Abstract: A method (300) and arrangement for LZ1 compression of a data string where multiple input symbols are compared in parallel with the history buffer by: holding in an input buffer (140) a first sequence of bytes of the data string; holding in a history buffer (110, 120) a second sequence of bytes of the data string; comparing (170), in matrix comparison means coupled to the input buffer and the history buffer and having a plurality of rows and columns of comparison units (200), bytes held in the input buffer with bytes held in the history buffer, bytes of the history buffer being coupled to diagonally displaced comparison units in the matrix comparison means; detecting (150) in each of the rows the column in which a largest number of consecutive byte matches has occurred at the comparison unit in that row and preceding comparison units in the same column; and encoding (160) as a token a sequence of matched bytes detected in the step of detecting (150).

Abstract: A first compression unit compresses input data by a first compression method utilizing a dictionary coding method. A second decompression unit compresses input data by a second compression method utilizing a statistical coding method. A size calculation/determination unit pre-calculates sizes of data to be output when the data is compressed only by the first compression method, when the data is compressed only by the second compression method, when the data is compressed both by the first and second compression methods, and when the data is compressed neither by the first nor the second compression method, and selects the method that will result in the smallest data size, so that the input data is compressed by the selected method.

Abstract: A recording method, wherein, when a certain portion of main data is recorded by being encoded by a first encoding method and the other portions of the main data is recorded by being encoded by a second encoding method, an encoding process is performed by the first encoding method so that, when data which is recorded in such a manner that the data encoded by the first encoding method is decoded by a decoding method corresponding to the first encoding method, and thereafter, is further encoded by the second encoding method, is decoded by a decoding method corresponding to the second encoding method, the sum value of DC components per unit time increases.

Abstract: Architectures of multi-stage sample rate converters are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, a received signal with a higher sampling rate is converted to a lower sampling rate. To prevent aliasing in the resultant signal, an anti-aliasing filter is introduced. The passband of the anti-aliasing filter is so adjusted according to the conversation rate of a sample rate converter. To keep the implementation relatively simple, the coefficients of the filter are kept constant. Therefore, the conversation rate of a sample rate converter is constrained in a limited range, thus requiring only a constant anti-aliasing filter. A series of halfband filters are then used to convert the signal to a desired sampling rate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for constructing efficient Slepian-Wolf codes for inputs that do not have uniform probability distributions, and for channels which are not symmetric. Whereas conventional Wyner-Ziv video compression systems assume symmetrical probability distributions and ignore the marginal distribution component, the invention incorporates the marginal distribution component by combining the marginal distribution and conditional distributions as input to a transform that generates a symmetrical output, which is then fed into the conventional density evolution method.

Abstract: A compensation method for a receiver is disclosed, the method includes: receiving and processing an incoming signal to generate an analog input signal; utilizing a time-interleaved parallel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for converting the analog input signal to a digital input signal according to a plurality of clock signals of different phases; equalizing the digital input signal to generate a plurality of soft decision values; generating a plurality of hard decision values according to the soft decision values; calculating a plurality of error values according to the hard decision values and the soft decision values; and compensating the receiver according to at least part of the error values.

Abstract: Noise that is normally generated during the switching of a noise shaper may be reduced by switching the noise shaper to an inactive or off state after the occurrence of one or more predetermined criteria, for example the detection of a predetermined number of data values below a threshold value or equal to a certain value, or of a predetermined number of data values within a threshold region about a value that is constant with respect to the data values.

Abstract: A digital data driver including a receiving unit and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converting unit is provided. The D/A converting unit is used to convert N digital data outputted from the receiving unit into corresponding N analog data. The D/A converting unit includes a grey-level voltage generator and K sub D/A converting units. The grey-level voltage generator provides 2M grey-level voltages. The ith sub D/A converting unit includes 2M buffers and N K ? D / A converters. In which, each buffer receives and outputs a corresponding grey-level voltage. The jth D/A converter receives the [ ( i - 1 ) × N K + j ] th digital data, and selects and outputs one of the grey-level voltages that passed the buffers as the [ ( i - 1 ) × N K + j ] th analog data according to the [ ( i - 1 ) × N K + j ] th digital data, where N, K, N K , i and j are the positive integers, 1 ? i ? K ? ? and ? ? 1 ? j ? N K .

