Abstract: A cold cathode tube lighting device is provided which is capable of obtaining stable luminance when a cold cathode tube is driven by applying voltages to input terminals on both ends of the cold cathode tube. A first current flowing through each of transformer secondary sides of transformers is detected by a tube current detecting circuit from a low-voltage side of each of the transformer secondary sides and a second current flowing through each of resonance capacitors is detected by the tube current detecting circuit and a difference between the first current and the second current is calculated for every separately-excited inverter and, based on the difference, a tube current of the cold cathode tube is obtained and frequencies of driving pulse voltages are changed by a voltage controlling oscillator for setting so that the tube current maintains a predetermined value.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus is capable of reducing a power loss incurred by a power-supply section in a process of generating a power-supply voltage for driving a backlight section. In the configuration of the power-supply section, a main power-supply circuit and an inverter circuit (or a DC-DC converter) are connected to an input-voltage generation unit in parallel to each other, which is used for rectifying and smoothing the commercial alternative current power. The main power-supply circuit and the inverter circuit (or the DC-DC converter) each include an isolation transformer including a primary-side winding not isolated from the commercial alternative current power and a secondary winding provided on the secondary side. The direct current input voltage is supplied to the primary side to be subjected to a power conversion process to generate an output voltage on the secondary side of the isolation transformer.

Abstract: The AC output from a source is rectified and applied to a resistor/Zener diode circuit connection which determines the magnitude of the rectified voltage applied via a circuit to a first MOSFET device. The inverted output of the first MOSFET device is applied to the gate electrode of a second MOSFET device in a manner such that the second MOSFET device is ON even when the AC output passes through zero. The output of the second MOSFET device is connected to a resistor which determines the magnitude of the load applied to the dimmer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved high-efficiency solar-charging electric window candle comprising a base adapted to sit securely upon a window sill. The base includes a footer formed with a battery compartment accessible through a bottom hatch, and a riser protruding upwardly from the footer with upwardly inclined side surfaces. The riser also has a compartment for enclosing a circuit board, and a vertically-oriented collar. A rechargeable battery is mounted in the footer of said base, and a hollow cylindrical candle body is inserted in the collar of the base riser, and a bulb assembly comprising a white LED is mounted atop the candle body. A circuit board is enclosed in the riser and includes two circuits: a current pump for supplying a pulsed current, and a photosensing circuit for sensing ambient light levels.

Abstract: The fact that the intensity of the pulse decays more slowly than predicted by the inverse square law is not therefore incompatible with the conservation of energy, for it is not the same wave packet that is observed at different distances from the source: the wave packet in question is constantly dispersed and reconstructed out of other waves. The cusp curve of the envelope of the wavefronts emanating from an infinitely long-lived source is detectable in the radiation zone not because any segment of this curve can be identified with a caustic that has formed at the source and has subsequently travelled as an isolated wavepacket to the radiation zone, but because a certain set of waves superpose coherently only at infinity.

Abstract: A structure for supporting a bellows (1) from the inside has a guiding track (8) provided inside the bellows and extending in the axial direction of the bellows. A moving member (10) is provided so as to be movable in the bellows' axial direction on the guiding track. The moving member and the bellows are connected by an intermediate supporting member (5).

Abstract: A ride-on toy vehicle including an on/off input device, a direction input device and a speed input device. A pair of electrical motors are connected by a switching circuit to the battery in parallel or in series based on the speed input from the speed input device and in a first or second polarity based on the direction input from the direction input device.

Abstract: A trailer jack system includes an electric linear actuator having an electric motor, a source of electric power, and a controller that supplies a first voltage to the electric motor when the electric linear actuator is loaded and a second voltage to the electric motor when the electric linear actuator is unloaded. The electric linear actuator also includes a cylindrically shaped housing, a leg coaxially extending and retracting from the housing, and a support foot at a free end of the leg. The controller supplies the first voltage to the electric motor when a motor current of the electric motor is below a predetermined threshold value and supplies the second voltage to the electric motor when the motor current is above the predetermined threshold value. Preferably, the first voltage is about 24 volts and the second voltage is about 12 volts.

