Abstract: Disclosed is a support which comprises a flexible substrate and provided thereon, one or two or more polymer layers and one or two or more sealing layers, wherein at least one of the polymer layers and the sealing layers is formed by a process comprising the steps of exciting a reactive gas at a space between opposed electrodes at atmospheric pressure or approximately atmospheric pressure by electric discharge to be in the plasma state, and exposing the flexible substrate, the polymer layer or the sealing layer to the reactive gas in the plasma state.

Abstract: A polymer characterized by comprising repeating units represented by the following formula (1) and having a number-average molecular weight, in terms of polystyrene, of 103 to 108. (In the formula, R1 represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkylthio, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, amino, substituted amino, silyl, substituted silyl, silyloxy, substituted silyloxy, monovalent heterocyclic group, or halogeno; and rings D and E each represents an optionally substituted aromatic ring.

Abstract: Materials containing one or more borazine rings are employed as materials for electroluminescent devices. The compounds have molecular structures represented by the following formula: in which R1–R6 are independently a metal; a whole or part of an optionally substituted borazine ring; hydrogen; halogen; hydroxyl; optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, acylamino, aralkyl, cyano, carboxyl, thio, vinyl, styryl, aminocarbonyl, carbamoyl, aryloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl, as well as recognized donor and acceptor groups. The compounds have high thermal stability as well as hole and electron mobilities.

Abstract: In an OLED device, the improvement including a reflective and conductive bilayer anode including a metal or metal alloy or both; a hole-injecting structure over the reflective and conductive bilayer anode; at least one organic layer formed over the hole-injecting structure; and the reflective and conductive bilayer anode being configured to improve the stability of drive voltage.

Abstract: There is provided an organic EL element including an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, wherein the cathode includes a protective conductor layer which faces the organic layer, a main conductor layer which is interposed between the protective conductor layer and the organic layer, and a barrier layer which is interposed between the protective conductor layer and the main conductor layer and made of an insulator or a semiconductor.

Abstract: An impact resistant clad composite armor which includes a ceramic core, and a layer of bulk amorphous alloy surrounding the ceramic core and preferably bonded chemically to the ceramic core and a method of manufacturing such armor is provided.

Abstract: A reflective-type infrared ray cut filter and associated manufacturing method wherein the time and cost of manufacture are reduced and manufacturing efficiency is improved are provided.

Abstract: The magnetic thin film has high saturation magnetic flux density and superior soft magnetic characteristics. The magnetic thin film of the present invention comprises: a base layer being made of FeCo/NiFe; and a plated layer being formed on the base layer, the plated layer being made of FeCo.

Abstract: The Hr and SNR of a magnetic recording medium are increased and the signal pulse narrowed by employing a tri-layer underlayer structure containing Cr or a Cr alloy wherein the second underlayer contains Cr and B, the first underlayer preferably contains substantially pure Cr, and the third underlayer preferably contains a ternary alloy of Cr.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium having a substrate, an under-layer formed on the substrate, a magnetic layer formed on the substrate and a protective layer formed on the magnetic layer. The magnetic layer comprises Co, Cr and Pt with a thickness being from 10 nm to 22 nm. Further, a coercivity of the magnetic layer is not less than 2000 Oe, and a fluctuation field of magnetic viscosity at a field strength equal to remanence coercivity or coercivity is not less than 30 Oe.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic layer with excellent surface smoothness, which comprises a thin film magnetic layer of thickness in a range from 0.03 to 0.30 ?m that is ideal for short wavelength recording, and displays superior electromagnetic conversion characteristics. The magnetic recording medium comprises a magnetic layer containing at least a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic support, wherein the thickness of the magnetic layer is within a range from 0.03 to 0.30 ?m, and the number of concavities with a depth of 30 nm or greater in the surface of the magnetic layer is 5 per 1 cm2 of surface area or less. Preferably, the value of the average depth Rv6 of the surface of the magnetic layer, as measured by a contact type surface roughness meter, is 12 nm or less.

