Abstract: A composite antenna includes a first antenna structure and a second antenna structure integrally combined with the first antenna structure to operate under different frequency bands respectively that are used in different radio transmission systems such that the first antenna structure has a first conductive layer to operate under a first frequency band and the second antenna structure has a second conductive layer a thickness of which is thicker than that of the first conductive layer to operate under a second frequency band lower than the first frequency band.

Abstract: In a resonant frequency tunable antenna, a body includes a dielectric substance and a magnetic substance. A first radiator is disposed on a first predetermined area of the body and has a feeding pin connected thereto. A second radiator is disposed on a second predetermined area of the body. Also, a switch is disposed on the body to be connected between the first and second radiators. In addition, a power supply pin is electrically connected to the switch and extends downward through the body.

Abstract: A monopole antenna comprising an antenna conductor to transmit or receive a radio wave, and an inductor either inserted in the antenna conductor or connected to an end of the antenna conductor. The inductor includes a first conductor electrically connected to the antenna conductor, and a magnetic material adjacent to the first conductor. The permeability of the magnetic material varies with a negative gradient with respect to the frequency of the radio wave.

Abstract: An antenna including an array of N-port receive antennas; an array of M-port transmit antennas; and a plurality of cells for coupling the receive antennas to the transmit antennas, each cell having plural amplifiers coupled between the receive antenna and the transmit antenna thereof. The amplifiers may be replaced with injection-locked oscillators. In the best mode, an arrangement is included for distributing signals between the ports of the receive antenna and the amplifiers and between the amplifiers and the transmit antenna. This arrangement may be a manifold such as a network of power combiners and dividers.

Abstract: Antennas for use in mobile communication devices are disclosed. The antennas disclosed can include a substrate with a base, a top, a front side and a back side; a first conductor can be located on the first side of the antenna substrate; and a second conductor can be located on the second side of the antenna substrate. The conductors can have single or multiple branches. If a conductor is a single branch it can, for example, be a spiral conductor or a conducting plate. If a conductor has multiple branches, each branch can be set up to receive a different frequency band. A conductor with multiple branches can have a linear branch and a space-filling or grid dimension branch. A conducting plate can act as a parasitic reflector plane to tune or partially tune the resonant frequency of another conductor. The first and second conductors can be electrically connected.

Abstract: In a method and system for identifying an antenna, an antenna identifier is coupled to the antenna. The antenna identifier is a memory device that stores at least one attribute to identify the antenna. The antenna includes an electromagnetic radiation element coupled to a signal port and a coupling device coupled in-between the signal port and the antenna identifier. A data signal received at the signal port is isolated by the coupling device and provided to the antenna identifier. The data signal is provided by a radio device and/or an information handling system (IHS) coupled to the antenna via the signal port. The radio device and/or the IHS is operable to read one or more values for the at least one attribute stored in the antenna identifier.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mobile communication terminal having an ESD (electrostatic discharge) protection function that includes a multi-band intenna including: a main signal pattern line that transmits/receives a main frequency band signal and is formed in a meander-line shape; at least one sub signal pattern line that is formed unitarily with the main signal pattern line and transmits/receives a frequency band signal different from that of the main signal pattern line; a discharge pattern line that is provided between the main and sub signal pattern lines to form a spark gap and performs an ESD protection function; a feed point that is formed on the main signal pattern line for power feeding; and a shorting point that is formed on the discharge pattern line to discharge static electricity to a ground terminal.

Abstract: An automobile antenna capable of preserving a good outward appearance of an antenna shape intact while possessing favorable waterproof and dustproof qualities is provided. An antenna mounted on an outside sheet panel of an automobile and comprising a base member that supports electrical parts for reception and transmission, a cover member that receives the electrical parts for reception and transmission, and a pad member made of an elastic material, and wherein the pad member is fitted internally into the cover member while covering an underside and an outer peripheral portion of the base member.