Abstract: A drive apparatus includes an electric motor (9), a control device (2) having a microprocessor (3) and a motor control module (5), which interacts with a power module (7) for the purpose of adjusting desired electrical parameters for the electric motor (9), a connecting line (8), which connects an output of the control device (2) to the electric motor (9), and a self-diagnostics device having a structure-borne noise sensor (6), which is connected to the electric motor, and an assessment module (4) for the signals from said structure-borne noise sensor (6). The invention assessment module is integrated in the control device, to be precise such that the microprocessor (3) of the control device (2) assesses the signals from the structure-borne noise sensor (6). The computational power of the microprocessor used in the operation of the power module (7) is used for directly assessing and interpreting the structure-borne noise signal.

Abstract: An inverter apparatus is composed of an insulated metal substrate, a conductive stud, a printed circuit board, a conductive spacer, and a bus bar. An inverter output stage is mounted on the insulated metal substrate. The conductive stud is coupled to a main surface of the insulated metal substrate, and electrically connected with the inverter output stage. The printed circuit board is supported by the stud. The stud is coupled on the rear surface of the printed circuit board. Provided on the main surface of the printed circuit board is a circuit connected to the inverter output stage. The conductive spacer is coupled on the main surface of the printed circuit board, and electrically connected with the stud. The bus bar is coupled to the spacer.

Abstract: In an apparatus of controlling a motor in a battery vehicle, a current command generation section has a table, and generates an exciting command current and a torque command current by referring to the table based on a torque command. A converting section generates 3-phase command voltages from the exciting command current and the torque command current. A motor driving section drives a motor in response to the 3-phase command voltages.

Abstract: Small brushless motor having high output and small torque ripple. The brushless motor includes induction voltage adjusting means. With this, induction voltage of each phase of the stator is adjusted into a flatly spread waveform having no abrupt variation where odd-numbered of order harmonic is superposed, thereby obtaining a small motor having high output capable of efficiently generating large torque with small ripple.

Abstract: A voltage detection section and current detection section detect a voltage and current supplied to a motor, and the detected voltage and current are supplied to a position detection section. An angular speed output from the position detection section is supplied to a differentiator to output an angular acceleration. A fundamental wave component extraction section extracts a fundamental wave component of the angular acceleration, and the extracted fundamental wave component is supplied to an amplitude adjustment section. The output of the amplitude adjustment section is subtracted from the average current command by a subtraction section. This subtraction result, current detection value, and the rotor position from the position detection section are supplied to a current control section to carry out the current control operation so as to obtain a current command.

Abstract: A voltage detection section and current detection section detect a voltage and current supplied to a motor, and the detected voltage and current are supplied to a position detection section. An angular speed output from the position detection section is supplied to a differentiator to output an angular acceleration. A fundamental wave component extraction section extracts a fundamental wave component of the angular acceleration, and the extracted fundamental wave component is supplied to an amplitude adjustment section. The output of the amplitude adjustment section is subtracted from the average current command by a subtraction section. This subtraction result, current detection value, and the rotor position from the position detection section are supplied to a current control section to carry out the current control operation so as to obtain a current command.

Abstract: In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, a method of performing calibration of an optical axis of a sensor installed on a hand of an arm of a robot by obtaining misalignment of the optical axis of the sensor relative to the hand or by obtaining misalignment of the hand relative to the arm is provided. A method of performing calibration by detecting a teaching tool 11 disposed at a semiconductor wafer placing position of a storage container or a carrying device by a sensor 6 installed on a hand 5 of a robot 1 to teach the position of the semiconductor wafer to the robot 1 includes a step of placing the teaching tool 11 at specified position with the robot 1, a step of predicting the position of the teaching tool 11 detecting the teaching tool 11 with the sensor 6, and a step of obtaining a difference between the position of the teaching tool 11 and the predicted value.

Abstract: Since a release voltage to a brake is applied by a plurality of series-connected contacts and at least one contact is a normally open contact of a relay for controlling a driving power supply of a motor, a control apparatus having a high safety characteristic for an industrial-purpose robot is provided, while even when fusion of a contact happens to occur, the control apparatus can firmly interrupt the application of the release voltage to the brake. Also, the control apparatus for the industrial-purpose robot is provided which need not be equipped with a power supply for releasing the brake by an operator in a manual manner.

