Abstract: A simulation image of an index image formed on a fundus of an eye to be examined when each of a plurality of indices is presented to the eye to be examined is generated based on optical characteristic data of the eye to be examined and image data of the indices associated with respective spatial frequencies. Of the generated simulation images, simulation images whose contrasts can be recognized by the eye to be examined are selected at each of the spatial frequencies. Of the selected simulation images, a simulation image in which a contrast of an index being a basis for the simulation image is minimum is specified. Mark information for marking index information of indices which are the bases for simulation images specified at each of the spatial frequencies are added to image data of an examination sheet and displayed thereon.

Abstract: An optical element includes a dichroic surface formed by a multilayer dielectric film or the like and a polarized beam splitter surface formed by a multilayer dielectric film or the like. The dichroic surface transmits light (G and R) from a green wavelength band to a red wavelength band irrespective of the polarization directions of light, and reflects light (B) in a blue wavelength band. The polarized beam splitter surface reflects an S-polarized light (Gs) in a green wavelength band. Furthermore, the polarized beam splitter surface transmits an S-polarized light (Bs) and a P-polarized light (Bp) in the blue wavelength band, and also transmits the S-polarized light (Rs) and P-polarized light (Rp) in the red wavelength band.

Abstract: A light coupling system includes a waveguide, configured to receive light from at least two light sources and to internally reflect light therein; a diffraction grating, disposed upon the waveguide; and a switchable Bragg grating, disposed upon the waveguide. The diffraction grating is configured to couple light from at least one of the light sources into the waveguide, and the switchable Bragg grating is configured to selectively couple light out of the waveguide, such that the light from the at least two light sources is selectively directed along a common projection axis.

Abstract: A power on/off system of a thin projector including an optical system arranged in a housing with a panel shape having lateral sides and a front side having an area larger than an area of each lateral side is disclosed. The power on/off system includes a door, fans which cool a lamp, a shutter which opens/closes a projection lens, a first sensing unit which senses malfunctions of the lamp, the fans, the door, and the shutter, a second sensing unit which senses an internal temperature of the housing, and a controller which sequentially controls, in response to power-on of the thin projector, operations of opening the door and the shutter, driving the fans, driving the lamp, and sequentially controls, in response to power-off of the thin projector, operations of turning off the lamp, driving the fans, turning off the fans, and closing the door and shutter.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a display device that can be manufactured more easily than the conventional one. To accomplish this object, an image control panel part (7) which is continuously provided with combination base units including optical transparency base units and optical no-transparency base units, and a lens film pail (6) which is continuously provided with repeating units of lenses (8) are laminated in a direction of light transmission, and either one width of the optical transparency base unit or a pitch of the repeating unit of the lens is set so as to be the integral multiplication of the other width. Since the moiré fringes can be prevented by setting either one width of the optical transparency base unit or the pitch of the repeating unit of the lens 8 so as to be the integral multiplication of the other width, it is not always necessary for the display device of the present invention to change a pitch of the mold for manufacturing the lens film part 6 randomly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of illuminating an imager for projecting images, implementing light-emitting diodes of different colours, the diodes being designed to provide a beam illuminating the imager. According to the invention, for a set of at least one image, the method comprises: a step for receiving each image of the set; a step for determining a colour base dependent on the set of at least one image, called a secondary colour base; and a step for dynamically controlling the diodes according to said secondary colour base. The invention also relates to a system implementing the method and a projector comprising such a system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a projector having a light source and a display device generating an image by using light emitted from the light source. A projection lens projects an image generated from the display device. A scatter blocking member is disposed between the display device and the projection lens to guide the image from the display device to the projection lens and has a surface-processed cylindrical shape. Thus, the projector provides relatively definite pictures by blocking reflected and scattered light.

