Abstract: A gas chromatograph having the capability of performing a reliable measurement under a condition that the baseline of a detector output is stabilized, and a breath component analyzer using the same are provided. This gas chromatograph comprises a gas separation column accommodating a member for causing a flow delay depending on gas component; air pump for supplying an air as a carrier gas into the gas separation column; gas supply port formed in a gas flow channel extending between the air pump and the gas separation column, and adapted to supply a subject gas containing a target gas component to be detected into the carrier gas flowing in the gas flow channel; buffer tank provided upstream of the gas supply port; and a detector for detecting the gas component of the subject gas supplied into the gas separation column.

Abstract: A method of sensing the amount of a gas in a fluid flow includes operating an acoustic wave (AW) sensor at a first resonant frequency. The AW sensor includes a high temperature stable piezoelectric plate coupled to a first gas-absorbing layer. Also included is combining a fluid flow having a gas component with the first gas-absorbing layer at a temperature of at least about 500° C. At least one resonant frequency of the AW sensor is sensed. The amount of gas in the fluid flow is sensed by correlating the resonant frequency with the amount of gas absorbed in the first gas-absorbing layer. A sensor for sensing the amount of a gas in a fluid flow includes a first gas-absorbing layer, a high-temperature-stable piezoelectric plate coupled to the first gas-absorbing layer, and a controller coupled to the high-temperature-stable piezoelectric plate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for monitoring the wire-stitching on print products in a wire-stitching machine. The wire-stitching includes wire staples having ends to be closed. The wire-stitching machine includes a measuring device operative to measure a density on the ends of passing wire staples to test the quality of the passing wire staples.

Abstract: A method and sensor or sensor subsystem permit improved evaporative leak detection in an automotive fuel system. The sensor or sensor subsystem computes temperature-compensated pressure values, thereby eliminating or reducing false positive or other adverse results triggered by temperature changes in the fuel tank. The temperature-compensated pressure measurement is then available for drawing an inference regarding the existence of a leak with reduced or eliminated false detection arising as a result of temperature fluctuations.

Abstract: An Advanced Data Logging kit for testing a generator's liquid cooled stator bar system for leaks is disclosed. The kit is installed in between the generator's header and the HIT Skid and in the generator's cooling system. The kit includes pressure and vacuum transducers, sensor arrays with thermocouples, and data acquisition circuits. The sensor arrays are used to plumb the thermocouples into the generator's header and cooling pipes. The pressure and vacuum transducers and the thermocouples are used to collect pressure, vacuum and temperature data that is used to conduct a Pressure Decay Test and a Vacuum Decay Test to determine whether or not a leak in the liquid cooled stator bar system exists. A computer included in the kit has the ability to analyze the data readings, perform calculations, and predict leak rates in the stator bar system.

Abstract: A rheometer and method of making rheological measurements is disclosed, in which a sample is supported between plates and an alternating movement is applied by a driver, support rod and plate. Force and displacement measurements are taken and the property determined from those measurements. The vibrating signal which is applied is in the form of a frequency sweep signal having a monotonic group delay function. The top plate is provided with a surface which causes a meniscus to form up a side edge of the plate to reduce the spring nature of the sample when the movement is supplied to the sample, and a supporting rod which supports the top plate is preferably formed from a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion so that the gap between the plates is maintained substantially constant if the sample is heated to take measurements at different temperatures.

Abstract: It is possible to blast air on a surface portion of a measured object from a hole of pressing means, project illumination light in a concentric pattern with an optical element and shoot the measured object with a CCD so as to visually grasp hardness distribution on the surface portion from distortion of the concentric pattern displayed on an observed image. As for the hardness distribution, it is possible to detect luminance distribution of a measured object image obtained by the CCD so as to display the concentric pattern which is the luminance distribution as a conspicuous representation of the hardness distribution. And the luminance distribution can also be represented in the concentric pattern by multiplying a luminance value by an overflowing coefficient.

Abstract: An apparatus capable of tracking a sample surface level in a z direction and oscillating a cantilever at resonant frequency by using a frequency separation scheme in non-contact mode and method thereof. The inventive apparatus includes a sensing unit for sensing a sample surface; a frequency transforming unit for transforming the sensed signal; a frequency combining unit for combining signals; and an actuating unit for actuating the sensing unit.