Abstract: A voltage detection section and current detection section detect a voltage and current supplied to a motor, and the detected voltage and current are supplied to a position detection section. An angular speed output from the position detection section is supplied to a differentiator to output an angular acceleration. A fundamental wave component extraction section extracts a fundamental wave component of the angular acceleration, and the extracted fundamental wave component is supplied to an amplitude adjustment section. The output of the amplitude adjustment section is subtracted from the average current command by a subtraction section. This subtraction result, current detection value, and the rotor position from the position detection section are supplied to a current control section to carry out the current control operation so as to obtain a current command.

Abstract: A motor encoder is mounted on a motor shaft of a geared motor 1, and the origin position is detected by using a Z-phase signal. An absolute value encoder with a precision that allows the number of motor rotations to be determined is mounted on an output shaft 4 of a reduction gear, and the absolute rotational position thereof is detected. When the first Z-phase signal generated in conjunction with the rotation of the motor shaft 2a is obtained at startup and at other times, the mechanical starting point at which the motor shaft and output shaft are both positioned at the origin can be calculated based on the absolute rotational position of the reduction-gear output shaft obtained from the output-side absolute value encoder. Since the mechanical starting point is obtained by rotating the motor shaft a single rotation at most, the time required to calculate the mechanical starting point is short in comparison with conventional examples, and extraneous rotational movements can be avoided.

Abstract: A switched reluctance traction system is provided for work machines. The switched reluctance traction system may include a plurality of switched reluctance motors. Each switched reluctance motor may include a stator with a plurality of stator poles and a rotor with a plurality of rotor poles. The switched reluctance traction system may also include one or more coupling elements to couple together the plurality of switched reluctance motors such that each of the plurality of motors is capable of driving the switched reluctance traction system independently.

Abstract: A forklift having a cargo apparatus, the responsiveness of which to the operation by a user is improved. The forklift has: a DSP which generates a frequency instruction f* in response to the operation to a cargo apparatus operation lever, a voltage instruction V* from the frequency instruction f* by using the VVVF control, inverter control signals from the voltage instruction v*; an inverter which generates the three-phase electric power in response to the inverter control signal; a hydraulic pump; an induction motor driving a hydraulic pump by using the three-phase electric power; and a cargo apparatus which is driven by the hydraulic pressure supplied from the hydraulic pump.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for canceling dead time effects in the form of common mode voltages produced by a three-phase power conversion device in a rectifier/inverter variable frequency drive (VFD) system includes limiting the voltage difference between phase voltages at certain switching transition times to an amount ?, that is a function of the dead time that is specified for the switches and delaying gating signals to the switches to remove unexpected pulses produced by common mode voltages.

Abstract: A motor driving apparatus includes: a current instruction calculator, for calculating a current instruction value based on a deviation between a speed instruction value and an estimated speed value; a current controller, for controlling an output current based on the current instruction value; a frequency instruction calculator, for calculating a frequency instruction value based on an output voltage instruction value or an output voltage detection value, wherein, when an induction motor is to be activated, the current instruction value and the frequency instruction value are calculated directly using the speed instruction value, and an output current and an output frequency are controlled in accordance with the current instruction value and the frequency instruction value.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for reducing the common mode voltage generated by eliminating zero-voltage vectors in a rectifier/inverter variable frequency drive (VFD) system includes comparing three phase voltages to each other to determine a maximum voltage in one phase, a minimum voltage in another phase and a middle voltage in still another phase, inverting phase voltages for one phase having the maximum voltage and another phase having the minimum voltage, comparing the phase voltages to a carrier wave to determine gating signals for three respective phases of the inverter, and inverting gating signals for the one phase having the maximum voltage and for another phase having the minimum voltage to reduce the common mode voltage in the motor.

Abstract: To give a guideline associated with control content required to use a fuel cell as a power source in various kinds of electronic equipment, and perform appropriate power management according to loads. A notebook personal computer includes a hybrid pack (10) which has a battery (11) serving as a secondary battery, a battery protection IC (12) for controlling this battery (11), a fuel cell (13) for causing a predetermine fuel and air to electrochemically react with each other so as to cause a power generating unit to generate power, and a fuel cell controller (14) for controlling this fuel cell (13), and a computer body (20) at least having a CPU (21) for executing various processes and consuming power.

