Abstract: A coordinate measuring device for measuring three-dimensional or two-dimensional objects in the direction of the X, Y and Z axes of the coordinate measuring device. The X and Y measuring axes run in one plane in order to achieve a compact unit and a high measuring accuracy.

Abstract: A method for high throughput micro-purification of a library of tag-free biological compounds is claimed wherein a population of discrete liquid samples comprising the library of tag-free biological compounds is contacted with a solid chromatographic material comprising a functional group selected from ion exchange materials, hydrophobic materials, affinity materials and hydrophobic charge induction materials so as to retain the tag-free biological compounds of the library, isolating the chromatographic material retaining the biological compounds, releasing the biological compounds of the library from the solid chromatographic material and collecting the released biological compounds of the library to produce a population of samples comprising the isolated biological compound.

Abstract: A cellular thermoplastic polyolefin foam comprising at least one particulate additive in admixture with a polymer matrix is disclosed, along with a process and foamable gel for manufacturing the same, wherein the polyolefin matrix comprises at least one polymer resin graft-modified with at least one polar group selected from the group consisting of acid, acid ester, and acid anhydride, and salts thereof. The invention facilitates the manufacture of macrocellular foams useful for acoustic absorption having increased amounts of particulate additives that provide certain desired properties difficult to achieve without the particulate additives, such as improved flame retardancy.

Abstract: An object in a drier is to reduce a cooling time after completion of a drying operation and improve operation efficiency. The dryer comprises a storage room to accommodate a drying target and performs the drying operation and a cooling operation after completion of the drying operation for the drying target in the storage room.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal panel including a panel assembly, a nozzle mechanism is located at a vicinity of a liquid crystal filling port of the panel assembly with leaving a space between an intake of the nozzle mechanism and the liquid crystal filling port. The nozzle mechanism sucks surrounding gaseous to generate negative pressure and a continuous gaseous flow around the liquid crystal filling port. The negative pressure discharges an excess of liquid crystal filled in the panel assembly while the continuous gaseous flow blows the discharged liquid crystal. The blown liquid crystal is sucked into the intake of the panel assembly. Thus, a gap of the panel assembly is adjusted within a proper range in a short time.

Abstract: A garment finisher, including a heated enclosure having a garment entrance, a garment exit and a carrier for transporting garments at a predetermined rate of travel through the enclosure from the entrance to the exit. A temperature sensor is provided for sensing the temperature of the garment at at least one location within the enclosure. A feedback circuit interconnects the temperature sensor and a parameter controller for varying an operating condition, such as the temperature within the enclosure, the rate of travel of the garment through the enclosure or the moisture in the garment, of the finisher in response to a feedback signal from the temperature sensor indicating a out-of-variance garment temperature in relation to a preset desired garment temperature in order to bring the temperature of the garment back within variance of the preset desired garment temperature.

Abstract: A washing/drying machine has objects to shorten a time required for a washing operation, to improve a heat exchange capability in a radiator and an evaporator, and to shorten a drying time for things to be dried, and comprises: an accommodating chamber in which things to be washed (things to be dried) are accommodated and in which a drying operation of the things to be washed is performed; a refrigerant circuit in which a compressor, a gas cooler, a decompression device, an evaporator and the like are successively connected to one another in an annular form via a piping and in which carbon dioxide is used as a refrigerant and which has a supercritical pressure on a high pressure side thereof; and blower means for blowing air which has exchanged heat with the radiator into the accommodating chamber to allow the air passed through the accommodating chamber to exchange the heat with the evaporator, wherein the blower means constitutes a circulation direction of the air passed through the gas cooler, and that of

Abstract: Dried, singulated cellulose pulp fiber is produced by introducing wet pulp steam and air into a jet dryer. The air is heated to a temperature of 250° C. to 600° C. Steam is injected at a nozzle pressure of from 344 KPa (50 psig) to 4,137 KPa (600 psig). The pulp is removed from the jet dryer and separated from the air. The product formed has advantageous properties such as low fines count, improved kink curl and twist, and high permeability.

Abstract: A horizontally extending hose cleaning and drying apparatus includes a plurality of rack sections connected at ends thereof to create an elongated rack having a slope. Each rack section includes an upper plate having apertures or mesh material to allow water to fall therethrough. Legs are detachably connected to each rack section, the shortest legs being attached to a rack section at one end of the rack and the longest legs being attached to a rack section at the opposite end of the rack to create the slope. Preferably, the rack is of a length of at least 50 feet to accommodate fire hoses.

