Abstract: First circuit board 10 including first resin base material 12 which is softened by heating and has a fusing property, and a plurality of first conductor patterns 14 formed on a surface of first resin base material 12, and second circuit board 20 on which a plurality of second conductor patterns 24 are formed with the same pitch as that of first conductor patterns 14 are provided. In the configuration, first conductor patterns 14 and second conductor patterns 24 are brought into mechanical contact with each other to provide electrical conduction; first resin base material 12 covers first conductor patterns 14 and second conductor patterns 24 and is bonded to second resin base material 22 of second circuit board 20, thereby connecting first circuit board 10 and second circuit board 20 to each other.

Abstract: Apparatus for use in supplying power includes an input connector and first and second output connectors. The input connector has first and second sets of pins. The first set is dedicated to receiving DC power, and the second set is dedicated to receiving AC power. The first output connector has third and fourth sets of pins. The third set is dedicated to outputting DC power based on input from the first set of pins, and the fourth set is dedicated to outputting AC power based on input from the second set of pins. The second output connector has fifth and sixth sets of pins. The fifth set is dedicated to outputting DC power based on input from the first set of pins, and the sixth set is dedicated to outputting AC power based on input from the second set of pins.

Abstract: An optical transceiver module having a plurality of optical subassemblies and a printed circuit board is disclosed. The transceiver module includes lead frame connectors for connecting the optical subassemblies to the printed circuit board. The lead frame connectors include a stamped and bent conductive lead structure that is encased in an insert injection molded plastic casing. The plastic casing provides electrical insulation for the conductors in the lead frame as well as mechanical support for the finished component. The lead frame connectors connect to the leads associated with the optical subassemblies and are surface mounted onto the printed circuit board to establish connectivity between the optical subassembly and the printed circuit board. The lead frame assemblies are generally more reliable and less expensive than using flexible printed circuit board structures to establish electrical connectivity between optical subassemblies and transceiver printed circuit boards.

Abstract: A contact device for enhancing the conductance of an electrical connection which includes two conductors (21 and 23) in contact with each other essentially including an interposed conductive element arranged between the two contact surfaces (22 and 24) of the two conductors (21 and 23) of the connection. The interposed conductive element is made of electrically conductive foam (10) which includes one or more materials with high porosity and deformability so as to reduce the electrical resistance of the connection.

Abstract: A method and system for connecting and using a circuit board connected to a conductive element is disclosed. The circuit board includes a backstop and a plurality of conductive traces positioned on an edge. The conductive element includes a plurality of conductive layers and a plurality of insulating layers alternately placed along the length of the conductive element. The conductive element is placed between the edge of the circuit board having the conductive traces and a clasp prior to inserting the circuit board into the clasp. The conductive element is conformed between the circuit board and the clasp. Each conductive trace contacts a conductive layer as a result of the insertion. The backstop conforms an extending portion of the conductive element to be substantially perpendicular to the circuit board. The assembled device can be used to provide charge to a plurality of electrodes on a substrate simultaneously.

Abstract: An electrical connector (1) including a longitudinal housing (10) defining a mating slot (100); a plurality of signal terminals (31) loaded in the housing and arranged in a row along a longitudinal direction of the housing, each signal terminal having a solder tail (302) to be soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB) and a contact portion (303) extending into the mating slot; at least a grounding terminal (32) arranged in the same row of the signal terminals and having a solder tail coplanar with the solder tails of the signal terminals; a conductor means (40) loaded in the housing and partly extending into the mating slot to oppositely facing the contact portions of the signal terminals; and a shell (20) surrounding the housing and electrically connected to the conductor means and the grounding terminals.

Abstract: In a connector for use in an electronic card having a circuit board and a case containing the circuit board, a housing holds a ground connection terminal and a contact. The ground connection terminal has a press-fit portion press-fitted to and held by the housing, a contacting portion connected to the press-fit portion and adapted to be contacted with the case, and a terminal portion connected to the press-fit portion and adapted to be connected to the circuit board. The housing has a guide portion for guiding the contacting portion when the press-fit portion is press-fitted to the housing. The contacting portion is connected to the case with elastic displacement inside the guide portion.