Abstract: A booster cables kit includes a battery having a first booster cable connected to a positive pole terminal and a second booster cable connected to a negative pole terminal. A detection cable is connected between the first clamp and a circuit board which is connected to a switch device which is connected between the second clamp and the negative pole terminal.

Abstract: A battery cover assembly (100) includes a battery cover (30), a resilient member (20), and a locking member (40). The battery cover has a latching member configured for engaging with the fastener mechanism of a housing (10), and an insertion hole (322) configured for the insertion of a latching post (120) of the housing. The resilient member is mounted on the battery cover, and has a first latching end (202) and a second latching end (204). The first latching end is secured on the battery cover. The locking member is rotatably attached on the battery cover and configured for resisting the latching post when the battery cover is in the closed position thereby preventing movement of the battery cover toward the opened position. The second latching end of the resilient member is fixed on the locking member.

Abstract: A charging device includes a housing and a rail unit. The housing includes top and bottom panels, and a front panel. The top and bottom panels of the housing cooperatively define a front opening. The front panel of the housing serves to cover the front opening in the housing, and is coupled slidably and detachably to the top and bottom panels of the housing through the rail unit.

Abstract: A cordless screwdriver having a housing (12, 18), having a handle (14), in particular one that is angled in pistol fashion, having a preferably permanently installed rechargeable battery (40), having charging contact tabs (37) for charging the rechargeable battery (40), and having an output spindle (20) is always ready for use and can be picked up quickly because it has a lithium-ion (Li-ion) cell as its rechargeable battery (40) and can be placed onto a charging cradle (22) for an unlimited amount of time, in particular during pauses between uses; the charging mode is automatically initiated and in it, the cordless screwdriver (40), with regard to its output spindle (20), is positioned on the charging cradle (22) so that it is inclined, in particular by approximately 30-45°, in relation to the perpendicular and the end of the output spindle (20) points downward.

Abstract: Method for managing a battery system including a number of serially coupled batteries in a flexible, reliable, and cost effective way and that can be used in a wide variety of applications, such as tools, for example, hand tools, cars, boats, back-up systems, buses, trucks, golf carts, wheel chairs, electric cars and fork-lift trucks. The method includes the steps of detecting the battery voltage over each individual battery of the battery system; and utilizing a voltage imbalance between different batteries of the system during operation of the battery system. Furthermore, the method controls the voltage distribution of the batteries to create a voltage imbalance between different batteries of the battery system.

Abstract: A battery pack is provided which includes: a battery set having a plurality of secondary-battery cells connected in series and in parallel; and a battery-abnormality detection circuit. The battery-abnormality detection circuit controls a battery-set circuit separation switch, so as to detect an abnormality in each secondary-battery cell based on a change in the voltage of each cell when parallel-connection separation switches are turned off, and if detecting an abnormal secondary-battery cell, so as to separate the series module including this cell from a battery-set body.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to modify an output power of a power adapter coupled to a computing device in accordance with a power consumption of the computing device is discussed. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A battery charging apparatus includes a voltage detecting circuit, a current detecting circuit, a charging circuit, and a charge control circuit. The voltage detecting circuit detects a battery voltage of the battery and accordingly outputs a signal. The current detecting circuit detects a battery current supplied to the battery and accordingly outputs a signal. The charging circuit executes a current supply control to perform the charging to the battery such that the battery voltage becomes equal to a voltage predetermined based on control signals and also that the charging current becomes equal to a current predetermined based on the control signals. The charge control circuit instructs the charging circuit with the control signals to set the battery voltage and the charge current in response to a voltage indicated by the signal from the voltage detecting circuit.

Abstract: A battery-operated equipment comprises a battery; a constant voltage power source that derives a constant voltage from a battery voltage across the battery; and a microcomputer that incorporates an A/D converter(s) and has terminals for the A/D converter and a power input terminal. The microcomputer is connected with the battery via the power input terminal to use the battery voltage as its power source voltage. The converter is connected with the constant voltage power source via a specific terminal of the terminals for the converter to use the constant voltage as a voltage for the converter.

Abstract: In an apparatus, a first detecting unit detects the number of revolutions of a power generator, a second detecting unit detects an output voltage of the power generator, and a third detecting unit detects an output current of the power generator. A torque calculating unit calculates power generation torque based on the detected number of revolutions of the power generator, the detected output voltage, and the detected output current using relationship information. The relationship information represents a relationship between the power generation torque and each of the number of revolutions of the power generator, the output voltage, and the output current.