Abstract: A stroke determination unit for a 4-cycle engine uses intake pressure as a parameter to provide accurate stroke determination. A combined pressure combines the detected pressures of intake ports of the first to third cylinders, and stroke determination is carried out by recognizing, within a combined pressure waveform based on a detection value for the combined pressure, shapes of the combined pressure waveform for a specified phase period of a crankshaft. The pressure pattern recognition is carried out by storing variation patterns of pressure values measured within the specified crankshaft phase period, and collating patterns with a data map stored within an ECU. Alternatively, the pattern recognition is carried out by collating with condition equations representing “rising” or “upward peak”. With the latter, pressure variation due to contamination such as electrical noise to the pressure sensor is made negligible, and noise suppression of the stroke determination unit is improved.

Abstract: A method for estimating crank angles and rotation speeds of an engine, having a signal processing unit to generate a dynamic sampling signal based on the tooth number signal of the crank detected by a crank angle sensor, an estimation unit designed by a discrete kinematic model and containing an estimator and a feedback gain matrix to read the dynamic sampling signal, and a crank rotation stroke discriminator allowing the signal processing unit to calculate a more precise crank dynamic sampling signal, so as to preclude external noises to interfering control of the engine.

Abstract: A collision reaction force measurement apparatus has a collision surface receiving a collision of a portable electronic device and a measurement part measuring a collision reaction force occurring when the portable electronic device makes the collision against the collision surface, wherein the collision surface comprises a plurality of collision surface elements and the measurement part comprises a plurality of measurement part elements provided for the plurality of collision surface elements, respectively.

Abstract: A pressure sensor (30) for harsh environments such as vehicle tires, formed from a wafer substrate (32) with a recess, a flexible membrane (50) covering the recess to define a chamber (58) containing a fluid at a reference pressure. In use, the flexible membrane (50) deflects due to pressure differentials between the reference pressure and the fluid pressure. Associated circuitry (34) converts the deflection of the flexible membrane (50) into an output signal indicative of the fluid pressure. An apertured guard (54) over the membrane formed using lithographically masked etching and deposition techniques protects the delicate MEMS structures. Forming the guard in situ by depositing material offers greater time efficiency and accuracy than producing a guard separately and securing it over the membrane. Semiconductor etching and deposition techniques allow highly intricate surface details. The apertures in the guard can be made smaller to exclude more particles from contacting the membrane.

Abstract: A viscometer-densimeter for a down hole tool positionable in a well bore penetrating a subterranean formation is described. The formation contains at least one fluid therein. The down hole tool is adapted to convey at least a portion of the fluid to the viscometer-densimeter. The viscometer-densimeter comprises a sensor unit, and at least one magnet. The sensor unit is positionable within the down hole tool and comprises at least two spatially disposed connectors and a wire suspended in tension between the at least two connectors such that the wire is available for interaction with the fluid when the viscometer-densimeter is positioned within the down hole tool and the down hole tool is positioned within the subterranean formation and receives the fluid from the subterranean formation. The connectors and the wire are constructed so as to provide a frequency oscillator.

Abstract: A suspension diaphragm (16) is configured to support a precision transducer (14) within a container (12). The suspension diaphragm (16) is buttressed by an underlying complaint preform (152) and an annular hybrid support (16B) disposed along the periphery of an opening of the container (12). The transducer (14) is affixed to the suspension diaphragm (16) using the compliant preform (152) and rigid epoxy in the securing channels (120). The annular hybrid support (16B) is affixed to the exterior of the container (12).

Abstract: A vibration-type angular velocity sensor realizing a suitably vibrating state of the vibrators by canceling the displacement of the vibrators caused by the gravity. The angular velocity sensor comprises base portions, vibrators coupled to the base portions, exciting means for driving and vibrating the vibrators in the x-direction, and detection means which, when an angular velocity is applied while the vibrators are being driven and vibrated, detects the angular velocity based on the vibrations of the vibrators in the y-direction at right angles with the x-direction, the angular velocity sensor further comprising position adjusting means for so adjusting the positions of the vibrators as to cancel the amount of displacement by which the vibrators are displaced by the gravity in the direction of the gravity.

Abstract: A three-axis acceleration sensor having a simple construction is provided for improving shock resistance without lowering sensor sensitivity. An acceleration sensor for detecting acceleration in three orthogonal directions comprises an electrode substrate pair including electrode substrates (4) opposed to each other, and each having fixed electrodes (4c, 4b, 4a) corresponding to three axes, respectively, a diaphragm (2) acting as a movable electrode, and an umbrella-like weight (3) mounted centrally of the diaphragm (2). Acceleration is detected based on variations in capacitance between the fixed electrodes (4c, 4b, 4a) and diaphragm (2). Each electrode substrate (4) has an electret layer (1) formed to cover surfaces of the fixed electrodes (4c, 4b, 4a). At least one of the electrode substrates defines, centrally thereof, a through hole (7). A shaft portion of the umbrella-like weight (3) extends through the through hole (7) from outside, and is connected to the diaphragm (2).