Abstract: A fuel cell system in which fuel gas and oxidizing gas are supplied to a fuel cell stack and power generation is performed by electrochemical reaction between the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas, and a control method thereof are provided.

Abstract: An A and/or A? site deficient perovskite of general formula of (A1-xA?x)1-yFeO3-? or of general formula A1-x-yA?xFeO3-67, wherein A is La alone or with one or more of the rare earth metals or a rare earth metal other than Ce alone or a combination of rare earth metals and X is in the range of from 0 to about 1; A? is Sr or Ca or mixtures thereof and Y is in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.3; ? represents the amount of compensating oxygen loss. If either A or A? is zero the remaining A or A? is deficient. A fuel cell incorporating the inventive perovskite as a cathode is disclosed as well as an oxygen separation membrane. The inventive perovskite is preferably single phase.

Abstract: This invention refers to generating electrical energy comprising an ammonia fuel cell for generating electrical energy including a catalyst being in contact with a high temperature proton conducting membrane and the catalyst comprising at least one decomposition catalyst which causes NH3 to decompose to N2 and H2 and at least one catalytic anode which dissociates and ionizes H2 into H+ and electrons, the fuel cell further including at least one catalytic cathode for reaction of H+, electrons and oxygen to form H2O, an external circuit from the catalytic anode to the catalytic cathode, an ammonia source for introducing ammonia into the fuel cell, a gas exit for N2, and an oxygen source.

Abstract: A novel process and apparatus are disclosed for sustainable CO2-free production of hydrogen and carbon by thermocatalytic decomposition (dissociation, pyrolysis, cracking) of hydrocarbon fuels over carbon-based catalysts in the absence of air and/or water. The apparatus and thermocatalytic process improve the activity and stability of carbon catalysts during the thermocatalytic process and produce both high purity hydrogen (at least, 99.0 volume %) and carbon, from any hydrocarbon fuel, including sulfurous fuels. In a preferred embodiment, production of hydrogen and carbon is achieved by both internal and external activation of carbon catalysts. Internal activation of carbon catalyst is accomplished by recycling of hydrogen-depleted gas containing unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons back to the reactor. External activation of the catalyst can be achieved via surface gasification with hot combustion gases during catalyst heating.

Abstract: A back pressure chamber is defined at an end of a rod for acting in a direction to cancel out a pressure applied to a valve head, and an aspirator chamber is defined closely to the valve head for developing a pressure lower than a secondary pressure due to a suction caused by a nozzle. The rod has a first communication hole and a second communication hole that are defined therein which provides fluid communication between the back pressure chamber and the aspirator chamber.

Abstract: A fuel cell of the present invention includes a fuel cell stack (1) for being formed by stacking a plurality of cell plates (2) having a flat shape, the cell plates (2) being configured by arranging a plurality of cells, the cell having an electrolyte layer (2a), a fuel electrode layer (2b) and an air electrode layer (2c). A combustion heater plate (3) includes a porous combustion plate (3a) and a gas non-pass layer (3b) covering a surface of the porous combustion plate (3a). The combustion heater plate (3) is disposed between the cell plates (2).