Abstract: A drawer-type all-in-one card connector includes a housing defining an insertion chamber and an opening formed at an end of the insertion chamber and a plurality of terminal slots formed at the other end of the insertion chamber; a plurality of card contact terminals mounted at the terminal slots; a sliding box slidably mounted in the insertion chamber of the housing and having a card receiving chamber for receiving corresponding memory cards of different specifications; a cover covered on the housing; a first ejection spring having two ends contacting against an inner sidewall of the housing and the sliding box respectively; and a limiter provided between the housing and the sliding box.

Abstract: A motor-switch arrangement for a hand-held power tool includes a drive motor (12), an actuating switch (20) with a contact plug (24), and an adapter (44) arranged between the contact plug (24) and the drive motor (12) and having a plug connecter (46) cooperating with the counter-plug contact element (28) of the drive motor (12) for establishing a first electrical plug connection (30a) of the adapter (44), and a counter-plug connecter (48) electrically connected with the plug connecter (46) and cooperating with a plug contact element (26) of the contact plug (24) for establishing a second electrical plug connection (30b) of the adapter (44).

Abstract: A power strip includes a primary distribution unit, a secondary distribution unit, a primary power cord, at least two secondary power cords and at least two third-level power cords. The primary distribution unit has three distribution points, and each of the three distribution points is in electrical communication with a respective line of the three lines (positive line, neutral line and ground line) of the primary power cord. An electrical plug is provided at the free end of the primary power cord, and each of the three lines of each secondary power cord is in electrical communication with a respective distribution point. Also, each secondary power cord is in electrical communication with at least two third-level power cords. Hence, electricity may be fed from the electrical plug to the primary power cord, secondary power cords and third-level power cords and then to the sockets.

Abstract: A connector assembly (10) is provided including a first connector (12) and a second connector (14) configured to mateably engage the first connector (12). The first connector (12) includes a housing (16), a conductor assembly (18) positioned within the housing and projecting from housing, and a resilient seal member (30) enclosing an interface between the housing (16) and the portion of the conductor assembly projecting from the housing. The second connector (14) includes an outer contact (60), an inner contact (62) nested within a portion of the outer contact (60), and a housing (64) containing the inner and outer contacts. Conductors of the conductor assembly (18) of the first connector (12) engage the outer (60) and inner (62) contacts of the second connector (14). Another resilient seal member (45) includes a flexible skirt (50) formed at an end portion thereof.

Abstract: A connector including a plurality of receptacles located in a housing, and a primary interlock for engaging a contact plug pluggable into the receptacles. A secondary interlock is moveable between a full catch position and a half-catch position with respect to the housing. A seal is provided for sealing the secondary interlock relative to the housing. The secondary interlock moves relative to the seal while maintaining a seal from the half-catch position into the full catch position of the secondary interlock.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrical pin-and-socket connector for use between a socket and an electrical control device for a retention system in motor vehicles with a secondary latching device that blocks the connector in a preassembled state in such a way that at first the insertion of the connector in the socket is prevented and only through pressure on the secondary latching device in the insertion direction is the insertion of the connector in the socket facilitated.

Abstract: A female housing (30) has a lock arm (40) and a resilient assisting piece (50). The assisting piece (50) is deformed by the lock arm (40) as the lock arm (40) is deformed. The assisting piece (50) is restored resiliently as the lock arm (40) resiliently restores and contributes to the resilient restoring force of the lock arm (40). Thus, the lock arm (40) produces a large hitting sound against the mating male housing (10). A hitting portion (52) is at the leading end of the assisting piece (50) and hits a hittable portion (27) on the mating male housing (10) to produce a separate hitting sound. Thus, two separate or simultaneous hitting sounds are produced to provide a clear audible and tactile indication of connection.

Abstract: An electrosurgical system is provided which includes an electrosurgical energy source; a return pad including a conductive surface; and a return pad cable connector selectively connectable to the electrosurgical generator. The return pad cable connector includes a cord having a conductive wire disposed therethrough, the conductive wire have a first end which connects to the electrosurgical energy source; and a connector operatively coupled to the cord. The connector includes a conductive surface which is selectively engageable with a corresponding conductive surface disposed on the return pad and is in electrical contact with a second end of the conductive wire, the conductive surface of the connector including a conductive adhesive disposed thereon; and a non-conductive adhesive disposed about the periphery of the conductive surface of the connector for engagement with a corresponding non-conductive adhesive disposed about the periphery of the conductive surface of the return pad.