Abstract: A compact, highly sensitive acceleration sensor that is not affected by factors other than acceleration, such as a change in temperature, includes a bimorph acceleration-sensor element including first and second resonators and attached to opposite sides of a base plate with respect to a direction in which acceleration is applied. One longitudinal end or both longitudinal ends of the acceleration-sensor element is/are fixed such that the resonators bend in the same direction in response to the acceleration. Changes in frequency or changes in impedance in the resonators caused by the bending of the acceleration-sensor element are differentially detected in order to detect the acceleration. The acceleration-sensor element is bendable about a central bending plane N1 in response to the acceleration, the central bending plane N1 being positioned at a central portion of the base plate with respect to the application direction of acceleration.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transducer for measuring a part with a coating having at least one acoustic transducer, and a buffer delay line having an impedance matched to an impedance of the coating.

Abstract: An ultrasonic testing assembly structured to examine a test object, wherein the test object has a surface, and the examination examines the structure of the test object under the surface as well as the profile of the surface.

Abstract: A pressure and vibration sensing apparatus designed to sense pressure together with vibration through one apparatus. The pressure and vibration sensing apparatus includes a case adapted to be mounted in a machine generating vibration and having an inlet communicated with a source of pressure, a pressure sensor sensing pressure variation in the case, and a vibrating member retractably disposed in the case to induce the pressure variation in the case when vibration is generated in the machine.

Abstract: A method and pressure-sensor system provide a digital-frequency output linearly proportional to a sensed pressure. The system comprises a MEMS pressure-sensing element to provide a pressure-sensing output and voltage-to-frequency converter provide the digital-frequency output. The pressure-sensor system may also comprise an amplifier to provide an output voltage linearly proportional to the pressure. A temperature sensor and temperature-compensation circuitry provide a temperature-compensation signal to the amplifier to at least partially offset the effects of temperature on the system. Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a microcontroller system comprising a microcontroller and an RF transmitter. The microcontroller may receive the digital-frequency output and may generate a notification signal when the sensed pressure is inside or outside a predetermined pressure range.

Abstract: A system and method for a pressure gage assembly for an expandable gas or fluid distribution system is disclosed. The pressure gage assembly comprises a pressure gage with a male connector on one face, and a female connector on an opposite face. The pressure gage assembly has a passageway connecting the male connector with the female connector. The pressure gage is coupled to the passageway. The male connector on one face can be coupled to the female connector on another device, forming a line or chain of devices.

Abstract: A sensor has a plurality of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based conductors operatively positioned on a substrate. The conductors are arranged side-by-side, such as in a substantially parallel relationship to one another. At least one pair of spaced-apart electrodes is coupled to opposing ends of the conductors. A portion of each of the conductors spanning between each pair of electrodes comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes arranged end-to-end and substantially aligned along an axis. Because a direct correlation exists between resistance of a carbon nanotube and carbon nanotube strain, changes experienced by the portion of the structure to which the sensor is coupled induce a change in electrical properties of the conductors.

Abstract: The invention describes apparatuses and methods of monitoring fatigue, structural response, and operational limits in structural components. More particularly, the present invention relates to fatigue, response, and operational monitoring systems on steel catenary risers using optical fiber sensors. The sensors can be pre-installed on new risers, or post-installed sub-sea on existing risers, using a variety of methods.

Abstract: Some O-rings can include internal flaws that can eventually lead to failure of the O-rings during use. In order to scan an internal structure of an O-ring, the present disclosure includes an apparatus with an apparatus body to which an O-ring support and a transducer assembly are attached. The transducer assembly includes an ultrasound generator that transmits ultrasound toward the O-ring to generate reflections toward an ultrasound receiver. The apparatus includes a display for comparing ultrasound receiver data with expected data. It is determined whether there are reflections of the ultrasound transmissions off of at least one internal surface within the O-ring.

