Abstract: There is provided a process of producing a multicrystalline silicon substrate having excellent characteristics as a solar cell substrate. A multicrystalline silicon ingot made by directional solidification 10 is cut such that a normal line of a principal surface 14 of a multicrystalline silicon substrate 13 is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of crystal grains 11 of the multicrystalline silicon ingot made by directional solidification 10.

Abstract: A p-type GaAs single crystal containing Si, Zn, B and In as dopants has an average dislocation density of 100 cm?2 or less. It may be produced by cooling a GaAs melt containing Si, Zn, B and In as dopants in a crystal-growing container having a seed crystal placed at a lower end thereof in an upward increasing temperature gradient, to cause a single crystal to grow upward from the seed crystal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the removal and purification of the water and salt by-products from spent BHP emitted from a lasing process. The apparatus comprises a liquid processing system that freezes the water and salt by-products into a slurry, and then separates out the water (as ice) and salt components by filtering in a centrifuge. In order to remove as much residual BHP from the wet mixed ice-salt component as possible, a heat source is used to partially melt ice crystals, thereby generating an aqueous rinsing liquid on the surface of the wet mixed ice-salt crystals. The applied centrifugal force causes a continual displacement of the liquid film wetting the surface, so that it becomes progressively diluted. As such, the purification of the mixture of ice and salt crystals is implemented with an aqueous (water) rinse that is unaffected by the sub-freezing temperatures within the centrifuge.

Abstract: A method of forming an epitaxial layer of uniform thickness is provided to improve surface flatness. A substrate is first provided and a Si base layer is then formed on the substrate by epitaxy. A Si—Ge layer containing 5 to 10% germanium is formed on the Si base layer by epitaxy to normalize the overall thickness of the Si base layer and the Si—Ge layer containing 5 to 10% germanium.

Abstract: A web to be coated travels over a deflecting roll and underneath a slot nozzle from which a curtain of a coating material falls. A suction box open toward the roll and web has upstream and downstream ends and extends full axial length of the roll. An upstream seal on the upstream side of the box is juxtaposed with the web, extends the full axial length of the roll, and has upstream and downstream edges extending transverse to the web-travel direction. A similar downstream seal is provided on the downstream side of the box juxtaposed with the web. The downstream-seal downstream edge is spaced upstream in the direction from where the curtain falls on the web. Air is withdrawn from the box between the seals to suctionally strip a boundary layer of air from the web between the seals.

Abstract: A coating device (10) for coating a metal strip (12) in a metal melt (14) includes a shaft (16,18) that is rotatable in the metal melt (14) for guiding the metal strip (12), and a slide bearing (261, 262) for supporting the shaft (16,18). The slide bearing (261, 262) is formed by a bearing housing (32) and a bearing bushing (34) that has several pairs (361–364) of bearing surfaces and is configured so as to be circumferentially closed. The bearing bushing (34) is adapted to be set in selected rotational positions in circumferential direction in the bearing housing (32). A releasable bearing bushing fixing element (40) locks the bushing in each of the selected rotational positions with respect to the bearing housing (32). Thereby, a worn pair (361–364) of bearing surfaces can be simply replaced by a non-worn pair (361–364) of bearing surfaces by a rotation of the bearing bushing.

Abstract: A UV curing apparatus and method is provided for enhancing the distribution and application of UV light to UV photo initiators in a UV curable ink, coating or adhesive. The UV curing apparatus and method comprises UV LED assemblies in a first row with the UV LED assemblies spaced from adjacent UV LED assemblies. At least one second row of a plurality of UV LED assemblies are provided next to the first row but with the UV LED assemblies of the second row positioned adjacent the spaces between adjacent UV LED assemblies in the first row thereby to stagger the second row of UV LED assemblies from the UV LED assemblies in the first row. Desirably, the rows of staggered UV LED assemblies are mounted on a panel. UV curable products, articles or other objects containing UV photo initiators that are in or on a web can be conveyed or otherwise moved past the rows of UV LED assemblies for effective UV curing.

Abstract: An apparatus for cyclical depositing of thin films on semiconductor substrates, comprising a process chamber having a gas distribution system with separate paths for process gases and an exhaust system synchronized with operation of valves dosing the process gases into a reaction region of the chamber.