Abstract: Improved cap assemblies which isolate materials in containers, e.g., bottles, vials, multi-vial trays, multi-well trays, etc., during processes while permitting vapor to pass into or out of the container, such as during freeze drying and the like, and facilitate subsequent closure of the container to cease such vapor passage (e.g., stoppering, etc.). The cap assembly optimizes containment of solute, prevents contamination, is easy to use and is readily compatible with validated industrial drying processes.

Abstract: Rear cover assemblies (100, 200) for washing machines and dryers including front panels(110, 210) each mounted on rear of a top cover fitted to an upper part of each of the washing machines (1) and the dryers (2), the front panels each having a seat (111, 211) of identical shape, and back panels (120, 210) each being formed to be fitted to the seat (111, 211) of the front panel (110, 210), the back panel being configured to allow accessories required for each of the washing machines (1) or each of the dryers (2) to be fitted thereto. These rear cover assemblies form a unified particular outer appearance in one set consisting of any selected two of the washing machines (1) and the dryers (2), and they are exchangeable such that the particular outer appearance can be maintained even if relative positions of the washing machines and the dryers within the one set are changed.

Abstract: A heat exchanger apparatus for use with a tumble dryer. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger core portion that has hot air passageway that is connected to a tumble dryer exhaust and receives a volume of hot humid air. The hot air passageway has a first heat exchange area. An ambient air passageway has an inlet opening that receives a volume of ambient air and has a second heat exchange area that is in contact with the first heat exchange area and is generally orthogonal relative to it. The ambient air is drawn into the second heat exchange area and is heated by the hot air moving in the first heat exchange area. Both passageways are disposed in the heat exchanger core, which is sufficiently narrow to fit into a limited area surrounding the tumble dryer.

Abstract: A laminated substrate or base structure comprising separately formed layers with warp knitted or stitch bonded yarns joining the layers together wherein at least one of the layers is a reinforcing layer and at least one of the layers is for inhibiting resin flow through the substrate. A method for forming the substrate or base structure into a coated papermaker's process belt product is also described.

Abstract: A device for drying a paper web includes a structured fabric for carrying the paper web rests during the drying process. A single roll unit includes a suction roll for dewatering the paper web and a press roll for securing the paper web to the structured fabric. The paper web is dried by hot air while on a drying drum.

Abstract: An actuator (42) moves a nozzle (16) between vertical operating positions to accommodate the changing longitudinal configuration of a vehicle (18) and a rotary drive (46) rotates the nozzle (16) about a nozzle axis to efficiently direct air against the contour of the vehicle (18). A first sensor (50) is disposed upstream of the nozzle (16) for detecting the presence of a vehicle from above and for generating a blower start signal (50) and for generating an actuator signal to energize the actuator (42) and move the nozzle system (14) vertically between the operating positions. A second sensor (52) is disposed between the first sensor (50) and the nozzle (16) for detecting the contour of a vehicle from above. A third sensor (56) is disposed downstream of the second sensor for sensing the rear of a vehicle from above.

Abstract: An integrated article of footwear including a waterproofing membrane direct attached to an upper of the footwear. An outsole is further secured to the membrane and/or the upper. In one embodiment, the membrane includes a visible aesthetic bead in the footwear forefoot region, but not the heel region. The membrane may be of greater thickness in the forefoot region to provide added rigidity. A heel cradle is positioned in the footwear heel region between the upper and the outsole. The footwear provides the durability of a direct attach construction in the forefoot and the comfort and cushion of an athletic construction in the heel of the shoe. A method for constructing the footwear includes direct attaching the membrane to an upper of the shoe. Optionally, a heel cradle is disposed in the heel region of the shoe, and the outsole is secured to the heel cradle and/or upper there.

Abstract: A shoe having an anthropomorphic sole that copies the underlying stability, support, and cushioning structures of the human foot. Natural stability is provided by attaching a completely flexible but relatively inelastic shoe sole upper directly to the bottom sole, enveloping the sides of the midsole, instead of attaching it to the top surface of the shoe sole. Doing so puts the flexible side of the shoe upper under tension in reaction to destabilizing sideways forces on the shoe causing it to tilt. That tension force is balanced and in equilibrium because the bottom sole is firmly anchored by body weight, so the destabilizing sideways motion is neutralized by the tension in the flexible sides of the shoe upper. Support and cushioning is provided by shoe sole compartments filled with a pressure-transmitting medium like liquid, gas, or gel. Unlike similar existing systems, direct physical contact occurs between the upper surface and the lower surface of the compartments, providing firm, stable support.