Abstract: A system for reading RFID tags of articles within a cabinet includes a repositionable shelf. The repositionable shelf includes an antenna assembly having three antenna pairs. Each antenna pair has a loop antenna and a figure eight antenna. The antenna pairs are on a PC board. The PC board includes an RJ45 connector which provides both power to the antenna assembly as well as a communication interface for the antenna assembly. The RJ45 connector could be used to provide the RF signals from the antenna to a reader. The system could also include a repositionable divider for placement perpendicular to the repositionable shelf. The repositionable divider also includes a loop antenna and a figure eight antenna.

Abstract: A fine tuning mechanism of the satellite antenna is disclosed herein. This mechanism disposed in the elevation and azimuth fine tuning device includes a plurality of fine tuning elements, which include a plurality of rollers, a bushing and a bearing. By this mechanism, it is easy to tune to the needed angle with high accuracy. The user can use the handle to easily tune the right elevation and azimuth.

Abstract: A wideband antenna has: a rectangular conductor sheet; a bow-tie-shaped slit formed in the rectangular conductor sheet, the rectangular conductor sheet having two apex portions defined by the bow-tie-shaped slit, the two apex portions being opposite to each other in the middle of the bow-tie-shaped slit; an auxiliary antenna element formed to extend along the bow-tie-shaped slit on both sides of one of the two apex portions; a power-feeding portion formed at the one of the two apex portions; and a grounding portion formed at an other of the two apex portions.

Abstract: A slot antenna including: a dielectric substrate; a conductor pattern formed on a first surface of the dielectric substrate; a ground layer formed on a second surface of the dielectric substrate; a feeding point disposed at substantially a center of one side of the conductor pattern; a microstrip line extending from the feeding point to substantially a center of the conductor pattern; and a slot made with a predetermined width at a position at which the slot straddles a center line of the dielectric substrate, the center line passing through the feeding point, in the ground layer.

Abstract: Embodiments generally relate to an antenna. The antenna includes at least two slot radiators, where each slot radiator has an input port and a profile that has been defined to optimize the return loss bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna also includes a transmission line and a circuit configured to connect the transmission line and the at least two slot radiators at the respective input ports. The circuit is also configured to match the impedance of the at least two slot radiators and the co-planar waveguide.

Abstract: A wideband planar dipole antenna comprises a substrate and two antenna bodies. Metal conductor is printed on the single surface/double surfaces of the substrate to form the antenna bodies. With a dipole antenna architecture, the antenna bodies are manufactured as loop structures similar to concentric circles. The loop structures can be of rectangular or circular shapes. Loops of metal conductors with different lengths resonate to obtain similar but different frequencies. Each path of every antenna body can be finally connected with a metal conductor sheet capable of changing to any shape. Every path can interfere with adjacent paths to achieve the wideband effect. An asymmetric mechanism can be added in one of the antenna bodies. Besides letting the antenna have the resonance effect of the symmetric part, the loop path at the signal source can also be increased to enhance the receiving performance of the antenna.

Abstract: A method and system for increasing an isolation characteristic of a crossed dipole pair, dual polarized antenna can include a feedback system comprising a feedback element for generating a feedback signal in response to a transmitted RF signal produced by each radiating elements of a crossed dipole pair, dual polarized antenna. The feedback element may improve the isolation characteristic of RF signals between two different polarizations. The dimensions and spacing of the feedback element relative to an antenna may provide for optimal feedback signals. The feedback element can have a length, width, and thickness wherein the length and width are usually larger than the thickness dimension. A fastening mechanism of the inventive feedback system for coupling the feedback element to the antenna can include materials that allow for high speed production of antenna arrays using with the feedback system.

Abstract: An RFID tag includes a matching circuit connected between the antenna and the ASIC. The matching circuit rotates the load impedance of the ASIC to provide optimal impedance matching between the antenna and the ASIC over a wide range of operating frequencies. The matching circuit includes a capacitor, first and second microstrips, and a capacitor connected in series. Another capacitor connects ground to a node between the first capacitor and the first microstrip.

Abstract: A flexible electronic display device containing a plurality of fields for displaying information is disclosed. The electronic display device comprises an active area having at least one field comprising a series of interleaved characters that can be selectively activated such that different messages are readable depending upon which characters are activated. The active area can comprise additional fields.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a mobile communication terminal capable of displaying information. The mobile communication includes a first display unit, a second display unit, a memory unit for storing displayable main information, and a control unit for controlling first sub-information of the main information displayable on the first display unit and controlling second sub-information of the main information displayable on the second display unit, wherein the first sub-information and the second sub-information are continually varied and correlated to each other for providing continuity of information between the first display unit and the second display unit.