Abstract: An electrode-built-in susceptor comprises a mounting plate and a supporting plate which are made of an aluminium-nitride-group-sintered member, an inner electrode which is made of a conductive aluminium-nitride-tantalum-nitride-composite-sintered-member or a conductive aluminium-nitride-tungsten-composite-sintered-member so as to be formed between the mounting plate and the supporting plate, power supplying terminals 16, 16 which is disposed in fixing holes 13, 13 which are formed on the supporting plate so as to be attached to the inner electrode. The power supplying terminals are made of a conductive aluminium-nitride-tantalum-nitride-composite-sintered-member. By doing this, it is possible to provide an electrode-built-in susceptor which has superior durability under a high temperature oxidizing atmosphere condition and a method for manufacturing an electrode-built-in susceptor with a high product yield and a low production cost.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for determining the deposits of components from a liquid on surfaces, in particular in liquid pumping machines, comprising at least one body upon the surface of which said deposits occur, which affect the properties of an electromagnetic radiation, at least one transmitter and at least one receiver which measures the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the transmitter for the determination of the deposits. According to the invention, a calibration and a descaling of the sensor body may be avoided in a simple manner and whilst guaranteeing the secure function of the method and device, whereby any deposits of components from the liquid are removed from the surface of the body, without moving the body, at the beginning of a new measuring period.

Abstract: A method for cleaning materials containing solids and/or liquids is disclosed which involves contacting the materials with an extracting fluid including Xe, NH3, lower aromatics, nitrous oxide, water, CO, CO2, H2O, lower alcohols, lower alkanes, lower alkenes, or mixtures or combinations thereof under conditions of temperature and pressure sufficient to maintain the fluid at, near or above its critical point and to products derived therefrom.

Abstract: A method for making a nano-scale amorphous soft magnetic powders obtained by thermally processing and crystallizing amorphous ribbons produced using a rapid solidification process (RSP) and crushing the same. The amorphous soft magnetic core having an excellent high-frequency characteristic is obtained by performing a preliminary thermal treatment of Fe-based amorphous metal ribbons produced by using RSP to then be converted into nano-scale grain metal ribbons, crushing the metal ribbons to thereby obtain nano-scale grain metal powders, classifying the nano-scale grain metal powders to then be mixed into a distribution of powder particles having an optimal uniform composition, mixing the mixed powder with a binder, and then forming a core, and annealing the formed core to then coat the core with an insulating resin.

Abstract: A material for a rare earth permanent magnet having a high magnetic coercive force and a high residual magnetic flux density. 28 to 35% by weight of at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, and holmium, 0.9 to 1.3% by weight of boron, 0.25 to 3% by weight of phosphorus, iron, and inevitable impurities. It can further comprise 0.1 to 3.6% by weight of cobalt and 0.02 to 0.25% by weight of copper.

Abstract: Extruded aluminum alloy which excels in machinability, caulking properties, and wear resistance, the extruded aluminum alloy including 3.0 to 6.0 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 0.45 mass % of Mg, 0.01 to 0.5 mass % of Cu, 0.01 to 0.5 mass % of Mn, and 0.40 to 0.90 mass % of Fe, with the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of measuring the thickness and/or the depletion of Al and Cr of a ?/?? MCrAlY-coating after the use in a high temperature environment, the ?/? MCrAlY-coating exhibiting a non-equilibrium ?/??-microstructure at a temperature lower than the temperature during operation. Before the coating conductivity by means of a multifrequency eddy current system is measured a heat treatment is applied to transform the non-equilibrium ?/??-microstructure to a equilibrium microstructure having a ?-Cr phase. Subsequently the Al and/or Cr depletion of the coating from the coating conductivity and permeability is determined.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing high-performance Cr—Ti—V hydrogen storage alloys utilizing a thermit process, whereby residence of adversely affecting impurities is inhibited, addition of not less than 10 at % of Ti as an alloy component is realized, and thermal burden on the crucible used in the method is reduced. The method includes the steps of: (A) providing an alloy material (1) comprising a Cr oxide, a V oxide, and a reducing agent Al, and an alloy material (2) comprising Ti; (B) placing the alloy materials in a crucible for thermit reduction so that the alloy material (1) is placed above the alloy material (2); (C) igniting the alloy material (1) placed in step (B) and melting all metal elements contained in the alloy materials the with heat of the thermit reaction of the alloy material (1); and (D) making the alloy melt obtained in step (C) into an alloy.