Abstract: An improvement in the design of a shoe wherein a flexible material is placed inside the shoe sole at the level over the insole and below the toes of the foot and either above or also in line with the midsole, so that the wearer's toes rest along the flexible material when the wearer's foot is inserted into the shoe. The flexible material also extends to the area at the base of the big toe and behind the ball of the foot behind the big toe under the 1st metatarso-phalange joint base of the big toe. In a variation of the present invention, the flexible material only extends under the toes and does not extend behind the big toe. Therefore, in addition to all five toes resting on the flexible material, the ball of the foot area at the base of the big toe also rests on the flexible material. By filling the frontal section of the shoe sole with the flexible material, the flexible material permits the toes to curl downward when walking.

Abstract: A hanging picture gallery or album comprises a plurality of relatively large plastic sheets, each formed with a large number of pockets adapted to retain individual photographs. In the preferred embodiment, the pockets are formed on both sides of each sheet, and the plastic sheets are vertically retained on a special multiple hook support in turn adapted to hang from the top of a door. The number of plastic sheets is limited only by the size of the hooks on the special multiple hook support. Ten to fifty sheets may be accommodated on a special multiple hook support without unduly stressing a solid properly hung door. Each sheet may have twenty to fifty pockets for photographs on each side, all on one side viewable at the same time. In the preferred embodiment, the sheets are slightly less than 30? wide to conveniently be hung from the hooks on the back side of a closet door or bedroom door.

Abstract: A portable x-ray viewer is configured as a clipboard. The clipboard configuration makes the portable x-ray viewer easy to handle by doctors and other medical personnel. Since the viewer is portable, the number of required x-ray viewers in a doctor's office or a medical facility is greatly reduced, thus reducing the overall cost. In addition, the portable x-ray viewer is provided with an automatic control for controlling the viewer. In particular, in accordance with an important aspect of the invention, the viewer is automatically turned on when an x-ray is inserted and is automatically turned off when the x-ray is removed. As such, use of the x-ray viewer is facilitated for medical personnel and also eliminates the problem of premature burnout of the display or lamp when the x-ray viewer is left on for extended periods of time.

Abstract: A flame simulating apparatus to simulate flames emanating from a wood or fossil fuel burning fire. The flame simulating apparatus includes a light source, a light reflecting element, and a fire simulation screen. The light reflecting element produces a moving and generally random pattern of reflected light when light is cast upon it by the light source. The fire simulation screen has the image of a fire thereon and is positioned so that reflected light from the light reflecting element is cast upon its rear surface. The fire simulation screen includes at least one portion that is at least partially translucent such that light cast upon the partially translucent portion by the light reflecting element is diffused and at least partially passes through the translucent portion to present a moving flame image when viewed from a position in front of the fire simulation screen.

Abstract: A portable display device and method of setting up the portable display device. The display device includes first and second panels that can fold inwardly relative to each other. The device may also include a marquee surface integral with the display device that extends outwardly from the first and second panels, and a footer integral with the display device that extends away from the first and second panels. First and second bottom braces can also be integral with and movably coupled to the first and second panels, respectively.

Abstract: A display panel for use on a golf cart is composed of layered transparent panels and frame members adhered together. Two transparent panels are separated by a set of spacer members to form a cavity between the transparent panels. The cavity is accessible via an opening at one end of the display panel and is sealed with a removable spacer member inserted between the transparent panels. Two frame members are adhered respectively to each of the two transparent panels. The display panel is mounted to the canopy supports of a golf cart with clamps attached to each end of the display panel.

Abstract: An interchangeable display device having three main pieces combined to form a picture frame. The unique nature of the three-dimensional frame increases the variety for displaying items such as photographs, certificates and the like. Another embodiment incorporates this interchangeable display device as a table that is supported by legs. The first piece of the three dimensional frame is the outer shell, which simulates the stadium structure and is three-dimensional. The second piece is the interchangeable insert. The inner part of the insert has an adhesive print attached that looks like a sporting field, arena, rink, court, or floor with an open center for an article to be displayed. For further variety the interchangeable inserts can be interchanged with other interchangeable inserts having a different appearance. The last piece is a support ring that connects to the outer shell and adds strength to the overall structure.