Abstract: A connector assembling construction includes a movable connector (20) provided on a module (M) such as an instrument panel of an automotive vehicle and a waiting-side connector (40) provided on a body (B) and having a receptacle (41) for receiving the movable connector (20). The movable connector (20) and the waiting-side connector (40) are connected as the module (M) is assembled with the body (B). Rib-shaped slanted surfaces (28, 30) project within the entire width range and within the entire height range of a connecting surface of the movable connector (20). The slanted surfaces (28, 30) are arranged at positions near opposing ends of the connecting surface, and have gradients to increase projecting amounts thereof as they extend in from the ends of the connecting surface.

Abstract: A network connection system for connecting computer network components, the network connection system including a twisted pair cable having multiple conductors in twisted pairs a cable termination connector affixable at an end of the cable. The cable termination connector includes a slender elongate connector housing; and termination contacts located within the connector housing. The termination contacts include a conductor engaging portion, optionally, an RJ connector engaging portion and a male contact portion releasably engageable to a female gripping contact. The network connection system also includes connecting hardware as well as a dust cover, a pull ring cover and a feeder strip. The present invention can be used on a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN).

Abstract: An approach for mounting individual wires from multi-wire cables onto circuit boards. A wire comb is mounted adjacent one or more ends of the circuit board to permit a way to space apart individual wires, to hold them in place; and to permit welding or soldering of the wires to the appropriate connections on the circuit board.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic instrument having a housing, a battery accommodating section provided in the housing, and a spring for battery ejection which is pressed by a battery inserted into the battery accommodating section and thus stored in power. In the instrument, the spring for battery ejection includes a spring force generation portion, a first arm portion provided at one end of the spring force generation portion, a second arm portion that is provided at the other end of the spring force generation portion and extends with a certain opening angle with respect to the first arm portion, a first shaft portion provided at an end of the first arm portion, and a second shaft portion provided at an end of the second arm portion. The first shaft portion is mounted in a first bearing portion provided in the housing, and the second shaft portion is slidably mounted in a second bearing portion provided in the housing.

Abstract: Embodiments of a rear connection bar for a telecommunications terminal block are presented herein. In one or more embodiments, the rear connection bar is configured to secure at least a first and second size of connectors in a terminal block of a first depth when connected to the terminal block in different respective positions. The same rear connection bar may be configured to secure the first size of connectors in a second size terminal block when connected to the second terminal block in a first orientation, and to secure the second size of connectors while connected to the second terminal block in a reverse orientation.

Abstract: An electrical connector device includes a housing defining holes for insertion of wires from different sources but of the same type, e.g. ground wires. The device includes a plurality of first retaining clips, each one being electrically connected to every other first clip so that the first wires are pigtailed upon insertion into the appropriate wire insertion hole. Second and third wire insertion openings and retaining clips may also be provided in like manner to pigtail respective additional wires of like type. The housing is waterproof. Specifically, a puncture seal is positioned in the housing between a wire insertion opening and the retaining clips. The puncture seal, through which each wire must pass, prevents moisture from entering the housing. Further, a wall of the device defines an opening for insertion of a sealant into the interior area between a wire insertion opening and the retaining clips.

Abstract: A male terminal fitting (1) has a rectangular tube (4). A locking edge (15) engageable with a locking portion provided in a cavity is formed over the entire width in an outer surface of a rectangular tube (4). No opening is formed in the outer surface of the rectangular tube portion (4) by forming this locking edge (15). Closing pieces (12) are provided at positions slightly retracted inwardly of the locking edge (15). Thus, problems such as the intrusion of external matter from the outside and the deformation of a leading end portion of another male terminal fitting (1) due to the entrance into the rectangular tube (4) can be avoided.

Abstract: A connector including a housing (10) having a pair of opposing walls (110, 120) defining a mating slot (100) therebetween; a shell (20) enclosing the housing and having at least a grounding leg (211) for being grounded to a printed circuit board (PCB); a plurality of signal terminals (40) each having a retaining portion (410) retained in the housing, a deflectable contact beam (420) formed with a contact point (421) and extending into the mating slot along one of said opposing walls (110), and a solder tail (430) to be soldered to the PCB; and a conductive means (30) retained in the housing and having at least a deflectable contact finger (320) partly accommodated in the other of said opposing walls (120) and formed with a first contact point (321) protruding towards the contact point of said signal terminal and a second contact point (322) protruding for contacting the shell.