Abstract: Methods are presented for modifying a physical property of a structure, such as reducing or relieving remaining internal stress, in which two or more energy types are concurrently applied to the structure to change the physical property of interest in an accelerated fashion. A first energy type, such as heat, is applied according to time values and operational settings derived from a first order rate relationship for the first energy type and from a first order rate relationship for a second energy type. The second energy type, such as vibration or other time-varying energy form, is applied concurrently for the time value. Methods are also provided for determining operational settings for concurrent application of multiple energy types to a structure.

Abstract: A curved surfaces for adhering to contact surfaces is provided. The structure includes a curved surface with a plurality of nano-fibers disposed thereon. When the curved surface is in a first position, at least one of the plurality of nano-fibers contacts the contact surface and provides an adhesive force at the contact surface. When the curved surface rotates to a second position from the first position, the at least one of the plurality of nano-fibers is leveraged way from the contact surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process which produces flat, distortion-free, zero-shrink, low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) bodies, composites, modules or packages from precursor green (unfired) laminates of three or more different dielectric tape chemistries that are configured in an uniquely or pseudo-symmetrical arrangement in the z-axis of the laminate.

Abstract: A method for preparing a toner cartridge for reconditioning and resealing with a replacement seal includes providing a used toner cartridge whose seal has been removed and the toner essentially consumed with the cartridge substantially otherwise intact. The interior of the cartridge is partially separated or penetrated so as to remove, modify or by-pass any impediments present which would or could interfere with the resealing of the cartridge. A new seal is secured to the toner cartridge.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously winding a rubber strip extruded from a rubber-strip extruding machine, on a tire-building drum, comprises: a rubber-strip extruding machine including a gear pump for delivering the rubber material outputted from the extruder to a forming nozzle; a tire-building drum on which a rubber strip is wound, the rubber strip outputted from the rubber-strip extruding machine and having a predetermined sectional shape; a first driver unit for moving the extruding machine relative to the drum; a second driver unit for driving the drum into rotation; a pressure roller for pressing the rubber strip against the drum when the rubber strip is wound on the drum; and a control unit for controlling the first driver unit; said controlling being made such that said extruding machine is moved relative to the drum when the drum is driven as rotated, as to sequentially wind the rubber strip on the drum.

Abstract: A method for making absorbent pads for various absorbent articles is provided. A strip of the absorbent web material is conveyed along a machine direction, the absorbent web material having a generally first constant cross-direction width and generally first uniform basis weight. Longitudinally defined portions of the web material are stretched in the cross direction so as to define longitudinal sections having a wider cross-direction width and decreased basis weight alternately spaced between longitudinally extending sections of the web material having a lesser cross-direction width and greater basis weight. The web is released eventually cut in a cross direction into individual absorbent pads such that each pad has a crotch section corresponding to the longitudinal section having the lesser cross-direction width and greater basis weight and at least one of a front section and back section corresponding to the wider cross-direction width and decreased basis weight.

Abstract: A heat-peelable adhesive sheet which comprises a substrate and, formed on at least one side thereof, a heat-expandable layer containing heat-expandable microspheres and an adhesive layer comprising an adhesive substance and in which the substrate has heat resistance and stretchability can be used to cut an adherend so as to form and secure a sufficient space between the resultant cut pieces and can withstand a heat treatment for expanding the heat-expandable layer. Consequently, the adhesive sheet can heighten the operating efficiency and working efficiency in the step of separating and recovering the cut pieces.

Abstract: A method for connecting the ends of flat tubular film sheets made of thermoplastic plastic that are equipped with side creases with one another by means of a lateral welding seam in such a manner that the interior creases remain permeable from the exterior even in the connection area. The end of one sheet is equipped with cuts separating the interior edges of the side creases. The end of the other sheet is inserted or placed into the separated area in such a way that both walls of the cut sheet overlie the inserted end, with a layer of each side crease of the end area of the inserted tubular film between the walls. Separating layers are inserted or placed into the side creases of the inserted end area, and the ends of the two sheets are then connected with one another by means of a lateral welding seam.