Abstract: A display system includes a housing including a plurality of bays. The system includes a plurality of removable projector modules configured to project images onto a surface. Each projector module is configured to be inserted into and removed from one of the bays. The system includes a controller coupled to the bays for sensing when projector modules are inserted into or removed from the bays.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source, an optical modulation device that modulates light beam emitted from the light source in accordance with image information to form an optical image, a projection optical device that projects the optical image formed by the optical modulation device in an enlarged manner, a projection position adjusting device that moves the projection optical device in a plane perpendicular to a projection direction to adjust the projection position of the projection optical device, wherein, the projection position adjusting device includes a fixed member fixed to the projector, a moving member capable of moving along the plane perpendicular to the projection direction with respect to the fixed member, a dial knob supported rotatably with respect to the fixed member and operable by a user, a drive mechanism that is engaged with the moving member and the dial knob, and transmits rotation of the dial knob to the moving member to move the moving member, a reference position detecting mechanism

Abstract: For irradiating a layer a radiation beam is directed and focussed to a spot on the layer, relative movement of the layer relative to the lens is caused so that, successively, different portions of the layer are irradiated and an interspace between a surface of the lens nearest to the layer is maintained. Furthermore, at least a portion of the interspace through which the radiation irradiates the spot on the layer is maintained filled with a liquid, the liquid being supplied via a supply conduit. At least a portion of the liquid fills up a recess through which the radiation irradiates the spot.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and software product are presented for displaying notes to a presenter, in order to facilitate narration of a presentation. The items such as slides are shown seriatim on an audience screen, and are also displayed seriatim on a presenter screen. Some of the items on the presenter screen are accompanied by respective areas for the notes, whereas the items are shown on the audience screen unaccompanied by the areas for the notes.

Abstract: According to one exemplary embodiment discussed herein, an active color wheel is provided. The active color wheel according to one exemplary embodiment includes a plurality of light sources configured to be moved through a period of motion. Further, the plurality of light sources are configured to be activated over a range of the period of motion.

Abstract: high performance and high quality micro devices, etc. are produced highly efficiently at a high throughput. Before transferring a wafer W to an exposure apparatus 200 for exposing the wafer W, marks formed on the wafer W is measured by an in-line measurement device 400 and a measurement result and/or a result of performing calculation processing on the measurement result is notified to the exposure apparatus 200. In the exposure apparatus 200, a measurement condition is optimized based on the notified result and an alignment processing and other processing are performed.

Abstract: In calibration of overlay performance of an immersion lithographic apparatus, two sets of overlay data are obtained from exposures carried out using, for example, normal and reversed meanders. The two data sets can then be used to eliminate effects due to substrate cooling.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for exposing a subject to a pattern. The apparatus includes an update system to update a parameter necessary for processing in the exposure apparatus through measurement, a setting system to set a validity period of the parameter updated by the update system, and a control system to cause the update system to perform an update based on the validity period.

Abstract: A substrate transport apparatus, which transports a substrate that has been exposed with an image of a pattern through a projection optical system and a liquid, comprises a substrate support member that supports the substrate, and a liquid removal mechanism that removes the liquid that has adhered to at least one of the substrate support member and at least a portion of the area of the rear surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus and method include an illumination system that supplies a beam of radiation, an array of individually controllable elements that pattern the beam, and a projection system that directs the patterned beam a substrate supported on a substrate table. The projection system defines a pupil. Either the pupil or the array of individually controllable elements is imaged onto a target portion of the substrate. The projection system includes an array of lenses with each lens in the array arranged to direct a respective part of the patterned beam onto a respective part of the target portion of the substrate. In one example, each of the individually controllable elements is selectively controllable to direct a respective part of the beam away from the pupil such that the proportion of the beam passing through the pupil is adjusted.

Abstract: A lithographic projection apparatus in which a balance mass is supported by a base frame using at least one supporting member which is coupled to both the base frame and balance mass. Free horizontal movement is provided by providing the supporting member with at least two pivot points.

Abstract: A transparent pellicle member or plate (1) is mounted across a reticle, substantially parallel thereto, so as to define a gas-tight space (9) therebetween. The pellicle (1) is mounted on a frame (3) by flexible connection members (20) provided at opposing edges of the pellicle (1). The flexible connection members (20) may be in the form of a “bellows” type arrangement, to provide optimum flexibility in the direction perpendicular to the reticle, but significant resistance in all other directions. As a result, changes in gas pressure difference between the space (9) and the surrounding atmosphere supports the pellicle (1) using the weight of the pellicle itself. In other words, the pellicle (1) “floats” on the gas pressure difference, which pressure difference is maintained in a passive way, i.e. no electrical, pneumatic or other external connection is required.