Abstract: An electric power generating apparatus is provided with a fuel gas supply, an air supply source, an external reformer having a reformer section supplied with the fuel gas, a fuel cell stack, a heat exchanger section disposed to the external reformer, and an exhaust gas combusting section. The fuel cell stack has an electric power generating cell section, which is supplied with the fuel gas that results from the reformer section. The heat exchanger section achieves heat exchange between the air and the reformer section. The exhaust gas combusting section permits unburned fuel gas, which is supplied from the electric power generating cell section, and the air to be mixed and combusted to achieve heat exchange with respect to the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: This invention provides an actively controlled battery with a programmed-timing actuation capability. As a preferred embodiment, the battery comprises (a) a first metal-air cell assembly and at least a second metal-air cell assembly electronically connected in parallel and (b) electronic control devices. The first cell assembly comprises at least a first metal-air cell comprising an active anode enclosed in an anode compartment, an air cathode, a first air access vent, a separator separating the anode from the cathode, an electrolyte fluid reservoir, and a first controllable fluid valve being in flow communication with the electrolyte fluid reservoir on one side and in control relation to the anode compartment on another side.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel assembly is made, wherein rows (14, 25) of fuel cells (17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 31), each having an outer interconnection (20) and an outer electrode (32), are disposed next to each other with corrugated, electrically conducting expanded metal mesh member (22) between each row of cells, the corrugated mesh (22) having top crown portions and bottom portions, where the top crown portion (40) have a top bonded open cell nickel foam (51) which contacts outer interconnections (20) of the fuel cells, said mesh and nickel foam electrically connecting each row of fuel cells, and where there are no more metal felt connections between any fuel cells.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a solid oxide fuel cell including an electrolyte. The electrolyte is formed using a fused electrolyte powder. The disclosure is also directed to a solid oxide fuel cell stack including a plurality of solid oxide fuel cells. Each solid oxide fuel cell of the plurality of solid oxide fuel cells includes an electrolyte. The electrolyte is formed using a fused electrolyte powder.

Abstract: A fuel cell system is provided which includes a fluid pump such as an ejector pump. The fluid pump is designed to be driven by energy of air flowing within an air line through which air is supplied to a fuel cell. The fluid pump works to suck a fluid containing drops of water and residual gasses from the hydrogen line, thereby ensuring desired startability and stability of operation of the fuel cell.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode catalyst layer comprises Pt particles carried on a carbon carrier and a solid polymer electrolyte, wherein a center-to-center distance dimension (Lpt?pt) between the Pt particles carried on the carbon carrier is made to substantially coincide with the sum of a double of a total dimension resulting by adding the length (Lpes) of a side chain having an ion-exchange group to the diameter (Dpem) of a main chain of the solid polymer electrolyte and the diameter (Dpt) of the Pt particle.

Abstract: A process for producing a membrane-electrode assembly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode each having a catalyst layer, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between them, and the membrane-electrode assembly so produced, wherein at least one of the catalyst layers is produced by preparing a coating fluid containing an ion exchange polymer and a catalyst having catalytic metal particles dispersed on a carbon support, and a catalyst layer is formed by applying the coating fluid on a substrate, wherein the catalyst has a density of total functional groups of OH groups and CO groups at the surface is at most 1.6×10?3 (mmol/m2), as obtained from the BET specific surface area and the total molar amount of OH groups and CO groups at the surface obtained by a titration method.

Abstract: The present invention discloses porous fuel cell electrode structures, assemblies, and systems having one or more conformal metallic layers selectively deposited on one or more pore surfaces, as well as to various methods relating thereto. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an electrode structure adapted for use with a fuel cell system (e.g., a hydrogen or a direct hydrocarbon fuel cell system), wherein the electrode structure comprises a substrate or support structure having one or more discrete porous bulk matrix regions disposed across a top surface of the substrate. In this embodiment, each of the one or more discrete porous bulk matrix regions is defined by a plurality of acicular pores that extend through the substrate or support structure. The plurality of acicular pores define inner pore surfaces, and the inner pore surfaces have a conformal electrically conductive layer thereon, as well as a plurality of catalyst particles.

Abstract: A fuel cell system with a proton exchange membrane. There is a cathode catalyst layer overlying the first face of the proton exchange membrane, and a cathode diffusion layer overlying the cathode catalyst layer. There is an anode catalyst layer overlying the second face of the proton exchange membrane, and an anode diffusion layer overlying the anode catalyst layer. The cathode diffusion layer has a water vapor permeance of less than about 3×10?4 g/(Pa s m2) at 80° C. and 1 atmosphere. The invention also relates to cathode diffusion layers for fuel cell systems.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte cell in which the cell capacity is improved and positioning accuracy of external terminals is assured. A unit cell is housed in an exterior packaging material of a laminated film and encapsulated on heat sealing. To elongated positive and negative electrodes of the unit cell are electrically connected electrode terminal leads which are exposed to outside of the exterior packaging material as the leads are surrounded by heat fused portions. The unit cell is a wound assembly of the positive and negative electrodes each of which is includes of a current collector carrying a layer of an active material. The electrode terminal leads are mounted on the current collectors of the positive and negative electrodes in the vicinity of the innermost turn of the wound assembly. In manufacturing the unit cell, the positions of the electrode terminal leads are detected and positioned with respect to the flat winding arbor. The positive and negative electrodes then are wound on the winding arbor.