Abstract: In a connector having a conductive contact held by an insulator, a lock spring is held by the insulator and adapted to lock a connected state with a mating connector. A conductive shell covers the contact and the insulator. A lever is disposed adjacent to the lock spring. The lever is adapted to operate the lock spring and surrounded by a lever protecting portion serving as an operation inhibiting portion which is for limiting an operating direction of the lever and prevents an excessive displacement of the lever.

Abstract: An EMI shielding mechanism for use with an electronic module, such as an opto-electronic transceiver module, is disclosed. The EMI shielding mechanism includes a plurality of shielding tabs disposed on an outside face of the module. When the module is fully disposed in a port of a host device, the shielding tabs contact an edge of the port, thus reducing the amount of EMI radiation emitted form that edge. The shielding tabs are angled so that when the module is fully disposed in the port, a portion of the shielding tabs is inside the port and a portion is outside of the port. The angled shielding tabs provide a spring force which assists a user to extract the module from the port.

Abstract: An electrical connector that includes first and second linear arrays of electrical contacts is disclosed. The first linear array is arranged in a first pattern of signal contacts and ground contacts. The second linear array is arranged in a second pattern of signal contacts and ground contacts that is different from the first pattern. The signal contacts define differential signal pairs. The signal contacts in the first linear array are elongated along a direction along which the first linear array extends.

Abstract: In order, to transmit differential signals between two printed boards, there is provided a printed board connector comprising an insulating connector housing and disk-shaped modules that contain electric contact elements and are arranged in the connector housing, wherein modules featuring signaling contacts and modules featuring shielding contacts are alternately arranged adjacent to one another. In this case, the shielding module is realized in such a way that signaling contact pairs arranged on top of one another are also at least regionally shielded relative to one another.

Abstract: A voltage detection terminal mounted to a housing plate body includes a bus bar connecting portion (4a) which is connected to a battery electrode and a bus bar (3) by bolt-nut connection, a detector connecting portion (4b) connected to voltage detector, and an interconnecting portion (4c) interconnecting the bus bar connecting portion and the detector connecting portion. A gap (c) for absorbing a length variation of a battery cell is formed between the plate body and the bus bar connecting portion, and the interconnecting portion (4c) includes a slanting portion (4c) for preventing the interconnecting portion from interference with the bus bar is formed at part of the interconnecting portion.

Abstract: An electrical contact has a pair of arms extending generally parallel to and spaced apart transversely of an insertion direction and defining a slot open outward in the insertion direction. Each arm outer end has an end face extending at an acute angle to the direction. The end faces diverge outward from each other in the direction, and a bight interconnects the arm inner ends. The arms are limitedly elastically deformable for elastic displacement of the arm outer ends perpendicular to the direction so that a part can be pressed against the end faces to elastically spread the arm outer ends. An inner contact bump projects on each arm between the respective end face and the bight transversely of the direction into the slot. An outer bump projects on each arm from between the respective inner bump and the respective end face transversely of the direction into the slot.

Abstract: An outlet extension unit adapted to plug into a conventional electrical wall outlet with wall plate comprising: a member having an upper end and a lower end, on one side at least one pair of outwardly projecting electrically conductive prongs adapted to plug into said conventional wall outlet and at least partially cover said wall plate, said prongs being in electric conducting communication with a rotatable electrical receptacle carried at said lower end which is adapted to receive at least one conventional plug of an electrical device, said extension unit having at least one pair of electrically non-conductive prong receiving openings therein on the side opposite said outwardly projecting electrically conductive prongs.

Abstract: A device is described for establishing an electrical connection between a portable electronic instrument and an external device, the portable electronic instrument comprising a casing provided with a socket in which a plurality of electrical contact elements is disposed, this socket being shaped to permit the insertion of a plug-in adaptor which is electrically connected to the external device and comprises a plurality of electrical contact zones, each intended to come into contact with a corresponding electrical contact element in the socket. The electrical contact elements are disposed substantially perpendicularly to the direction of insertion of the plug-in adaptor, and the electrical contact zones extend substantially parallel to the direction of insertion of the plug-in adaptor. Also described is a system for recharging a battery of a portable electronic instrument comprising such a connection device, as well as a plug-in adaptor for such a connection device.