Abstract: A firearm safety lock for an automatic pistol such as the Model 1911 firearm is disclosed. The safety lock includes a means of arresting the operation of the main trigger or hammer spring in the pistol grip of the firearm to prevent movement of the hammer, thereby locking the gun in a safe condition. A means and a method is disclosed for locking a pistol in a sale condition by arresting the movement of the hammer spring buffer through insertion of a locking shaft through the pistol grip housing which can be keyed to prevent unauthorized removal of the locking shaft. The disclosed invention may be used on newly manufactured firearms or provides a method to easily convert an existing firearm without permanent modification or damage to the firearm.

Abstract: This invention concerns a supplementary safety device in the form of a false cartridge to be inserted into the chamber of a light firearm barrel, including a radially expandable portion controlled by a lock operated by a specific key for locking/unlocking it in the barrel in which it is housed, so it may be removed only voluntarily.

Abstract: An adjustable laser sight is provided, wherein the laser sight is fastened to a toy gun, such as a water gun. The laser emits a beam providing a method for aiming the stream of water, thereby providing amusement by way of simulating the visual effect of “real” laser sights on actual weapons.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for configured to be attached to a gunbarrel of a firearm helping to aim at a moving target. The gun sight includes different-sized sight indicators including a first sight indicator located to be closer to the gunbarrel, and a second sight indicator, smaller than the first sight indicator and located to be further from the gunbarrel, both along a first direction that extends from the gunbarrel. In some embodiments use a plurality of different-sized of sight indicators along each of a plurality of directions for tracking moving targets approximately in those directions, for helping determine the amount of lead (the angle between the gunbarrel and the line to the target) used when shooting. Some embodiments use indicators, such as printed or embossed lines, icons, or tinted shapes, on a transparent substrate, while others use a wire-like structure formed with the indicators. Some embodiments use an anti-reflective coating.

Abstract: A fishing lure consisting a wingcase wobbler that is arranged for releasable attachment to a bait having, as opposite ends, an eyelet and a barbed hook. The wingcase wobbler is formed from a flat section of a flexible plastic material, may be clear or colored, is shaped with a rounded bow end, and tapers along opposite sides to a flat stern having a slot formed along its longitudinal axis, and with a port formed at a point along the wobbler longitudinal axis that is spaced a greater distance from the stem than the bow. The bait eyelet end fits through the port and the wobbler is bowed to where the slot fits over a stop that is secured to the bait body. The wobbler can be clear or colored, can be notched or serrated along its sides between the port and stern, can include attached items secured along its longitudinal axis, or can be slotted thereacross, and the bait can be wrapped with thread, have feathers attached thereto, or the like, lending an insect appearance to the lure.

Abstract: High density polymeric fishing line having a density of at least about 1.9 g/cc. The polymeric fishing line preferably comprises fluoropolymer. Preferably the polymeric material has a modulus of at least about 200,000 psi and a tenacity of at least about 2.0 g/denier.

Abstract: A mesh liner for a bait container that enables the bait to move along the liner with the live bait spread out along the sides of the container as well as on the bottom, thereby preventing the bait from smothering each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an automated pest control dust applicator device for remote applications, such as bug or bee or hornet spraying in high areas, e.g., trees, overhangs, porch roofs, dormers, eaves, etc. Thus, the automated pest control dust applicator device includes: an elongated support pole having a predetermined length and having a distal end and a proximal end; a dust dispensing nozzle located proximate the distal end of the pole, and connected to a dust reservoir; a conduit and a compressor, with appropriate controls. The dust reservoir is located at the distal end of the elongated support pole. The dust reservoir has an air inlet connected to the conduit, and has an outlet connected to the dust dispensing nozzle for dispersion of the dust. The conduit extends from the dust reservoir a substantial distance in length along the elongated support pole and is connected at its lower end to an air compressor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a set of wax parameter specifications that will produce candles with improved properties. Specifically, the present invention relates to a blend of waxes that produces container candles with surprising properties and eliminates or minimize the use of costly microwax, polymers or additives. More specifically, this invention relates to a blend for and method of producing container candles that demonstrates the improved properties of low shrinkage, little oil bleed, enhanced opaqueness and creamy appearance and enhanced fragrance retention.