Abstract: A battery pack for a power tool includes a casing housing rechargeable cells. A receiving bay in the casing receives slide-in parts of the power tool and of a recharging stand, to retain the battery pack. A pair of primary electrical contacts is located in or adjacent the receiving bay. A recess opens into the receiving bay. A supplementary electrical contact is located within the recess, and a user-manipulable catch is also located in the recess alongside the supplementary contact. That is, a single recess houses both the supplementary contact and the mechanical catch. The supplementary contact is usable when recharging the battery to relay battery temperature information to a recharging stand, but has no function when the battery pack is attached to the power tool. The catch, useful in retaining the battery pack on the power tool, has no function with the recharging stand.

Abstract: An electrochemical element having a winding electrode set comprises a strip positive electrode, a strip negative electrode and a strip separator which is located between them, which are wound up in a spiral to form an electrode winding. The electrochemical element has a cylindrical housing for holding the electrode winding, and a sealed cell pole which is isolated from the housing. The physical distance between the edge of at least one winding electrode and one pole is bridged by a current collector with spring elements. The current collector provides the connection between the electrode and one pole. The spring elements can be conductively connected to collector disks, to the cover and to the bottom of a cup of the electrochemical element.

Abstract: In order to enable the safer use of an assembly of multiple cells comprising: a plurality of unit cells; an outer container for housing the unit cells; a terminal plate for sealing an upper opening of the outer container; and a positive output terminal and a negative output terminal formed on the same face of the terminal plate, at least the side face of the negative output terminal is covered by a protective tube having an electrical insulation property.

Abstract: A proton conductor mainly contains a carbonaceous material derivative, such as, a fullerene derivative, a carbon cluster derivative, or a tubular carbonaceous material derivative in which groups capable of transferring protons, for example, —OH groups or —OSO3H groups are introduced to carbon atoms of the carbonaceous material derivative. The proton conductor is produced typically by compacting a powder of the carbonaceous material derivative. The proton conductor is usable, even in a dry state, in a wide temperature range including ordinary temperature. In particular, the proton conductor mainly containing the carbon cluster derivative is advantageous in increasing the strength and extending the selection range of raw materials. An electrochemical device, such as, a fuel cell, that employs the proton conductor is not limited by atmospheric conditions and can be of a small and simple construction.

Abstract: A method for producing electrode sheets for electrochemical elements which contain at least one lithium-intercalating electrode which is composed of a mixture of at least two copolymerized fluorized polymers in whose polymer matrix electrochemically active materials which are insoluble in the polymer are finely dispersed, the fluorized polymers are, having being dissolved as a solvent, mixed with electrochemically active materials, the resulting pasty substance is extruded to form a sheet and then laminated with a polyolefin separator, which is provided with a mixture of the two polymers, PVDF-HFP copolymers in each case being used as the polymer, and the proportion of HFP being less than about 8 percent by weight.

Abstract: This invention relates to a nonaqueous cell comprising a lithium metallic foil anode and a cathode coating comprising iron disulfide as the active material wherein the coating is applied to at least one surface of a metallic substrate that functions as the cathode current collector. In particular, the cell of the within invention has improved performance on high rate discharge and is achieved, surprisingly, with an anode underbalance. The cell of the within invention has an anode to cathode input that is less than or equal to 1.0. We have discovered, unexpectedly, that the energy density for the cell both volumetrically and gravimetrically can be improved by approximately 20 to 25% while only increasing the volume of the cathode coating solids by approximately 10% through a unique and novel cathode coating formulation used in conjunction with a lithium foil anode.