Abstract: In a main computer system coupled to an auxiliary display device, described is an interface set for implementation by an auxiliary display device driver, to couple the driver to an auxiliary display platform. Commands received from the auxiliary display platform may be handled by code external to the driver, such as a class extension object. For example, the class extension object may interpret and/or translate commands received from the auxiliary display platform into a format understood by the driver code. The auxiliary display device driver may then provide corresponding command information including data to the auxiliary display device via the transport. Event data may be returned from the auxiliary display device driver via the interface set to the class extension object, such that corresponding event information, e.g., received at the auxiliary display device, may be returned to the auxiliary display platform.

Abstract: An advanced slideshow is provided. To achieve this, a slideshow display period is divided into a plurality of units and a number of still images to be displayed is decided for every unit. One cell is selected from among a plurality of cells in accordance with the number of still images decided for each unit. A cell specifies positions at which still images displayed in the slideshow are to be rendered, and a moving image displayed as the background of the still images. In accordance with the cells selected, still images of a number of frames that differs for every unit are displayed in the slideshow.

Abstract: A three-dimensional display device includes an image display unit and a light control unit facing the image display unit. The light control unit includes first and second substrates facing each other, a 2-viewpoint electrode layer and a multi-viewpoint electrode layer located between the first and second substrates, and a liquid crystal layer located between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic image display system. The system of the invention can be used, for example, as an advertising device using audiovisual presentations of digital image files, digital video files, and/or digital audio files.

Abstract: A collision electrification particle, an electronic paper display device using the same and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. An electrified particle stabilizing agent is coated at the outside of polymer resin in a spherical shape. As a result, only an electrified particle stabilizing agent is used without an additional electric charge controlling agent. Consequently, it is possible to easily manufacture the electronic paper display device. Furthermore, it is possible to finely control the polarity of the particle by controlling the amount and the electrification magnitude of the particle stabilizing agent.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment includes a plurality of data lines and a plurality of gate lines crossing each other; a first pixel connected to one of the plurality of data lines and one of the plurality of gate lines; and a second pixel connected to the one of the plurality of data lines and to the one of the plurality of gate lines, wherein the first and second pixels are disposed at opposite sides with respect to the one of the plurality of data lines and at opposite sides with respect to the one of the plurality of gate lines.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-photosensitive black electrode composition and a plasma display panel having a black electrode formed using the composition. The black electrode for the plasma display panel includes the non-photosensitive composition, thus yellowing does not occur on electrodes but conductivity to a transparent electrode layer is desirably assured even though typical conductive powder and various types of black pigments are used. It is possible to conduct patterning using a photolithography process due to the simultaneous development of black and bus electrodes, which can act as electrodes due to simultaneous sintering. Since it is non-photosensitive, it is possible to use various types of black pigments, thus the material cost is reduced.

Abstract: A TFT array panel includes an insulating substrate, a gate line and a storage electrode line formed thereon. The gate line and the storage electrode line are covered with a gate insulating layer, and a semiconductor island is formed on the gate insulating layer. A pair of ohmic contacts are formed on the semiconductor island, and a data line and a drain electrode are formed thereon. The data line and the drain electrode are covered with a passivation layer having a contact hole exposing the drain electrode. A pixel electrode is formed on the passivation layer and connected to the drain electrode through the contact hole. The TFT array panel is covered with an alignment layer rubbed approximately in a direction from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of the TFT array panel or the pixel electrodes. The pixel electrode has approximately a rectangular shape and overlaps the gate line and the data line.