Abstract: Use of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel in a fuel composition, for the purpose of reducing the amount of additives, in particular antifoaming and/or dehazing additives, in the composition is disclosed. The Fischer-Tropsch fuel may be used to reduce the amount of silicon containing additives in the composition, or generally to reduce silicon levels, and in turn to reduce loss of efficiency of fuel atomization and/or combustion in a fuel consuming system which is running on the fuel composition, and/or to reduce build up of deposits, in particular silicon deposits, in such a system.

Abstract: A method for reducing the level of deposits in a jet engine, the method comprising supplying to the engine a jet fuel composition comprising a jet fuel and at least one hydrocarbyl comb polymer. The at least one hydrocarbyl comb polymer has a number average molecular weight of less than 5,500, preferably less than 5,000.

Abstract: The present invention provides a jet fuel composition comprising (i) a jet fuel; (ii) a compound of Formula I wherein m is at least 1; wherein n is 0 or 1; wherein when m is 1, n is 0; wherein the or each R1 is a hydrocarbyl group with the proviso that the or each R1 is free of carboxylic acid and carboxylic ester groups; and wherein when m is 1, R1 is a polymeric group comprising at least 12 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An evaporation apparatus for solvent fuel has an extra fuel reservoir installed outside of an evaporation tank, and a fuel level controller for controlling the amount of fuel in the evaporation tank so as to maintain the concentration of gaseous fuel in the evaporation tank in a preferable state for stable combustion. The fuel level controller is composed of a float bowl and a gate switch, the on/off of the latter is controlled by the position of the former which in turn controls the amount of fuel contained in the evaporation tank. A heating strip installed outside of the evaporation tank is connected with a temperature controller having a temperature gage to control the inner temperature of the evaporation tank stably at a constant value. This apparatus has only to heat a small amount of fuel in a short heating time so that the temperature can be easily controlled and the quality of the fuel is upgraded by keeping the concentration of gaseous fuel stably.

Abstract: This invention relates to a protective device for foliage used to shelter the foliage from frost and/or freezing conditions. More particularly, it relates to foliage protectors, which can, but are not limited to the use of low wattage heating units as an integral part of the protective device. The invention encapsulates the foliage in a flexible enclosure and is available in various sizes and thermal warming capacities. The foliage protector expressly utilizes waste heat from conventional rope light and/or kapton heater tape for providing the heat source.

Abstract: A folding support stand is used to hold up growing plants. The stand has a pair of matching support frames each having a pair of legs interconnected by at least one beam member. The support frames are connected for pivotal movement between and open position for use and a closed position for storing, and a catch is provided to prevent this pivotal motion. Here the legs on each frame may form a scissor assembly with a leg on the other frame. At least one trellis piece is disposed on and supported by each support frame. In the embodiments, two beams and a plurality of trellis pieces are associated with each support frame. The trellis pieces can be slats or serpentine wire members. The catch can be variable so that the acute angle between the support frames can be changed, as desired.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for producing orchid seedlings by static liquid culture, in which a suitable amount of orchid seeds are suspended in a liquid medium suitable for the germination and growth of the orchid seeds to form a seed suspension; the seed suspension is then added into an empty culture container, so that the seed suspension within the culture container has a predetermined depth sufficient to enable each of the seeds to be suspended within the liquid medium while not causing said each seedling to an oxygen-deficient state; thereafter, the container is allowed to stand, such that the seeds suspended within the liquid medium germinate and grow into seedlings. The young seedlings thus obtained can be further cultivated by static liquid culture.

Abstract: A plant growing apparatus, the apparatus comprising a sidewall with an outer surface and an inner surface and having a plurality of tiers where each descending tier has a smaller diameter than the tier immediately above, an anti-circling channel formed in the sidewall wherein the channel protrudes through the sidewall forming an indenture in the inner surface of the sidewall and a channel on the outer surface of the sidewall, a plurality of slots formed therethrough the sidewall, and a detachable base that is connected to the sidewall.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of plant root and bulb protection. Specifically, the invention involves a device and method for physically protecting plant root, and planted bulbs from pests, rodents and other vermin. According to one embodiment of the invention, the device comprises a perforated bag of a durable material, resistant to decay. According to an embodiment of this invention, the device is comprised of a perforated, tubular plastic sheath having a perforation pattern optimized to reduce access to pests, rodents and vermin, while enhancing plant root viability.