Abstract: A generator having a field coil L, and an SW1 control circuit 2 for controlling field current flowing through the field coil L. When a generating operation of the generator is to be ended, a switch 1 SW1 is turned off to interrupt the field current flowing through the field coil L, and a switch 2 SW2 is turned off to allow the field current remaining the field coil L to the current path including a resistance element 1 with a resistance element capable of quickly attenuating the field current.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fixed frequency electrical generation system with an induction coupler comprising: an electricity generator with no rings or brushes, an induction speed regulator, mechanically coupled, so as to transform mechanical energy input from a first shaft rotating at a variable speed into output electricity in the form of at least one alternating voltage (15) with a constant rms value and constant frequency.

Abstract: A DC-to-DC converter as described herein is suitable for use as a variable voltage supply for an RF power amplifier. The DC-to-DC converter includes a buck converter for providing relatively low voltage and current output, and a linear voltage regulator for providing relatively high voltage and current output. When operating in a buck converter mode, the DC-to-DC converter disables the linear voltage regulator, thus providing efficient low-level operation. When operating in a linear regulator mode, the DC-to-DC converter enables the linear voltage regulator while maintaining at least some current flow through the buck converter; this is accomplished by keeping an output transistor of the buck converter continuously on during the linear regulator mode. The DC-to-DC converter can transition between operating modes in a smooth manner that does not result in discontinuous voltage drops.

Abstract: A PFC circuit modulating a power line using pulse width modulation (PWM) to drive a power MOSFET and series inductor across the power line. Since many modern electronic systems include a power factor correction circuit (PFC) that already includes a series inductor and power MOSFET, a PLC is incorporated into a controller to inject a PLC transmit signal into a control loop for the PFC circuit. This can be done using either an analog PFC controller, such as the UCC28517, the UCC2819A, or a digital PFC controller such as based on a TMS32OC24xx DSP.

Abstract: The present invention is a voltage regulator circuit with enhanced frequency compensation. The voltage regulator includes an error amplifier, a dynamic bias circuit, an enhanced frequency compensation unit, a pass device and a compensation circuit. A signal from the pass device acts as an input signal of the error amplifier and is compared with another input signal, producing a differential signal. The differential signal is amplified and then provided to the dynamic circuit and the enhanced frequency compensation unit. The enhanced frequency compensation unit is provided such that a zero reference value in a left-hand plane can be generated to optimize the compensation for the voltage regulator circuit. The error amplifier includes a capacitor for compensating an output voltage of the voltage regulator circuit.

Abstract: A switching regulator in which a ceramic capacitor is used as an output capacitor is provided to secure a stable operation in a control loop system. A phase compensation circuit capable of forming a zero point is inserted between a differential pair of an error amplifier in the control loop system, thereby securing the stable operation in the control loop system.

Abstract: A DC to DC converter comprising an energy storage element comprising an energy storage element input and an energy storage element output, the energy storage element input coupled to receive a first power level and the energy storage element output providing a second power level. The converter also comprises a feedback circuit comprising a feedback input and a feedback output, the feedback input coupled to the energy storage element output. The converter further comprises a regulator circuit comprising a regulator circuit feedback input and a regulator circuit output, the regulator circuit feedback input coupled to the feedback output and the regulator circuit output coupled to the energy storage element input, the regulator circuit regulating the input of the first power level to the energy storage element input.

Abstract: A switching regulator for generating a regulated output voltage comprises a charging switch, a network with a coil, a capacitor and a diode as well as a control to open and close the charging switch. On the output side, the network has a positive output rail and a negative output rail, wherein the output voltage to be regulated is applied between the positive output rail and the negative output rail. The control is formed to control a change-over switch to connect the control input of the charging switch either to the positive output rail or the negative output rail via a potential coupling means. Thus, for controlling the switch, no individual potential has to be generated, but the potential at the positive output rail or the negative output rail, which is anyway applied, is used for controlling the charging switch. Thereby, the inventive switching regulator can be structured in a simple way and, additionally, provides defined and fast startup without requiring additional startup circuits.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for generating an output voltage (Vout) from an input voltage (Vup), said system comprising:—regulation means (T1) for regulating said output voltage (Vout) to a target voltage level (Vcons), said regulation means (T1) comprising a control terminal intended to receive a regulation signal (SR) and an output terminal for delivering said output voltage (Vout),—first control means (COMP1) for delivering a first control signal (SC1) from a comparison between said regulation signal (SR) and a first reference signal (Vref1).