Abstract: An insulating label stock including a thermal insulating layer, which may be fiberfill batt, is provided. The batt is laminated to at least one layer of film, paper or fabric. Also provided is a method of making the insulating label stock. The insulating label stock may be wrapped around a container, such as a can, bottle or pouch. Further, the insulating label stock may be coated with a coating material so that it is printable, thus imparting both insulating properties and print capability to a container.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing tearable sheets, wherewith each sheet obtains a perfectly smooth tear edge when torn-off. The method comprises the steps of: punching each sheet transversely of the fibers of said sheet from a first side of the sheet to an extend corresponding to a firs portion of the thickness of the sheet; and punching each sheet transversely of the fibers of said sheet from a second side of the sheet to an extent corresponding to a second portion of the thickness of said sheet; wherein the sum of said first thickness portion and said second thickness portion is smaller than the thickness of the sheet, and wherein the second punching operation is performed parallel with the first punching operation but displaced in a plane parallel with said first and said second sides of the sheet, said displacement being adapted for tear-off purposes.

Abstract: Membrane sheeting with preapplied seam tape is formed by applying the seam tape to a preformed sheet along the center of the sheet. A cut is formed through the seam tape and sheeting. This forms two sheets with seam tape along one edge of each of the sheets.

Abstract: A multi-layer structure includes a fluoropolymer bonded to a substrate. The structure is prepared by exposing a bonding composition to actinic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation, to form the bond. The bonding composition includes a light-absorbing compound and an electron donor. The bonding composition includes non-adhesive materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fabrication methods and apparatus for irrigating medical catheters. Such catheters include at least one section of standard thermoplastic catheter tubing coupled to a section of porous tubing (e.g., ePTFE and the like). A source of fluid couples to the porous portion of tubing to dispense diverse fluids. The manufacturing technique overcomes the inability of such porous material to liquefy and/or bond to most available adhesives by creating a mechanical-based coupling. One aspect of the present invention involves pre-treatment of a portion of a porous material such as ePTFE; that is, a “pre-imbibing” process is employed wherein the ePTFE is saturated with a solution of solvent and dissolved thermoplastic resin. After the solution evaporates a resin-based interstitial residue provides suitable structure that fuses to adjacent thermoplastic material during application of heat, such as during thermal bonding.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a technique for manufacturing a superconducting tape grown epitaxially by a replication process. According to the technique, a long superconducting tape can be manufactured using a loop-shaped base. Further disclosed is a method for manufacturing a metal oxide device which comprises the steps of forming a solvent-soluble separation layer on a base having a single crystal or textured surface, forming a superconducting layer on the separation layer, forming a support layer on the superconducting layer, and removing the separation layer by dissolution in a solvent. According to the method, it is possible to manufacture a superconducting tape consisting of the superconducting layer and the support layer separated from the bath, and having the same crystallinity as that of the base (replication).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a laminate having a layer construction of metal-insulating layer-metal or a layer construction of metal-insulating layer, which laminate meets conditions for developing large adhesive strength between the insulating layer and the metal, as well as to an insulating film and an electronic circuit using the laminate. The laminate has a layer construction of first metal layer/insulating layer/second metal layer or a layer construction of metal layer/insulating layer. The insulating layer 1 has a multilayer structure of two or more layers. The layers on the side of the adhesive interface with each metal layer (a copper foil 3 and an SUS foil 4), out of the layers constituting the insulating layer 1, each are a thermoplastic resin layer 2. The minimum value of the storage modulus at a temperature at or above Tg of the thermoplastic resin layer 2 is not more than 106 Pa.

Abstract: This application discloses the structure of an ESC stage where a chucking electrode is sandwiched by a moderation layer and a covering layer. The moderation layer and the covering layer have the thermal expansion coefficients between the dielectric plate and the chucking electrode. This application also discloses optimum total thickness of the ESC stage, optimum volume ratio of composite which the moderation layer is made of, and an optimum range of the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite. This application further discloses a substrate processing apparatus for carrying out a process onto a substrate as the substrate is maintained at a temperature higher than room temperature, comprising the electrostatic chucking stage for holding the substrate during the process.