Abstract: A planter system having a self-draining tray for supporting a flower pot or planter in an area that receives regular watering, the tray having flat, horizontal surfaces formed by ribs supporting the flower pot or planter and another surface below the ribs directing excess water to a drain. The drain allows excess water to be removed from the tray regardless of how much water is received by the flower pot or planter. The drain may be connected to a hose or other tubing to conduct water away from the planter system. The self-draining tray may be incorporated integrally with a flower pot as a combined planter system. Drain tubing and/or drain/supply tubing may be fabricated having a particular profile.

Abstract: Disclosed are a syngas production process and a reforming exchanger 100. The process involves passing a first portion of hydrocarbon feed mixed with steam and oxidant through an autothermal catalytic steam reforming zone to form a first reformed gas of reduced hydrocarbon content, passing a second portion of the hydrocarbon feed mixed with steam through an endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone to form a second reformed gas of reduced hydrocarbon content, and mixing the first and second reformed gases and passing the resulting gas mixture through a heat exchange zone for cooling the gas mixture and thereby supplying heat to the endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone. The endothermic catalytic steam reforming zone and the heat exchange zone are respectively disposed tube side and shell side within a shell-and-tube reforming exchanger 100.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel reformer includes advancing a first air/fuel mixture having a first air-to-fuel ratio into the fuel reformer. The method also includes entrapping soot generated by the fuel reformer in a soot trap. The method further includes determining if a soot purge of the soot trap is to be performed and generating a purge-soot signal in response thereto. Further, a second air/fuel mixture having a second air-to-fuel ratio is advanced into the fuel reformer in response to generation of the purge-soot signal. The second air-to-fuel ratio is greater than the first air-to-fuel ratio in order to burn soot present in the soot trap. A fuel reformer system is also disclosed.

Abstract: An Improved Gate Assembly is disclosed. The preferred gate assembly is constructed primarily from plastic or other resilient material that resists denting, bending, chipping, cracking, and graffiti painting. The gate assembly includes a novel mounting and hinge system from which the gates hang and swing, and which permits the pivot points to flex in order to prevent damage to the gate members themselves. The preferred gate system includes a cane bolt assembly that remains retracted while the gates are being moved, and also flexes and/or bends if the gates are struck by a vehicle. The gates include shock-absorbing bumper assemblies to prevent damage to them and may include display sections for displaying pertinent warnings or other information.

Abstract: An access door has a rectangular outer frame adapted to be set in a wall and having two longitudinal sides and two transverse sides defining four corners and a rectangular inner frame dimensioned to fit within the outer frame. Respective hinge plates fixed at corners at ends of one of the longitudinal sides of the inner frame each have an outer part bearing outward on a back face of the outer frame for holding the inner frame in the outer frame and for pivoting of the inner frame in the outer frame generally about the one longitudinal side. Each of the plates is formed with a transversely outwardly open centering notch. Respective centering tabs on the outer frame are engageable in the centering notches of the hinges.

Abstract: A sealing assembly for sealing a gap between the worn and rounded edge of an overhead door and a floor surface. The sealing assembly has a flexible seal including a first member of a coupling arrangement extending along a length of the seal, an edge cover including a second member of the coupling arrangement extending along a length of the cover, the second member of the coupling arrangement cooperating with the first member of the coupling arrangement to couple the seal and the cover together, and a stop member extending along a length of the cover. The stop member protrudes beyond the coupling arrangement to substantially prevent the coupling arrangement from transmitting a force into the cover when the door is moved to a closed position and the seal engages the floor surface.

Abstract: Polishing pads are provided that include a substrate for a polishing pad and a plurality of spaced apart members on the substrate and protruding from the substrate. The plurality of members include at least one abrasive layer and at least one chemical additive layer. Related methods of fabricating polishing pads are also provided herein.

Abstract: Polishing particles are made of artificial diamond produced by a shock method, having density of 3.0-3.35 g/cm3 and including secondary particles with average particle diameter of 30 nm-500 nm. Such polishing particles are produced by firstly obtaining a product containing artificial diamond by a shock method, then subjecting this product to an acid treatment by using one or more strong acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid to thereby remove impurities from and wash the product, thereafter subjecting the product to a classification process to thereby separate artificial diamond of a first kind having secondary particles with particle diameters of 30 nm-500 nm and artificial diamond of a second kind having secondary particles with particle diameters in excess of 500 nm and selecting artificial diamond of a third kind having density of 3.0-3.35 g/cm3 out of the artificial diamond of the first kind.