Abstract: A universally adjustable tool for measuring the force required to throw the lever of a lever-type, two-part, electrical connector. The tool comprises a handle, a base bar to which the handle is slideably attached, and a pair of legs having adaptors to permit the tool to be mounted to the lever pivot of the connector. A load cell adjustably depends from the free end of the handle and is operably connectable to the lever by means of a catch in the form of a hook or other desired shape. Various joints and a slide bracket, along with connector adaptors, provide a universal tool adaptable for use with a wide variety of two-part matable lever type connectors.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing stiffness characteristics such as modulus of elasticity E of an article such as a piece of lumber moving in a conveying direction transverse to the testing axis, comprises a bearing unit capable of contacting the piece of lumber at two spaced apart portions thereof. There is provided a first deflecting unit including a first working element being normally disposed in a first static position relative to the conveying path for applying a first thrust against a loaded area on the article at an intermediary portion thereof located between the spaced apart portions, to produce an article deflection of a first magnitude. Each working element defines a loading surface extending substantially parallel to the article-conveying path.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to prevent a detrimental effect on the operation of electric smelting furnaces. To achieve this, a pressure cell (41), which continuously measures the clamping force, is allocated to the actuating cylinder (21) that is responsible for fixing the interchangeable electrode (31) into the electrode support arm (11), said pressure cell continuously transmitting the measured values to a measured value display that is located at a distance from the furnace. This obviates the need for the previous conventional method of checking the current clamping pressure by placing a clamping pressure gauge in the electrode holder, e.g. when the electrode is replaced, without running the risk of a breakdown caused by the detachment of the electrode, triggered by an uncontrolled drop in the clamping pressure.

Abstract: A magnetoinductive flowmeter and a method for operating same utilizing a measuring tube through which flows an electrically conductive medium, as well as two measuring electrodes and a magnet with two field coils positioned parallel to each other on mutually opposite sides of the measuring tube. The measuring electrodes are so positioned that their connecting line extends along an essentially perpendicular vector relative to the direction of flow and to the magnetic field as well as through the cross-sectional center of the measuring tube. For normal flow-measuring operation, the two field coils are so energized that an essentially homogeneous magnetic field is generated, permeating the medium flowing through the measuring tube, while for determining the flow rate the voltage present between the two measuring electrodes is collected at one or both measuring electrodes and measured against a reference potential.

Abstract: A transit time ultrasound sensor is employed for the measurement of liquid flow in a conduit, the sensor having an acoustic path formed of materials matched in ultrasound properties to the flow under test, and designed to conform to the shape of the conduit. The sensor can be configured as a clamp on device, wherein the conduit walls are constructed from such an ultrasonically-matched material. Alternately, in a perivascular configuration, the ultrasonically-matched material is operably intermediate the blood vessel and the sensor.

Abstract: A sensor and carrier device are provided in combination with a pipeline for either placing a sensor element within the flow stream of the pipeline or a device to divert flow outside of the pipeline to measure a parameter of the conditions within the pipeline or of the gas flowing through the pipeline. The configuration of the probe comprising the carrier and sensor is such as to reduce the possibility of structural failure of the probe.

Abstract: A method for assembling a speed-sensing device for monitoring an angular velocity of a rotatable shaft, comprises the steps of: providing a hollow housing having a speed sensor hole, installing a stopper plug into the speed sensor hole so that a stein portion of the stopper plugs extends into the housing, inserting a tone wheel into the housing and inserting the shaft into the housing until the shaft positively engages the tone wheel. The speed-sensing device comprises the tone wheel non-rotatably mounted to the shaft. The shaft has a shaft groove formed on an outer peripheral surface thereof, while the tone wheel has a wheel groove formed on an inner peripheral surface thereof. The speed-sensing device further includes a snap ring retainer provided to engage the complementary shaft and wheel grooves in order to prevent movement of the tone wheel along the shaft.

Abstract: A modular force-measuring cell is disclosed which includes a force transducer equipped with sensors that measure changes occurring in the state of the force transducer as a result of a force or temperature. The force-measuring cell also includes a memory module for storing compensation data associated with the modular force-measuring cell. The memory module and at least one converter circuit for the conversion of the signals delivered by the sensors are arranged in a circuit module that is mechanically and thermally coupled to the force transducer.

Abstract: A thin-film resistor (5) provided on a strain-generating part (2) via an insulating film (4) and an electrode thin-film (6) including an electrode pad (10) arranged in the thin-film resistor (5) are provided. The thin-film resistor (5) includes a strain-detecting thin-film resistive part (8) and an electrode connection (9) connected to the resistive part (8). The electrode connection (9) is formed to extend to the electrode pad (10). The electrode pad (10) includes an external-connection bonding area (12) and a testing probe area (13) formed at different positions. The electrode pad (10) is disposed on a tubular rigid body (1) provided at the outer peripheral edge of a strain-generating part (2).