Abstract: A receptacle connector part comprises a connector housing and a plurality of rows of receptacle contact terminals disposed within the housing. Each receptacle contact terminal includes two single beam contacts having contact portions with a preloading head. The connector housing comprises a front wall with a plurality of rows of apertures providing access to the contact portions of the contact terminals. The connector housing is provided with a plurality of rows of preload ridges, the preload ridges being located at the inner side of the front wall at opposed sides of the apertures. The preload ridges cooperate with the preloading heads to support the contact portions of the single beam contacts of each contact terminal in a predetermined preload position.

Abstract: A submersible electrical connector intended for use in a power distribution network permits a metal to stripped metal conductor connection to be visually inspected and verified by the installer while eliminating many opportunities for human error present with existing connectors. The connector in one embodiment includes a generally cup or dome-shaped enclosure which is preferably transparent. An open end of the enclosure mates with a seal body and a connector plate has a number of apertures adapted to receive the bare metal ends of conductors or wires inserted through the seal body. Each aperture in the connector has an associated set screw for securing the conductor thereto. A molded seal member is adapted to mate with the seal body and to provide a water-tight connection when mated with the enclosure. The seal member has a number of seal ducts each aligned with one of the apertures in the connector.

Abstract: An electrode connection system for connecting an electrode to a substrate, such as to human skin. The system includes a first connecting member and a second connecting member, wherein the first connecting member is connectable to an electrode, and the second connecting member is connectable to the substrate, either directly or through an attachment device, such as a bandage. In a first embodiment of the present invention, the first connecting member and the second connecting member may be reversibly and securely connected to each other by inserting a loop of one of the connecting members into a retaining groove of the other connecting member. In a second embodiment, the first and second connecting members may be reversibly and securely connected to each other by inserting a nub of one of the connecting members into a retaining basin of a locking groove of the other connecting member.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrical power system comprising a plurality of battery modules in series connection between adjacent battery modules, wherein each of the battery modules comprises a positive male terminal, a negative male terminal, and a socket corresponding to each of the positive male terminals and the negative male terminals. The connectors connecting the adjacent battery modules include a sequence tab that provides an irreversible engagement sequence of the connectors into the sockets of the adjacent battery modules. The irreversible engagement sequence positions an insulating portion of the connectors housing on each positive male terminal of the battery modules that are in series connection in order to isolate the positive male terminals from human contact. The present invention also provides a female terminal including a canted coil spring positioned within a stamped groove that may be housed within the above-described connectors.

Abstract: A female contact comprises a tube-shaped socket having a male-contact accommodation space, and a flat spring held in the socket so as to apply elastic force to a male contact. A notch is formed at a male-contact inlet of the socket. A hook formed at one end of the flat spring is engaged with the notch, so that the flat spring is latched at the male-contact inlet.

Abstract: A female terminal fitting has a rectangular tubular body (12) with opposed first and second walls (16, 17) and an insertion opening (15) for receiving a tab (11). An elastic contact piece (21) is inside the body (12) and extends obliquely from a support (27) on the second wall (17) of the body (12) towards both the first wall (16) and the insertion opening (15). The elastic contact piece (21) then bends back towards the second wall (17) to define an apex (23). A projection (30) projects toward the first wall (16) from a location on the elastic contact piece (21) between the support (27) and the apex (23). The elastic contact piece (21) deforms flexibly about the support (27) when the tab (11) is inserted into the body (12), thus sandwiching the tab (11) between a contact (31) of the projection (30) and the first wall (16).

Abstract: An automatic speed control system that provides desired watercraft velocity over land. The coupled algorithms correct engine speed and torque using GPS and tachometer measurements, and the corrections are augmented and enhanced by velocity/speed and torque/speed relationships that are dynamically and adaptively programmed with real-time data collected during replicated operations of the watercraft in specified conditions.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for improving safety and hydro-flow thrust from a trolling motor. The apparatus may include a first and second semi-circular portions configured to connect together to substantially enclose a hydro-drive device, and a semi-circular bracket coupled to each semi-circular portion, the semi-circular brackets together capable of fixedly coupling the first and second semi-circular portions to a trolling motor housing. The apparatus may also include an annular portion configured to couple to an aft opening formed by the first and second semi-circular portions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a white light source provides an LED light source and a semiconductor-type phosphor with (Zn, Cd)S being the host with foreign ions added thereto as luminescence centers. The LED light source emits light ranging from 495 nm about (blue-green light) to about 340 nm (ultra-violet).

