a speaker set has a moving device, which is received in a housing, and includes a first motor, a second motor, a co-moving wheel, and an up and down movably frame biased upwards by springs. The first motor comes into contact with a top of the frame at a depressing wheel thereof. The second motor is secured to the frame, and has a second wheel. The co-moving wheel is connected to the frame. When the first, and the second motors are activated, the frame will be moved down by means of the depressing wheel for both the second wheel and the co-moving wheel to stick out from the bottom of the housing to come into contact with the ground, and the housing will be moved left and right by means of the second wheel with a rear support leg thereof as a pivot.

Abstract: Determining a time delay between a first signal received at a first sensor and a second signal received at a second sensor is described. The first signal is analyzed to derive a plurality of first signal channels at different frequencies and the second signal is analyzed to derive a plurality of second signal channels at different frequencies. A first feature detected that occurs at a first time in one of the first signal channels. A second feature is detected that occurs at a second time in one of the second signal channels. The first feature is matched with the second feature and the first time is compared to the second time to determine the time delay.

Abstract: An audio system includes a circuit (12) for processing an audio signal, the circuit (12) having an input (20) for receiving the audio signal and an output (26) for supplying an output signal. The circuit (12) further includes a harmonics generator (22) coupled to the input (20) for generating harmonics of the audio signal and an adding circuit (24) coupled to the input (20) as well as to the harmonics generator (22) for supplying a sum of the audio signal and the generated harmonics to the output (26). The harmonics generator (22) includes an integrator (34) for integrating the audio signal, and, coupled thereto, a resetting circuit (36) for resetting the integrator (34) at resetting times.

Abstract: An audio system includes amplifying with distortion via a first amplifier electrical audio signals from a sound source, such as an electric guitar, for example, to obtain a desired tonal quality in the sound produced from a first loudspeaker driver by the amplified electrical audio signals, simultaneous with applying electrical signals from a piezo film transducer attached to the cone of the first loudspeaker to a second amplifier having a flat response over a desired frequency range, and adjustable low and high frequency rolloff, for driving a second loudspeaker to produce desired perceived tonal quality at relatively low sound pressure levels, with the volume of the sound from the first and second loudspeakers being adjusted to match the acoustics of a room in which the audio system is operating.

Abstract: An audio signal amplifier circuit includes an external output terminal of an IC to which an output line of a power amplifier circuit is connected, a first resistor connected between a certain terminal of the IC other than the external output terminal and a feedback input of a differential amplifier circuit, a first capacitor connected between the external output terminal and a loud speaker, a second capacitor between the certain terminal of the IC and a wiring line between the external output terminal and the loud speaker, a filter circuit provided on a signal input side of the differential amplifier circuit and including a second resistor and a third capacitor for attenuating signal components having frequencies in a middle and high frequency ranges and voltage follower means provided between an input stage and an output stage of the audio signal amplifier circuit, wherein the first capacitor is a small capacitor having a capacitance value in the order of 30 &mgr;F or smaller and an attenuation characteristi

Abstract: An audio device has an electroacoustic transducer mounted on a clamp for converting an electric signal into an acoustic signal, an electromechanical vibration transducer for converting the electric signal into a mechanical vibration, and an abutting member having the electromechanical vibration transducer therein and mounted on the clamp so that the electromechanical vibration transducer is contacted with a cervix of a user when the audio device is worn on the head of the user.

Abstract: An electrostatically operating electroacoustic transducer, operating as a sound receiver and configured to be mounted in a microphone capsule, has an electrode and a diaphragm connected to one another at a spacing from one another by a spacer ring, wherein on the electrode at least one first electric resistor is arranged which is connected to a power supply during operation of the microphone. The resistor is heated to prevent condensation of water vapor, and this improves the resistance of the microphone against ambient humidity.

Abstract: A garment comprises a fabric shell (10) to which a number of electronic devices (12, 14) are removably attached, suitably in respective pockets (16,18). Linking the devices (12, 14) are a pair of electrical conductors (20, 22) with a fabric cover (24) over at least a part of their length. The fabric shell (10) and fabric cover (24) are provided with complementary connectors such as press-studs (26) to enable the fabric cover (24) and conductors (20, 22) to be attached to the garment, and easily removed therefrom for upgrades and/or cleaning of the garment.

Abstract: A speaker mounting apparatus is provided which facilitates pivoting of the speaker to a desired angular position, while providing increased thermal mass for the speaker assembly. For preferred embodiments, the speaker is mounted in a cup of a thermally conductive material, which cup has a surface which mates with a corresponding surface of a mount in a manner so as to permit the speaker to be pivoted to a desired angular position, to be held in such position and, for preferred embodiments, to permit heat transfer from the cup to the mount, which is also of a thermally conductive material, further increasing the thermal mass of the apparatus.

Abstract: An information processing device and a speaker unit applicable to the device. In one aspect of the present invention, the device includes a housing, a pole piece, a voice coil, a magnet, and a frame. The housing has an elastically vibratory vibration region. The pole piece has a first end and a second end. The first end is fixed to the vibration region of the housing. The voice coil is fixed to the second end of the pole piece. The magnet forms a magnetic field interlinking the voice coil. The frame fixes the magnet to the housing at a region other than the vibration region, for example. With this configuration, vibration of the voice coil due to a current flowing through the voice coil is transmitted through the pole piece to the vibration region of the housing, thus eliminating the need for a vibration board of a speaker and further eliminating the need for formation of holes for sound transmission through the housing.