Abstract: The present invention includes a system and method for detecting contaminated objects, for example mail pieces, through use of a pinching device that compresses the objects, thereby possibly releasing potential contaminant-containing particles into the air in a closed chamber. Whatever particles are in the closed chamber mix with the air in the closed chamber and form cavity air, which is captured by a detection and alert mechanism.

Abstract: A shock absorbing device 8 includes a transmitting section 81, first friction plates 82, second friction plates 83, and a dish spring 84. The transmitting section 81 is engaged with the inner cylindrical portion of the second friction plates 83 and also engaged with an outer cylindrical surface of an internal gear 42. The first friction plates 82 are stationarily fixed to an end portion 102a of a central housing. The second friction plates 83 are brought into frictional engagement with the first friction plates 82 under a resilient force applied from the dish spring 84. The first friction plates 82 and the second friction plates 83 are alternately laminated.

Abstract: To enable compactness by lowering the connecting force of dog clutch so as to decrease the energy consumption and reduce the size of a system. A method of changing gears of automobile which moves the dog clutch in the axial direction at the time of gear change, while applying weak periodic torque vibration between the gear of the dog clutch and change gear of the gear shifter, and disconnects the two gears and, after the gear of the dog clutch and change gear of the gear shifter have been disconnected, also moves the dog clutch in the axial direction, while applying weak periodic rotating speed vibration between the gear of the dog clutch and another change gear of the gear shifter, and connects the two gears.

Abstract: An operating position select device for an automatic transmission has a select lever unit having a select lever operated by a driver; a mode shift unit mounted on the automatic transmission to shift operation modes of the automatic transmission; a first and second control cables and others for mechanically connecting the select lever and the mode shift unit, and an actuator for outputting assist torque to shift the mode shift unit. An operating angle sensor detects an operating angle of the select lever and an assist angle sensor detects an assist angle of the assist actuator. A control unit controls a drive current supplied to the assist actuator based on the operating angle and the assist angle.

Abstract: A bicycle shift operating device is basically provided with a first operating member, a second operating member, a shift wire take-up element and a wire winding/release mechanism. The second operating member is operatively coupled to the first operating member to move with the first operating member during movement of the first operating member, and to move the first operating member during movement of the second operating member. The shift wire take-up element is rotated in a first rotational direction by the first operating member and in a second rotational direction that is opposite to the first rotational direction by the second operating member. The wire winding/release mechanism is operatively coupled to the shift wire take-up element and the first and second operating members to selectively hold the shift wire take-up element in one of a plurality of shift positions.

Abstract: A pole for a hand pallet truck that includes a pole bar which is linked to a support for a steerable wheel at its lower end and connected to a loop-shaped handle at the other end. An operating device is disposed within the space defined by the handle. The operating device is attached to a holding extension projecting into the handle in prolongation of the bar, and is connectable to a lifting apparatus of the hand pallet truck via a traction and/or pushing element. If applicable, it is connectable via a second traction and/or pushing element to a brake of the hand pallet truck, wherein an operating lever is disposed on either side of the extension. The operating levers are pivotally mounted on the holding extension in a plane essentially defined by the handle.

Abstract: A handle for a window operator. The handle includes a handle member 10 pivotally coupled to a base 11. A locking mechanism releasably locks the handle member 10 in a position relative to the base 11 which corresponds to an in-use position of the handle member. The locking mechanism includes a locking member 14 within the handle member 10. The locking member 14 performs a blocking action to prevent pivotal movement of the handle member relative to the base. The locking member has a push button 15 accessible to an exterior surface of the handle member whereby the locking member can be moved to remove the blocking action and allow the handle to be pivoted to a non-use position.

Abstract: A release mechanism for releasing a pretensioned shift cable connected to a gear changing mechanism. The release mechanism includes a toothed disk having retention and capture teeth and is nonrotatably connected to a cable spool and a sliding member that includes retention and capture pawls. When the release mechanism is actuated the retention pawl disengages from the toothed disk, the cable spool rotates until the capture pawl engages the toothed disk and when the release mechanism is released the capture pawl disengages the toothed disk and the retention pawl once again engages the toothed disk, resulting in a stepwise release of the shifting cable.