Abstract: A method of producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a raw material mixture, comprising “nx” mol of magnesium, “ny” mol of an element M where the element M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Sr, Mn, Ni and Ca, “n(1?x?y)” mol of cobalt and “nz” mol of lithium, such that the values n, x, y and z satisfy 0<n, 0.97?(1/z)?1, 0.005?x?0.1, and 0.001?y?0.03; and (b) baking the raw material mixture in an oxidization atmosphere at 1000 to 1100° C.

Abstract: A method and system for fabricating solid-state energy-storage devices including fabrication films for devices without an anneal step. A film of an energy-storage device is fabricated by depositing a first material layer to a location on a substrate. Energy is supplied directly to the material forming the film. The energy can be in the form of energized ions of a second material. Supplying energy directly to the material and/or the film being deposited assists in controlling the growth and stoichiometry of the film. The method allows for the fabrication of ultrathin films such as electrolyte films and dielectric films.

Abstract: A battery wherein a cathode and an anode are layered and wound with a separator and an electrolyte in between them. The electrolyte is formed by firstly forming a coating layer containing a high molecular weight compound, a high viscosity solvent having a boiling point of more than 150° C., and an electrolyte salt on the cathode and the anode, and then injecting an injection solution containing a low viscosity solvent having a boiling point of 150° C., or less in the coating layer. A concentration of the low viscosity solvent in the electrolyte changes in the facing direction of the cathode and the anode. The concentration of the low viscosity solvent in the electrolyte is higher between the cathode and the anode, than on the cathode side and the anode side. Therefore, a diffusion rate of lithium ions is raised, and overvoltage is reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of photomasks. A film of a photoresist, as used for structuring semiconductor substrates, for example a CARL resist, is applied to a chromium-coated quartz glass substrate. The photoresist layer is written on by means of a focused electron beam, heated and then developed. The now structured resist is treated with an amplification agent and thus increases in its etch resistance to an oxygen plasma. During etching of the bare chromium sections, the silicon introduced into the photoresist is converted into silicon dioxide, which forms a protective layer on the chromium layer. Thus, the structure written in by means of the electron beam can be transferred without loss into the chromium layer.

Abstract: A method for repairing at least one defect of a light-influencing structure on a photolithographic mask with a mask substrate, in particular a quartz substrate, characterized in that in the region of at least one defect, gallium ions are radiated in a targeted manner for the purpose of implantation into the mask substrate and/or for the purpose of sputtering away material from the mask substrate. Furthermore, the invention relates to a photolithographic mask with a defect repaired in this way. As a result, defects in a light-influencing structure of a mask can be reliably repaired, and are repaired, respectively.

Abstract: In accordance with the objectives of the invention a new method is provided for the repair of an attenuated phase shifting mask having a contact pattern. The invention etches a single trench in the quartz substrate of the phase shifter mask and removes the impact of a void in the phase shifter material. Alternatively, the invention provides for first conventionally restoring the original dimensions of a contact hole in which a pinhole is present and then etching a single or a double trench in the exposed substrate of the restored contact opening.

Abstract: A method of making a semiconductor device manufacturing mask, which makes it possible to suppress a semiconductor-device global step and simply manufacture a highly reliable semiconductor device. Square dummy patterns each having one side of, for example, 0.25 ?m or less are inserted into an area other than an actual pattern lying within a semiconductor device manufacturing mask to thereby uniformize a pattern density, enable etching processing without changing conditions set for every semiconductor device manufacturing mask an prevent an increase in global step of a post-CMP interlayer insulating film.

Abstract: An image recording material provided with an image recording layer including a polymer compound which contains a functional group with a hydrophilic/hydrophobic character thereof being changeable by heat, acid, or irradiation and which is directly chemically bonded to the substrate, wherein the image recording layer is heated, treated with acid, or irradiated to change the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of a surface of the image recording layer and organic or inorganic molecules for forming a visible image are adsorbed at regions thereof where the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character has been changed.