Abstract: A method for distribution and maintenance of entertainment-related objects and devices. A predetermined operational location is provided with toys and a toy station that serves as a hub for toy deployment for the on-site use of the toys by people at the location. Each toy station contains a means of disinfecting toys prior to use by the toy-user. Each toy is permanently mounted to a substrate that removably attaches to the toy station. Each substrate is readily identifiable as belonging to a given toy station to reduce theft and intermixing of provided toys with any personal toys of any toy-users. Each toy is regularly inspected, documented, cleaned, and checked for functionality and safety. Unsafe, broken, and undocumented toys are removed and replaced with new toys.

Abstract: A house-building toy comprises element blocks that include floor foundation blocks (2) functioning as the foundation of a house model and structuring a floor portion of the house model, wall blocks (3) structuring a wall portion of the house model, roof blocks (4) structuring a roof portion of the house model, and floor panel blocks (5) structuring on the floor foundation blocks (2) the ground and a floor surface in the house. Hole portions communicating with the element blocks are formed at joints between the floor foundation blocks (2) and the wall blocks (3) and at joints between the floor foundation blocks (2) and the roof blocks (4). Wires (W) for supplying electricity, for example, for lighting are laid from the outside to the inside of the house model.

Abstract: An adhesive bra element comprising a breathable member to be used as a bra cup and having a plurality of though openings over a predetermined area of the breathable member to provide breathability, wherein the through openings are slit openings.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for conditioning and monitoring a planarizing medium used for planarizing a microelectronic substrate. In one embodiment, the apparatus can include a conditioning body having a conditioning surface that engages a planarizing surface of the planarizing medium and is movable relative to the planarizing medium. A force sensor is coupled to the conditioning body to detect a frictional force imparted to the conditioning body by the planarizing medium when the conditioning body and the planarizing medium are moved relative to each other. The apparatus can further include a feedback device that controls the motion, position, or force between the conditioning body and the planarizing medium to control the conditioning of the planarizing medium.

Abstract: A polishing pad, platen, method of monitoring, method of manufacturing, and method of detecting using a pseudo window area, where the pseudo window area has a thickness less than a thickness of a polishing layer and a thickness greater than zero.

Abstract: Planarizing machines, planarizing pads, and methods for planarizing or endpointing mechanical and/or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic substrates. One particular embodiment is a planarizing machine that controls the movement of a planarizing pad along a pad travel path to provide optical analysis of a substrate assembly during a planarizing cycle. The planarizing machine can include a table having an optical opening at an illumination site in a planarizing zone and a light source aligned with the illumination site to direct a light beam through the optical opening in the table. The planarizing machine can further include a planarizing pad and a pad advancing mechanism. The planarizing pad has a planarizing medium and at least one optically transmissive window along the pad travel path. The pad advancing mechanism has an actuator system coupled to the pad and a position monitor coupled to the actuator system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of a surface of a work piece. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention the apparatus comprises a plurality of CMP systems, a plurality of load cups for loading unprocessed work pieces into and unloading processed work pieces from the plurality of CMP systems, a plurality of cleaning stations for cleaning processed work pieces unloaded from the CMP systems, and a single robot configured to transfer unprocessed work pieces to the plurality of load cups and to transfer processed work pieces from the load cups to the plurality of cleaning stations.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a conductive film in a substrate during chemical mechanical polishing generates an alternating magnetic field that impinges a substrate and induces eddy currents. The sensor can have a core, a first coil wound around a first portion of the core and a second coil wound around a second portion of the core. The sensor can be positioned on a side of the polishing surface opposite the substrate. The sensor can detect a phase difference between a drive signal and a measured signal.

Abstract: A chemical mechanical polishing apparatus prevents scratches caused by a direct friction between a polishing pad and a wafer. The apparatus includes a polishing pad, in which grooves are regularly formed, for generating a dynamic pressure by rotation; a polishing table to which the polishing pad is adhered; a wafer provided at a predetermined interval from the polishing pad; a polishing head, on which the wafer is mounted, for driving the wafer; and a slurry supplier for providing slurry to a surface of the polishing pad.

Abstract: A stone cutting system and method for cutting a stone sheet having a substantially planar surface utilizes a frame upon which a stone sheet to be cut can be positioned, a motor for supporting a cutting tool adjacent the stone sheet and for rotating the cutting tool, and an articulated arm assembly enabling the cutting tool to be moved to any of a number of coordinate positions across the surface of the stone sheet. By rotating and moving the cutting tool in cutting engagement with the stone sheet, material is removed from the stone sheet by the cutting tool.