Abstract: In an input transistor of current mirror circuit, it is intended to prevent the current generated by Early effects from appearing in the output current of the current mirror circuit. Having an Early voltage detector 22 of same connection and structure as a driver circuit 21, and connected in parallel to the driver circuit 21, the current flowing in input transistor Q9 of the Early voltage detector 22 is detected. Output current (current IQ11) of Early voltage detector 22 is added to input current (current IQ5) of driver circuit 21. As a result, in input current (current IQ7) of current mirror circuit 25, current ? due to Early voltage effects can be canceled. At the same time, current ? due to Early voltage effects generated in input transistor Q5 of current mirror circuit 25 is prevented from appearing in output current (current IQ8) of current mirror circuit 25.

Abstract: An adjustable regulated power device includes, for example, an electronic potential device, a regulated device and a control device. The electronic potential device includes an electronic potentiometer having a plurality of potentiometers. The regulated device includes a voltage regulator connected to an input power and at least one first potentiometer of the potentiometers. The first potentiometer forms a variable resistor used for adjusting an output voltage from the voltage regulator. The control device includes a microprocessor and a control input device used for receiving an input setting value. The microprocessor is connected to the control input device and the electronic potentiometer for receiving the setting value and controlling the electronic potentiometer according to the setting value.

Abstract: An elongate probe of at least 2 feet in length for alerting a user to the presence of electrical energy includes an antenna to sense radiated electrical energy and an indicator to alert a user when activated. Circuitry determines when the sensed electrical energy meets a user adjustable threshold and activates the indicator when the sensed electrical energy meets the user adjustable threshold. An adjustor allows for selecting the user adjustable threshold.

Abstract: A track-and-hold circuit comprising a switch (10) and a capacitor (12). A first bootstrap switch (14a) has as its inputs a clock signal clkin and an input signal Vin. The clock signal clkboot output from the first bootstrap switch (14a) is applied to the gate of the switch (10). The first bootstrap switch (14a) is connected between the input Vin and the output Vs of the circuit via level shifting means, in the form of a current source (20), and buffer means (30). A second bootstrap switch (14b) is provided, having as its inputs the clock signal clkin and the input signal Vin. The anti-phase clock signal clknboot output from the second bootstrap switch (14b) is applied to the gates of two dummy switches (16) connected on either side of the switch (10).

Abstract: A range-changing circuit includes an array of graduated impedances in serial relationship, and a voltage sensing and limiting switch across one of said impedances. The switch limits the voltage across said one of the impedances in response to a voltage sensed by the switch.

Abstract: A current sensor for sensing current in a primary source, including a primary conductor forming at least one winding on a first portion of a toroid formed from a magnetic material. A secondary source of electrical current from a signal forms a plurality of winding on a second portion of the toroid. An output reader measures the instantaneous loading of the signal passing through the plurality of windings as a function of the primary source current. The preferred toroid is formed from an amorphous core magnetic material having an hysteresis saturation point is much larger than the coercivity of the material and said primary source of electrical current is AC or DC current. The device includes an amplifier for receiving the signal and place an AC voltage or current on the plurality of windings, and further includes a resistor form measuring the resulting voltage or current instantaneous loading.

Abstract: A sensor device comprising a magnetic material having nonlinear magnetic properties within an ambient magnetic flux. The device includes a signal conductor carrying a compound applied electric signal having two frequencies f1 and f2 and coupled to the magnetic material with the ambient magnetic flux to produce a resulting signal. A primary conductor carries a primary current coupled to the magnetic material having nonlinear magnetic properties to change the magnetic flux of the magnetic material and produce the resulting signal. The magnetic material may be open ended or in the shape of a toroid. In the latter case, the device further includes a primary conductor for carrying a primary current coupled to the magnetic material having nonlinear magnetic properties to change the magnetic flux of the magnetic material and produce the resulting signal. The primary and signal conductors are preferably configured as windings on the toroid.