Abstract: An adaptor which is suitable for attaching a powerglide transmission case to a four-wheel-drive transfer case in vehicles. The adaptor includes an adaptor body having a transmission case attachment collar on one end for attachment to the powerglide transmission case and a transfer case attachment collar on the opposite end for attachment to the four-wheel-drive transfer case. A shaft opening extending through the adaptor body receives a transfer shaft that connects the gear mechanism of the powerglide transmission to the gear mechanism of the four-wheel-drive transfer mechanism. Fastener openings in the transmission case attachment collar and fastener recesses in the transfer case attachment collar receive fasteners which are extended through respective fastener openings in the powerglide transmission case and the transfer case, respectively.

Abstract: A substantially circular slicer knife is provided having an interior base portion made of a first material and an outer edge portion made of a second material. The outer edge portion is metallurgically bonded to the interior base portion.

Abstract: A ratcheting torque wrench comprising a torsional shaft connected to a hex tip; a sleeve that fits over the torsional shaft; a sleeve dial having a hole and configured to fit around the sleeve such that the diameter of the sleeve dial hole accommodates the sleeve; a shaft dial connected to the sleeve dial; a nylon ring connected to a ratchet housing; a ratchet gear connected to the ratchet housing, the ratchet housing mating with the ratchet gear; a spring connected to the nylon ring and the ratchet gear; a ratchet cover that fits over the ratchet housing; a retaining ring connected to the ratchet cover and configured to engage the torsional shaft; a ratchet fitting connected to the ratchet housing, wherein the ratchet fitting accommodates a first handle, wherein the sleeve has a hole to accommodate a second handle.

Abstract: A hexagonal driving tool includes a socket having a reception hole and the socket is connected with a hand tool. A hexagonal driving rod has a first end inserted in the reception hole and a groove is defined longitudinally in the hexagonal driving rod. A recess is defined transversely in the hexagonal driving rod and communicates with the groove. An elongate pawl piece is received in the groove and a first spring is located between the pawl piece and an inner surface of the recess. The first spring pushes one of two sides of the pawl piece out from the groove so as to be engaged with a rounded corner of a rounded hexagonal recess in the head of a bolt or screw.

Abstract: A convertible retaining ring pliers has a pivot, first and second jaws and first and second handles rotatably secured about the pivot. A pair of transfer pins is slidably disposed for selective movement in the jaws and the handles for establishing alternative operating positions enabling the jaws to move either inwardly or outwardly as the handles move inwardly. A switching mechanism is provided for simultaneous shifting of the transfer pins in the jaws and the handles. The switching mechanism includes reaction member housing assemblies which are mounted on opposite ends of the pivot and disposed on opposite external surfaces of the handles. A switchplate structure is rotatably mounted for side-to-side movement about the pivot, and is slidably positioned between at least one reaction member housing assembly and the external surface of one of the handles.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrical tool for removing knockouts from electrical boxes. The tool includes a first arm and a second arm each comprising a handle, a jaw, and a recess joining the handle and the jaw. A pivot pin rotatably joins the first and second arms while an elongated slot allows the second arm to slide along the slot relative to the first arm. The first jaw includes two projections to be placed on one side of an electrical box wall. The second jaw includes a projection which is placed within the circumference of a knockout. Serrated projections which extend from the end of the first and second handles can grip the knockout and remove the knockout from the electrical box wall.

Abstract: An angular impact wrench is disclosed. The angular impact wrench can comprise a lever that is rotatable about a pivot axis and a reciprocably movable ram that is operatively arranged with the lever to rotate the lever. The lever includes a concave contact surface that is positioned to receive a convex contact surface of the ram. The convex contact surface of the ram is engageable with the concave contact surface of the lever. The lever, in turn, is connected to a drive that is suitable for receiving a socket, for example. The rotatable lever transmits the linear movement of the ram to a rotational movement, thereby imparting a torque to the drive suitable for loosening or tightening a fastener. In some embodiments of the angular impact wrench, the wrench is a removable component suitable for connection to a standard air hammer. In other embodiments, the angular impact wrench of the present invention is an integral unit that is directly connectable to a power source, such as a source of compressed air.

Abstract: A pneumatic wrench includes a pneumatic motor, a striking mechanism, and a drive shaft. The striking mechanism includes a support seat, a cam, a cover, and a hammer. Thus, the pivot shaft of the hammer has two opposite sides each formed with a reinforcing rib to reinforce the structural strength of the hammer. In addition, each of the first pivot shaft and the second pivot shaft has a guide groove to overcome the shear stress applied on the hammer during the rotation striking process of the hammer, thereby preventing the hammer from being distorted or broken due to concentration of a stress so as to enhance the lifetime of the hammer.