Abstract: The invention is in particular a supporting device for relative supporting loads with respect to a base comprising a load side part, a base side part, and an intermediate part giving support to the load side part, and thus defining a supporting direction with reference to the base and the load side, including a pressure chamber bounded by chamber walls.

Abstract: A 3-D LADAR imaging system incorporating stacked microelectronic layers is provided. A light source is imaged upon a target through beam shaping optics. Photons reflected from the target are collected and imaged upon a detector array though collection optics. The detector array signals are fed into a multilayer processing module wherein each layer includes detector signal processing circuitry. The detector array signals are amplified, compared to a user-defined threshold, digitized and fed into a high speed FIFO range bin. Dependant on the value of the digit contained in the bins in the register, and the digit's bin location, the time of a photon reflection from a target surface can be determined. A To trigger signal defines the reflection time represented by each bin location by resetting appropriate circuitry to begin processing.

Abstract: In a method according to one embodiment of the invention, aberrations in a lithographic apparatus are detected by printing a test pattern having at least one degree of symmetry and being sensitive to a particular aberration in the apparatus, and using a scatterometer to derive information concerning the aberration. The test structure may comprise a two-bar grating, in which case the inner and outer duty ratios can be reconstructed to derive information indicative of comatic aberration. Alternatively, a hexagonal array of dots can be used, such that scatterometry data can be used to reconstruct dot diameters indicative of 3-wave aberration.

Abstract: A refractometer is disclosed having a light source and an optical window to be positioned in a process liquid. A beam of rays is directed from the light source to an interface (RP) between the process liquid and the optical window and leading back part of the beam of rays refracted from the interface to the inside of the optical window. An image formed in the above manner is observed. The beam of rays from the light source is directed to the interface (RP) between the process liquid and the optical window from the side of the process liquid and in the direction of the interface.

Abstract: A machine control system uses a laser system and global navigation satellite system to determine the position of the machine. The laser system has a laser detector positioned in a known and fixed relationship with the nominal phase center of a global navigation satellite antenna. The laser detector receives laser light transmitted from a laser transmitter. The outputs of the laser system and the global navigation satellite system are used together to determine the position of the transmitter prior to being used to determine the position of the machine.

Abstract: The invention relates to ground-based surveying on a site (2) which comprises an unstable zone (60) and at least one control point (FCP1, FCP2, FCP6, FCP7; CP1-CP3) placed outside the unstable zone, in which method at least one surveying device (TS8, TS9; ST1-ST3) is used to acquire positional data by sighting least one control point (FCP1, FCP2, FCP6, FCP7; CP1-CP3). The approach comprises: providing at least one sighting point (UP3-UP5; A-C) within the unstable zone (60; 20), using the surveying device(s) (TS8, TS9; ST1-ST3) to acquire positional data by sighting the at least one sighting point (UP3-UP5; A-C) that is located within the unstable zone (60; 20), and combining the positional data acquired from: i) the at least one control point (FCP1, FCP2, FCP6, FCP7; CP1-CP3) placed outside the unstable zone and ii) at least one sighting point (UP3-UP5; A-C) within the unstable zone (60; 20), to produce a positional reference for the surveying device(s).