Abstract: An addressing driving method for a plasma display is described. The plasma display comprises at least a scan line and at least a common electrode. The addressing driving method uses the following driving scheme. Initially the plasma display is in a reset period, a scanning voltage is used to drive the scan line to equalize the wall charge distribution in cell. When the plasma display is in an addressing period, a time-varying common voltage is applied to the common electrode. Finally, the plasma display is in a sustain period, the display cells are sustained in discharge condition. The driving scheme not only discharge lag for high speed addressing but the voltage margin of the panel voltage is also increased.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) including an electron emitter disposed between a pair of sustain electrodes to supply electrons is disclosed. The plasma display panel includes: a substrate, a first sustain electrode and a second sustain electrode formed over the substrate and spaced apart from each other, and an electron emitter formed over the substrate and positioned substantially between the first and second sustain electrodes. The electron emitter increases the brightness and luminous efficiency of the PDP by emitting the accelerated electrons into discharge cells.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) having improved brightness and discharge efficiency includes: a first substrate and a second substrate separated from each other; barrier ribs disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and defining a plurality of discharge cells together with the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes disposed in the barrier ribs and extending in a first direction parallel to each other; a plurality of address electrodes disposed in the barrier ribs and extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a plurality of phosphor layers disposed in the discharge cells; and a discharge gas contained within the discharge cells.

Abstract: A display panel has a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels comprising two green cells, a red cell and a blue cell. The red cell or the blue cell is disposed between the two green cells. The display panel uses red-green-blue gray level data with respect to each of the pixels. A method of driving the display panel comprises: (a) summing red gray level data for two adjacent pixels of the red-green-blue gray level data, and applying the summation result to the red cell; (b) applying green gray level data for the two adjacent pixels of the red-green-blue gray level data to the two green cells; and (c) summing blue gray level data for the two adjacent pixels for the red-green-blue gray level data, and applying the summation result to the blue cell.

Abstract: A plasma display device capable of suppressing the streaking without losing the luminance in an AC plasma display device is provided. In an AC plasma display device in which one screen is comprised of a plurality of sub-fields, and an image is displayed by generating sustain discharges several times between display electrodes in each sub-field, periods where the sustain discharge is generated several times in each sub-field include a plurality of sustain discharge periods with different single sustain discharge currents, for example, a sustain discharge period with small single sustain discharge current and a sustain discharge period with large single sustain discharge current, and a driving circuit, which increases a ratio of the number of sustain discharges in the sustain discharge period with large single sustain discharge current relative to that in the sustain discharge period with small single sustain discharge current, is provided.

Abstract: A method for driving a plasma display apparatus is disclosed in which a scan pulse which falls to a voltage level lower than a lower limit voltage of a ramp-down waveform applied during a set-down period is applied to a scan electrode during an address period to thereby improve jitter characteristics and enable high speed driving, and an auxiliary data pulse for sustaining a voltage lower than a bias voltage applied during a set-down period is applied to the sustain electrode during an address period to thereby compensate a voltage difference with the scan electrode to prevent an erroneous discharge.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus and a method of driving the same are disclosed. In the method of driving the plasma display apparatus, a first pulse falling from a reference voltage level is supplied to a sustain electrode prior to a reset period. A voltage of a scan electrode is maintained at the reference voltage level during the supplying of the first pulse to the sustain electrode. A reset pulse is supplied to at least one of the scan electrode and the sustain electrode during the reset period.

Abstract: A plasma display device is disclosed. The plasma display device includes a plurality of discharge cells and address electrodes passing through the discharge cells. Three discharge cells are associated with one pixel and each address electrode passes through at least two of the three discharge cells. Each discharge cell includes a first edge extending in a first direction and a second edge extending in a second direction crossing the first direction. The ratio of the length of the second edge to the length of the first edge is in the range of about ? to about 4/3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus and a driving method thereof. The present invention can cut off current flowing into the sustain drivers 40, 140, and 240 when the set-up signal R_up or set-down sigal R_dn is applied, even without any other switching elements by using a switching element (path-blocking switch, Sblock) with smaller capacity or by connecting the set-up switch SET_UP and the high switches 31a, 131a and 231a of the scan ICs 31, 131, and 231.

Abstract: There is provided a plasma display apparatus. The plasma display apparatus includes a scan-up switch and a scan-down switch whose one ends are connected to the panel so as to apply a scan signal to a panel; and a scan switch that is connected to a node that is positioned on a path of a resonance current flowing to the panel and the scan-up switch therebetween. Therefore, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing cost of a driving circuit for driving a panel.