Abstract: In a circuit layout, a partial area is defined in a first structure pattern, which is stored electronically in a data format and represents a first lithographic plane, in which partial area a lower limit value for the length of a serif to be added to a structure element in an OPC correction can be undershot in order to locally increase the resolution. The partial area in the electronically stored circuit layout maybe, for example, an active region with which contact is to be made and which has been selected in a second structure pattern of a further lithographic plane as a structure element. Thus, within such a partial area of an integrated circuit, elevated requirements made of dimensionally accurate imaging are satisfied, while the required data volume overall increases only to an insignificant extent.

Abstract: An image forming method is disclosed, comprising (a) exposing a recording material comprising on a support an image forming layer containing colored magnetophoretic particles and a photopolymerizable composition to light to perform photocuring and (b) applying a magnetic field to the recording material to migrate the magnetophoretic particles.

Abstract: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivatives include a structure represented by the following formula: in which, R1, R2, and R3 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl of C1 to C20; substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy of C1 to C20; substituted or unsubstituted aryl of C6 to C30; and substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl of C7 to C30. An electrophotographic photoconductive material includes the naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivatives as an electron transferring material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided which can keep at a minimum the absorption of image exposure light of 380 to 500 nm in wavelength in its surface layer and concurrently can satisfactorily keep electrophotographic properties including resolving power. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a substrate, and a photoconductive layer and a surface layer in this order provided on the substrate. The surface layer includes an amorphous material composed chiefly of silicon atoms and nitrogen atoms and containing at least oxygen atoms and carbon atoms, and the ratios of the numbers of the respective oxygen atoms, carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms to the total number of oxygen atoms, carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms contained in the amorphous material are each within a specific range.

Abstract: Toner for electrostatic latent image development includes at least a resin, a coloring agent and a crystalline compound, wherein the toner particle has sea-island structure and the crystalline compound is n-paraffin of particular structure.

Abstract: A toner comprising toner particles comprising a first binder resin; a second binder resin different from said first binder resin and having a glass transition temperature of from 40 to 55° C.; a colorant; and a release agent, and a particulate resin material which is located on surface of the toner particles with a coverage of from 50 to 100%, and which has a glass transition temperature of from 50 to 90° C., wherein a weight ratio (W2/W1) between the second binder resin (W2) and the first binder resin (W1) is from 5/95 to 40/60, and wherein a ratio (G?80/G?180) between a storage modulus of the toner at 80° C. (G?80) and a storage modulus at 180° C. (G?180) is from 100 to 1,000.

Abstract: A black toner of toner particles including at least one binder, at least one black colorant, and a package of external additives is described, wherein the at least one binder includes a styrene acrylate binder and wherein the external additives include each of a first silica having an average particle size of from about 35 to about 45 nm, a second silica having an average particle size of from about 135 to about 160 nm, and a titania having an average particle size of from about 35 to about 45 nm. Also described is a developer that includes the black toner and carrier particles comprising a core of ferrite coated with a coating comprising a polymethyl methacrylate polymer and fluoro-copolymer, carbon black and melamine beads. The black toner and developer are preferably used in a semiconductive magnetic brush development system.

Abstract: A toner for developing a latent electrostatic image including a base of toner particle which contains a binder resin and a coloring agent, and an external additive. Herein, a plurality of the base of toner particle has a volume average particle diameter (Dv) of 3 ?m to 7 ?m, a ratio (Dv/Dn) of the volume average particle diameter (Dv) to a number average particle diameter (Dn) is 1.01 to 1.25, a plurality of the base of toner particle contains 15% by number or less of the base of toner particle having a particle diameter of 0.6 ?m to 2.0 ?m, a plurality of the base of toner particle has a circularity of 0.930 to 0.990 on average, the binder resin contains a modified polyester resin, and the toner contains 0.3 parts by weight to 5.0 parts by weight of the external additive, relative to 100 parts by weight of the base of toner particle.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of two component magnetic brush development of electrographic images. According to one aspect of the invention, a method of processing a developer is provided for developing an electrostatic image wherein a set developer is exercised with a blender prior to using the developer for developing the electrostatic image. According to a further aspect of the invention, the developer comprises ferromagnetic toner and hard magnetic carriers.