Abstract: A laser beam transmitter and a method of calibrating such a transmitter result in a beam of laser light that is projected in a desired direction with respect to a transmitter body. The transmitter and a beam target are positioned such that a properly calibrated beam will illuminate a desired point on the target, such as for example the target center. The transmitter is activated and the offset of the point illuminated on the target from the target center measured. A plurality of optical wedge correction elements having varying wedge angles is provided, and the appropriate one of these optical wedge correction elements that will correct for the measured offset is selected. The selected optical wedge correction element is positioned in the transmitter body in the path of the beam. The optical wedge correction element is rotated until the beam is substantially aligned to illuminate the target center. The optical wedge element is then affixed in place in the transmitter body.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing illumination of a specimen for inspection are provided. One system includes one or more first optical elements configured to illuminate a diffuser with a predetermined pattern of coherent light. The system also includes one or more second optical elements configured to image light exiting the diffuser onto an illumination pupil of the system such that the predetermined pattern is reproduced in the illumination pupil. In addition, the system includes an objective lens configured to focus light from the predetermined pattern in the illumination pupil onto a specimen plane. In one embodiment, the light focused onto the specimen plane is not substantially coherent. In another embodiment, the predetermined pattern is selected based on an illumination mode selected for the inspection of the specimen.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting a surface of a wafer includes an illumination device for illuminating an imaging area of the wafer with at least one broad-band spectrum, and an optical imaging device with a detector for polychromatic imaging of the imaging area of the wafer based on the illumination, wherein the imaging device includes a filter arrangement for selecting a plurality of narrow-band spectra. In addition, a method for inspecting the surface of a wafer, includes the steps of leveling a plurality of narrow-band spectra to a common intensity range, illuminating an imaging area of the wafer with at least one broad-band spectrum, and imaging a plurality of narrow-band spectra from the imaging area based on the illumination.

Abstract: An Inspection apparatus and method includes utilizing an emitter which emits a light beam, an illumination optical system, a detection optical system, and a processor. The illumination optical system includes a polarization controller, a coherence reducer, and an objective lens, for illuminating a specimen with a polarization condition controlled and coherency reduced light beam through the objective lens. The detection optical system includes an imaging lens and a sensor for detecting an image of the specimen illuminated by the light beam through the illumination optical system. The processor processes a signal outputted from the sensor and detects a defect on the specimen.

Abstract: A flow through cell (100) for use in a spectrophotometer for analysis of dissolved chemical substances in a flowing liquid stream is made up of at least an intermediate body member (114) located between two other body members (112, 116). The body members are of regular shape, for example rectangular parallelepiped and are clamped together, for example by machine screws (134, 136). Thus the cell is relatively easily manufacturable. The clamped together body members define a flow through passage which includes a hole (118) through the intermediate body member (114) and a liquid inlet region at one end of the hole and a liquid outlet region at the other end of the hole, which regions may be provided by galleries (150, 152) in scaling gaskets (130, 132) between the body members. The two other body members each include an optically transparent window (142, 146) at an end of the hole (118) thereby providing an optical pathway (A, A?) through part of the flow through passage.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier and an optical scanning device. The optical scanning device generates an optical scanning beam and includes an enclosure. The enclosure includes a pair of arch-like-shaped supporting members. Inside the enclosure there are provided a light source for emitting a light beam, a light deflector for deflecting the light beam emitted from the light source so as to convert the light beam into the optical scanning beam, and at least one reflecting mirror for reflecting the optical scanning beam deflected by the light deflector to scan the image carrying surface of the image carrier. At least one of the reflecting mirrors includes a specific reflecting mirror having a light reflecting surface and mounted on the pair of arch-like-shaped supporting members at a position to reflect the optical scanning beam with the light reflecting surface toward the image carrying surface of the image carrier.

Abstract: A scanning microscope includes a light source for evanescently illuminating a sample disposed on a slide. A point detector receives detection light emanating from a scanning point of the sample. A beam deflection device disposed in an optical path of the detection light can shift a position of the scanning point.