Abstract: A plasma display panel driving apparatus and method for applying a driving voltage to drive a plasma display panel, where the plasma display panel includes discharge cells formed where the X electrodes cross the Y electrodes. The apparatus includes an X electrode driver for applying the driving voltages to the X electrodes and a Y electrode driver for applying the driving voltages to the Y electrodes. The X electrode driver comprises a first energy recovery unit collecting and accumulating charge from discharge cells and then providing the accumulated charge to the discharge cells, in the address period, and may also include a second energy recovery unit collecting and accumulating charge from the discharge cells and then providing the accumulated charge to the discharge cells, in the sustain-discharge period.

Abstract: An Organic Electro Luminescence Display (OELD) to perform a sheet unit test includes a pixel unit including: a plurality of pixels to receive a first power supply voltage (ELVDD), a second power supply voltage (ELVSS) and scanning signals to emit light; a scan driving unit to supply the scanning signals to the pixel unit; and a test unit to test whether or not a defect in the pixel unit is present, and further includes a first wire group arranged in a first direction and having a floated end; and a second wire group arranged in a second direction and having a floated end. This allows the sheet unit test to be conducted without scribing each OELD, by supplying the power supply voltages and the signals for their tests into a plurality of the OELDs formed on a motherboard.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus and a method of driving the same are disclosed. The plasma display apparatus includes an energy storing unit, a first energy recovery circuit unit and a second energy recovery circuit unit. The energy storing unit recovers a voltage stored in each of a scan electrode and a sustain electrode of a plasma display panel. The first energy recovery circuit unit recovers the voltage stored in the scan electrode, stores the recovered voltage in the energy storing unit, and supplies the voltage stored in the energy storing unit to the scan electrode. The second energy recovery circuit unit recovers the voltage stored in the sustain electrode, stores the recovered voltage in the energy storing unit, and for supplies the voltage stored in the energy storing unit to the sustain electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus and a method of driving the same are disclosed. The plasma display apparatus includes a drive integrated circuit for supplying a driving voltage to a scan electrode, a scan reference voltage supply unit, a setup supply unit and a sustain pulse supply unit. The scan reference voltage supply unit supplies a first voltage to the drive integrated circuit during a reset period and supplies a scan reference voltage to the drive integrated circuit during an address period. The setup supply unit supplies a pulse gradually rising from the first voltage to a second voltage to the drive integrated circuit during the reset period. The sustain pulse supply unit supplies a sustain pulse of a negative polarity with a negative sustain voltage to the drive integrated circuit during a sustain period.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for driving a plasma display panel are disclosed. The driving apparatus includes a voltage source, a capacitor charged with a voltage supplied from the voltage source, or discharging the charged voltage, a first switching unit for performing a switching operation to apply the voltage from the voltage source to the capacitor and a panel, or to apply the charged voltage from the capacitor to the panel, and a second switching unit for performing a switching operation reverse to the switching operation of the first switching unit, to discharge a voltage from the panel and to discharge the charged voltage from the capacitor, or to apply the voltage from the voltage source to the capacitor and to discharge the voltage from the panel.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus and a method of driving the plasma display apparatus are disclosed The plasma display apparatus includes a plasma display panel including a plurality of electrodes, a driving pulse controller for outputting a timing control signal and a driver. The driver supplies a set-down pulse to at least one electrode of the plurality of electrodes depending on the tiring control signal. The first set-down pulse gradually falls from a first voltage to a second voltage during a first period, is maintained at the second voltage during a second period, and gradually falls from the second voltage to a third voltage during a third period.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus, a method of driving the plasma display apparatus and an address driving integrated circuit module are disclosed. The plasma display apparatus includes a panel capacitor, an external capacitor, an external inductor and an address driving integrated circuit module. The external capacitor supplies a charging voltage to the panel capacitor and recovers a discharging voltage from the panel capacitor. The external inductor and the panel capacitor form a resonance circuit. The address driving integrated circuit module is connected between the external inductor and the panel capacitor. The address driving integrated circuit module supplies a charging voltage to the panel capacitor, recovers a discharging voltage from the panel capacitor and supplies an address voltage and a ground level voltage.