Abstract: A folding and sealing apparatus supporting a feed platform for feeding a supply of pre-glued forms to the folding and sealing apparatus. The housing accommodating a first roller, a second roller, a third roller and a fourth roller, and the first and second rollers forming a first nip, the second and third roller forming a second nip and the third and fourth roller forming a third nip. A motor drives at least one of the rollers via a drive mechanism. At least one of the rollers having a resilient portion to accommodate an object mounted on a form, passing through the nips while maintaining appropriate folding and sealing pressure on the supporting form to provide a sufficient sealing pressure to the folded form, as the folded form passes through the nips to facilitate both folding and sealing of the folded form.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for incorporating feature substances into a still moist but already sufficiently consolidated paper web provides for directing a feature substance suspension onto the surface of the paper web as a laminar jet with low jet pressure. A special pressure control circuit ensures that the jet pressure is always constant regardless of the number of parallel feature substance suspension jets directed onto the paper web. This makes it possible to incorporate a great variety of line codings in paper under the same process conditions without any visible changes in fiber structure occurring in the paper.

Abstract: Processes for rendering a polyamine-epihalohydrin resin storage stable, including processes that prepare a storage stable resin and/or processes that treat resins. A composition containing a polyamine-epihalohydrin resin which includes CPD-forming species can be treated with at least one agent under conditions to at least one of inhibit, reduce and remove the CPD-forming species to obtain a reduced CPD-forming resin so that a composition containing the reduced CPD-forming polyamine-epihalohydrin resin when stored for 2 weeks at 50° C., and a pH of about 2.5 to 3.5 contains less than about 250 ppm dry basis of CPD. The invention is also directed to a gelation storage stable reduced CPD-forming resin so that a composition containing the reduced CPD-forming polyamine-epihalohydrin resin, when stored at pH 1 for 24 hours at 50° C. and measured at 24 hours, produces less than about 1000 ppm dry basis of CPD.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is removed or reduced in absorbent products by the use of a particulate material attached to pulp fiber by a retention aid. The particulate material can remove or reduce the hydrogen sulfide in the environment surrounding the fiber. Suitable materials are zinc oxide, calcium oxide, cupric oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese dioxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide. Zeolites are also suitable. The particulate material may be combined with a filler prior to attachment to the fiber.

Abstract: In a doctor blade, which suppresses abrasion of a mating member and excels in water removal capability and shape retention capacity over a long time, resin is impregnated into a fibrous laminate composed of base materials and batt layers integrated by needle punching, and an adjustment is made so that the void content is between 50% and 80%.

Abstract: In an antifouling papermaker's fabric woven from a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament, the fabric is coated with a resin composition made by blending a two-liquid reaction type epoxy resin with a prepolymer of phenolsulfonic acid as a curing agent to form on the surface of a constituent yarn an antifouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of, in particular for vacuum action upon, the at least one wire or at least one felt band in a papermaking plant. The wire or felt band is moved in circulation by the apparatus, which, if appropriate, is connected to a vacuum source. The apparatus has a carrying device assigned to the wire or felt band and a multiplicity of supporting elements are disposed at a distance from one another.

Abstract: The invention has an object of facilitating the detection of defective welds and improving the efficiency of manufacturing electrolyzer units.

Abstract: A polymer based enzyme electrode useful for estimation for cholesterol is disclosed. The electrode has an ion-doped layer to increase the conductivity of the poly pyrrole layer. The ion doping is achieved by incorporating dodecyl benzene sulphonate (DBS) in the poly pyrrole film deposited by electrochemical deposition The enhanced conductivity due to ion doping helps in faster estimation of cholesterol having a measured response time of 30 seconds. The shelf life of the electrode is at least eight weeks without a mediator at room temperature.

Abstract: The one and two-dimensional separation of proteins extending through the membrane (membrane proteins) is a prerequisite for a complete analysis of the proteome of a functionally intact cell organelle. A substantial drawback of prior art methods for separating is that their applicability is limited to peripheral water-soluble proteins. The aim of the novel method is to electrophoretically separate membrane proteins in one or two dimensions. To this end, membranes from cell organelles, whose membrane protein stock should be separated, are placed on planar supports whose surface was modified using suitable methods in such a manner that the membrane proteins maintain their ability to laterally diffuse in the membrane plane after being placed on the support. By subsequently applying electrical fields, the proteins can be electrophoretically displaced in the membrane plane and, as a result, can be separated in one or two dimensions according to their different charge characteristics.