Abstract: A user positioning device comprising a stand (1) carrying two positioning markers (5) that are disposed so that each can be seen by a respective one of the eyes of a user, when the user is positioned correctly, and means (7) for forming a light path between each of the eyes of the user and the corresponding positioning marker, the light paths being optically separate from each other relative to the eyes of the user.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming an appropriate reference image in inspection of a pattern of an object to be inspected depending on characteristics of the pattern are disclosed. A reference image forming apparatus includes an optical image acquisition unit which acquires an optical image of an object to be inspected, a conversion parameter determining unit which uses feature data based on the characteristic of the pattern of the image of the object to be inspected to calculate a conversion parameter from the optical image and design data of the object to be inspected, and a reference image creation unit which performs arithmetic processing to the conversion parameter and the design data to form a reference image.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a multiple channel dichroic color mixing system or gobo that is comprised of three standard filters, one each of cyan, magenta and yellow, in combination with a fourth “multiband” optical filter with a spectral design that has multiple pass and blocking regions such that, by a suitable sequential combination of filters, the resultant transmitted light can be made to have enhanced color and intensity in the blue, green, and red portions of the color spectrum, without sacrificing the colors produced by combinations of the CMY filters that are commonly known in the industry. The “multiband” filter provides an optical solution with a single additional filter that, prior to this disclosure would require the addition of multiple single band filters, thereby increasing the mechanical complexity and overall cost of the color mixing device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to instruments used to analyze materials with light-absorbing properties and their methods of use. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of adjustable optical filters whereby light-absorption can be measured in more detail and with greater variables than what is currently known in the art.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for categorizing defects on workpieces, such as semiconductor wafers and masks used in lithographically writing patterns into such wafers are provided. For some embodiments, by analyzing the layout in the neighborhood of the defect, and matching it to similar defected neighborhoods in different locations across the die, defects may be categorized by common structures in which they occur.

Abstract: A defect marking device includes a flaw inspection device which has a plurality of light-receiving parts that identify reflected lights coming from an inspection plane of a metal strip under two or more of optical conditions different from each other; a signal processing section that judges the presence/absence of surface flaw on the inspection plane based on a combination of reflected light components identified under these optical conditions different from each other; and a marking device which applies marking that indicates information relating to the flaw on the surface of the metal strip.

Abstract: A method of determining an optical parameter or function thereof for a liquid, the method comprising: flowing the liquid through a flow cell; transmitting a pulse of light into the liquid in the flow cell; generating a signal responsive to energy that the material emits responsive to a portion of the light from the light pulse that is absorbed by the liquid; and using the signal to determine the optical parameter or function thereof.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy measurement apparatus and method for measuring first, second, and third wavelength components includes first and second coated optical elements having non-parallel surfaces. Proper selection of the parameters of the optical elements reduces the level of coma and astigmatism in the apparatus. Additionally, filters pass the first, second, and third wavelength components to first, second, and third sensors. Improvement in the alignment of the field of view between sensors is realized by applying an adjustable compressive force on the filters to individually adjust the field of view.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for improving at least one of a) optical interactance measurements, b) optical transmittance measurements and c) optical reflectance measurements. The apparatus has a probe having a body portion and an tip portion. The body portion has a central tubular element having an opening therethrough. The tip portion has a central aperture and a number that is a plurality of ring openings therein. At least some of the plurality of rings are angled with respect to a longitudinal axis of the probe. A plurality of fiber optic bundles corresponds in number at least to the number of ring openings, and at least one fiber optic bundle is arranged at one end of the longitudinal axis for receiving specimen information and at another end of the longitudinal axis connected to a detector for receiving a signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for controlling positioning of an optical dithering element includes repeatedly driving the optical dithering element approximately between a plurality of desired positions by a generally periodic drive waveform. During a particular period of the drive waveform, the actual position of the optical dithering element is determined at a plurality of sample times. For each of the determined actual positions of the optical dithering element, a position error indicator is determined based upon whether the magnitude of the actual position is greater than, less than, or the same as a desired setpoint for the position of the optical dithering element. The method also includes generating an error signature for the particular period based on the determined error indicators and modifying the drive waveform in response to the error signature.

Abstract: The fiber-optic interferometric rotation sensor device of the invention comprises a laser source combined with an optical fiber and with a device for making the beam from the laser source interfere with the beam coming from the optical fiber, and, according to one feature of the invention, the laser source is an optical cavity having a gain lasing medium and the device includes, along the path of the beam output by the laser cavity, a beam splitter device associated with a mirror, the beam split off from the beam output by the laser cavity being sent into one of the ends of the optical fiber, the other end of which is directed toward the gain lasing medium that forms a nonlinear mirror, the splitter device being followed by a detector.