Abstract: A precharge voltage Vp is applied in period A. The precharge voltage Vp is generated by applying a constant current Iw to a pixel driving transistor of a display panel and using gate terminal voltage of the driving transistor which passes the constant current Iw. The gate terminal potential is held in memory. When displaying images on a display panel, the gate terminal potential is read out of memory, and used as the precharge voltage Vp after arithmetic processing. By the application of the precharge voltage Vp, a source signal line is charged and discharged quickly so that an almost target tone current will flow through the driving transistor. Furthermore, a more accurate program current is written into the pixel during period B.

Abstract: A pixel driving circuit includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a forth transistor, a switching circuit, a first voltage generator, a second voltage generator, and a light emitting element. The source of the first transistor is electrically connected to the drain of the second transistor. The gate of the third transistor is electrically connected to the gate of the first transistor. The drain of the forth transistor is electrically connected to the source of the third transistor, and the gate of the forth transistor is electrically connected to the gate and the drain of the second transistor. The first voltage generator is coupled to the source of the second transistor and of the forth transistor. The light emitting element is coupled to the drain of the first transistor via a first electrode, and to the second voltage generator via a second electrode. The switching circuit is electrically connected to the drain and the gate of the third transistor.

Abstract: A current driver circuit includes a current output terminal, a data electrode terminal, an active current conductive element, and a modification circuit. The current output terminal supplies a drive current with a magnitude according to a data signal supplied thereto to a data electrode terminal of a current-driven type image displayer. The active current conductive element includes a current supply terminal receiving a drive voltage and being connected to the current supply terminal and having an impedance viewed from the current supply terminal, which is impedance is adjustable under the gate control based on data signal. The current driver circuit can display images of gradation greatly changing in magnitude with less distortion.

Abstract: When a light-emitting element emits light for a long time, characteristics thereof change and current flowing therethrough is reduced even in the same voltage is applied. In particular, in a case of a display device with light-emitting element, there is a problem such that burn-in is generated in a display screen. A burn-in correction period in which characteristics of a light-emitting element in each pixel are detected is provided in addition to a normal driving period in which an image is displayed. The light-emitting element can emit light which compensates the changes in the characteristics, by correcting video signals inputted to each pixel in the normal driving period according to the characteristics of the light-emitting elements obtained in the burn-in correction period.

Abstract: A pixel is divided into m (m is an integer of m?2) sub-pixels, and an area ratio of an s-th (s is an integer of 1 to m) sub-pixel is to be 2s?1. Also, k (k is an integer of k?2) sub-frame groups including a plurality of sub-frames are provided in one frame, along with dividing one frame into n (n is an integer of n?2) sub-frames, so that a ratio of a lighting period length of a t-th (t is an integer of 1 to n) sub-frame is 2(t?1)m. Further, each of the n sub-frames is divided into k sub-frames each having a lighting period length that is about 1/k of each of the n sub-frames, and one of these is provided in each of the k sub-frame groups.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a plurality of pixels. Each pixel includes a light emitting device; a drive transistor that has a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode. One of the source and drain electrodes are electrically connected to one end of the light emitting device. Each pixel also includes a first switching transistor that electrically connects the gate electrode and the one electrode according to a scan signal, and a capacitor that has first and second electrodes. The first electrode is electrically connected to the gate electrode. The apparatus also includes a data line connected to the second electrode; a data line drive circuit that supplies a brightness potential and a reference potential for the brightness potential to the data line.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display device. A first capacitor is coupled between a gate of a first transistor and a first voltage source, and a second transistor is coupled between the gate of the first transistor and a second voltage source. A third transistor is coupled between the first voltage source and the gate of the first transistor, and a fourth transistor is coupled to a data line. A second capacitor stores the data voltage from the fourth transistor, and is for determining a gate-source voltage of the first transistor. The threshold voltage compensator compensates a threshold voltage of the third transistor together with the second capacitor, and the fifth transistor transmits a current of a drain of the first transistor to the organic light emitting diode. A photoelectric transformation element transmits a current corresponding to a light emitted by the organic light emitting diode to the second capacitor.