Abstract: A subsea well fluid processing system has a separator for separating heavier and lighter components of well fluid flowing from a subsea well and directing the lighter components to flow to a surface processing facility. A choke is located downstream of the separator for limiting the flow rate of well fluid. The separator has a cylindrical chamber having a length at least ten times its diameter. A coalescing unit located in the chamber causes water droplets in the well fluid to coalesce into larger droplets. A dielectrophoresis unit having undulating sheets spaced close to each other is also located in the chamber. The sheets of the unit are supplied with an electrical potential to force the water droplets into predetermined passage portions to form high water content sections of liquid. Bypass valves allow backflushing of one of the separators while others continue to operate.

Abstract: Process for early detection of an anode effect in an aluminum production cell based on molten salt electrolysis. The cell comprises at least one anode, at least one cathode and cathode connecting conductors and anode connecting conductors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining the presence of a mutation in a first sample comprising first nucleotides. The reference sample comprising reference nucleotides. The first sample and a reference sample are subjected to electrophoresis in the presence of at least one intercalating dye. During electrophoresis the temperature of the first sample and the reference sample is changed by an amount sufficient to change an electrophoretic mobility of at least one of the first or reference nucleotides. Fluorescence intensity data are obtained. The fluorescence intensity data are indicative of the presence of the first and reference nucleotides. At least one of the first sample or reference samples comprises products resulting from a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the products not having been desalted prior to electrophoresis.

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemically purifying an impure stream of hydrogen. Hydrogen is absorbed into a gas diffusion anode from the impure hydrogen stream and oxidized to form hydrogen ions and electrons which are released into an alkaline solution. An electrolytic cathode also positioned in the alkaline solution decomposes water to form hydrogen and hydroxyl ions which combine with the hydrogen ions to maintain equilibrium of the system.

Abstract: An electrochemical machining apparatus and method for machining a workpiece. The apparatus provides a pulse of electric power, which is conducted from the workpiece, to an electrolyte flowing through a gap, and then to an electrode. Material is eroded from the workpiece when the pulse of electric power is applied, thus machining the workpiece. The apparatus includes a power supply to supply the electric power and a switching portion for producing the pulse by switching the electric power ON and OFF. The switching portion is capable of producing a pulse of electric power with a pulse duration of about 2 microseconds and a current of at least about 2800 amperes.

Abstract: A process and a device are provided for monitoring the hydrogen concentration in a gas with at least one device, which comprises an electrochemical gas sensor and a bipotentiostat, e.g., for use in internal combustion engines with hydrogen, in fuel cells and in the petrochemical industry. The electrochemical gas sensor used has two working electrodes (3) and (4), with which the hydrogen and oxygen concentrations are determined in the gas in different steps due to the application of a voltage by a bipotentiostat (5-18). In an additional, optional step, a voltage in the range of ?1,100 mV to ?800 mV is applied to a working electrode (4), so that hydrogen is formed at the working electrode (4) and the functional surface of the working electrode (4) as well as the sensitivity of the working electrode (3) to hydrogen can be checked.

Abstract: A process for the production of low benzene content gasoline is disclosed wherein a full boiling range naphtha is fractionated to produce a light naphtha, a medium naphtha and a heavy naphtha. The benzene is contained in the medium naphtha and this stream is subjected to hydrogenation to convert the benzene to cyclohexane which may be isomerized to improve the octane. The valuable olefins are removed in the light naphtha and the valuable heavier aromatics (toluene and xylenes) are removed in the heavy naphtha. In a preferred embodiment all of the reactions are carried out in distillation column reactors.

Abstract: A process for the extractive oxidation of contaminants from raw hydrocarbon streams rich in heteroatomic polar compounds is described, the said process involving the extractive oxidation of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from said streams, the said process comprising treating said streams with a peroxide solution/organic acid couple, the weight percent of the peroxide solution and organic acid based on raw hydrocarbon being at least 3 for both the peroxide and organic acid solution, under an acidic pH, atmospheric or higher pressure and ambient or higher temperature. As a result of the reaction, the oxidized heteroatomic compounds, having strong affinity for the aqueous phase, are extracted into said aqueous phase, while the oxidized hydrocarbon is neutralized, water washed and dried, the resulting end product being a hydrocarbon stream from which have been removed 88.1 wt % or more of total nitrogen compounds and basic nitrogen up to 99.1 wt %, both calculated as mass contents, total Sulfur 23.