Abstract: An improved method and assembly, wherein the method generally includes the steps of providing a coated or uncoated sensor element having an exposed sensing surface; attaching the sensor element to a platform so that the exposed sensing surface is spaced from the platform; and optionally applying a protective layer over the platform while maintaining the sensing surface as exposed. The assembly includes a resonator having a free portion with a sensing surface is incorporated onto a platform, components of the sensor are physically shielded from harsh operating conditions, the requisite space is maintained between the free portion of the resonator and the platform, and the sensing surface of the resonator remains exposed for sensing.

Abstract: A fiber-optic sensor head is disclosed for an optical current or magnetic-field sensor which can have an optical fiber which includes a magnetooptically active sensor fiber which is optically connected to at least one polarization-defining element. The sensor fiber can be arranged in a magnetic field to be measured or around a conductor carrying current to be measured and can be in the form of a coil, with the coil defining a coil plane (A) with a surface normal (Ns), and with the at least one polarization-defining element having a marked axis (f). The sensor head can be flexible in the area of the sensor fiber, and an adjustment means can be provided for adjustment of a predeterminable angle ? between the marked axis,(f) and the surface normal (Ns) or for adjustment of predeterminable angles ?, ?? between the marked axes (f) and the surface normal (Ns).

Abstract: A 4Pi microscope provided with an interferometer wherein two lenses (31, 33) are arranged in such a way that they are opposite to each other on different sides of a sample plane (35); also comprising an optical element (19) which is used to inject illuminating light (3) into the interferometer and/or used to discharge detection light (41) from the interferometer and to deflect a detection beam path, containing a reflecting means (51) which reflects illuminating light discharged by the optical element back into the interferometer and/or which allows detection light which is deflected onto the deflection beam to pass, also reflecting other discharged detection light which is not deflected onto the detection beam path into the interferometer.

Abstract: A technique for analyzing damage to a motor vehicle, capable of accurately specifying damage on each component by a simple operation. A damage analysis-supporting system for supporting analysis of damage on a motor vehicle has an image generating-portion (301) and a damage-analyzing portion (303). The image-generating portion (301) imports individual drawing data corresponding to components constituting the vehicle into layers and generates an image of a vehicle body seen from a particular direction by superposing the layers. The damage-analyzing portion (303) receives input by a user to the image, where the input designates the area of damage. A t the same time, the damage-analyzing portion (303) specifies a damaged portion of each component on a layer-by-layer basis, where each layer has drawing data that belong to the area of damage designated by the user.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a system for creating three-dimensional models of objects from sets of arbitrary three-dimensional entities obtained from target surfaces. It also provides an efficient method for individually refining the alignment of curves to improve the accuracy of the surface model with a linear complexity with respect to the number of curves. The principle behind the invention is that a set of three-dimensional entities, at their approximate positions, creates a field from which the surface can be extracted. The field is constructed in a manner such that the three-dimensional entities are attracted toward the extracted surface. This attraction is used to accurately register each three-dimensional entity with respect to extracted surface. Through iterations, both the field and the entity positions are refined.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for optically determining the distance of a reflecting surface that can be used, in particular, for determining slight variations in distance such as can frequently occur in vibrating systems. Such an arrangement can also be used as optical microphone or hydrophone. The arrangement according to the invention is designed in this case such that light from a light source is directed onto a reflecting surface via a first optical fiber, and light reflected therefrom is directed onto at least one statically arranged optical detector via the first optical fiber or at least one further optical fiber. An optical element collimating in the direction of the reflecting surface is arranged between the reflecting surface and the one or more optical fibers.

Abstract: A position measurement system includes a first position measurement unit configured to measure a position of an object in a first and a second direction, the first position measurement unit including a first sensor and a first grating that extends in a first direction, a second position measurement unit configured to measure the position of the object in the first and the second direction, the second position measurement unit including a second sensor and a second grating that extends in the first direction. The position measurement system is configured to initialize the second position measurement unit based on a position measurement of the first position measurement unit.