Abstract: Included are a first unit including a DAC which generates a comparison signal serving as an object of comparison with the first analog signal, taking in and retaining the first analog signal, a second unit including a DAC which generates a comparison signal serving as an object of comparison with the first analog signal, taking in and retaining the second analog signal, a first switch connecting the first unit to an output side of the second unit, a comparator comparing a differential value between the first analog signal and the second analog signal with a differential value between the comparison signal of the first DAC and an output signal of the second DAC, and an electric potential control circuit controlling fluctuations in electric potentials of the first analog terminal and the second analog terminal.

Abstract: An analog processing block is arranged to receive an input signal through an AC coupling circuit. A digitally programmable voltage reference (DPVR) circuit is arranged to provide selection of a voltage reference that is DC coupled through a high impedance circuit to the AC coupling circuit. The input to the analog processing block includes the AC coupled input signal and the DC level from the selected voltage reference such that the DC level is effectively shifted for the analog processing block. The analog processing block may include any number of analog functions including: buffering, level shifting, scaling, integrating, and analog-to-digital conversion for digital signal processing, to name a few. A digital control logic circuit and a trim map can be arranged to control adjustments to the DPVR such that the effects of any non-ideal conditions on the analog processing block are minimized. The trim map may include non-volatile memory devices.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter device capable of measuring inputs beyond a supply voltage including: an N bit analog-to-digital converter powered by a supply voltage and a reference voltage; a range resolution stage capable of receiving inputs at higher voltages than the supply voltage, providing an input to the analog-to-digital converter, and outputting a logic value of one for the N+1th bit in response to an input signal higher than the reference voltage; and a bootstrapped input multiplexer stage for connecting low voltage input signals directly to the analog-to-digital converter and for connecting input signals that can exceed the supply voltage to the range resolution stage.

Abstract: In a pipelined analog to digital converter with multiple stages of sub-converters, capacitor mismatch error can be reduced by splitting the capacitors into multiple numbers and randomly selecting part of the split capacitors as feedback capacitors. The selection of feedback capacitors can be made according to a digital output, clock phase, stage number of the sub-converter or the combination thereof. The approach of the present invention can be applied to the most significant bit (MSB) stage for a pipelined ADC. Moreover, a method for implementing the same is also proposed.

Abstract: Provided is an image pick-up semiconductor device capable of testing operating characteristics of an analog-digital converter while the image pick-up semiconductor device operates. The device includes an active pixel sensor array having a plurality of pixels converting optical signals input from an external source into electrical signals, a columnar analog-digital converter converting signals output from the active pixel sensor array into first digital data, and a test analog-digital converter receiving two external signals and converting a voltage difference between the two external signals into second digital data.

Abstract: A radar level gauge (RLG), intended for measuring with a close-range low-power radar a distance to a content surface in a container relatively to a measuring position, which is located above the surface and fixed in relation to a lower boundary of said container. The RLG comprises a transmitter for transmitting an electromagnetic transmitter pulse, a signal medium interface connectable to means for directing said transmitter pulse towards said surface and for receiving a reception pulse reflected back from said surface, and a receiver for receiving said reception pulse. A switch connects said signal medium interface to said transmitter while said transmitter pulse is transmitted, and said signal medium interface to said receiver while said reflected pulse is received, the switch having a switching time short enough to enable short distance detection. According to this design, signal losses can be reduced significantly compared to prior solutions.

Abstract: In order to provide the method and the device for distance measurement by pulse radar that securely eliminates the false echo from the distance over the detectable limit determined by the pulse generation cycle, the pulse radar comprises the pulse signal sending unit that generates the pulse signals with different cycles at OSC 9a˜9c, switches to the predetermined intervals by OSC switch 10, and sends the pulse signal to targets, the reflected signal receiving unit that receives the reflected signals and stores the data in the RAM 25, the reflected signal data acquisition unit that obtains the data of each reflected signal, and the reflected signal identification unit that compares the intensity of the reflected signals obtained at the same lag time point during a certain time period after sending the pulse signal for reference and identifies the reflected signals of the sent pulse signal for reference.

Abstract: A device (100) has a port (108), a first SPS receiver (104), and a processor (106) coupled to the first SPS receiver and the port. The processor is programmed to detect (102) a second SPS receiver (107) at the port, deactivate (206) the first SPS receiver, and determine (208) a location of the device according to signals received by the second SPS receiver from GPS satellites.

Abstract: A group global positioning system includes a plurality of positioning signal processing devices with a global positioning function and a plurality of radio signal processing devices corresponding to the positioning signal processing devices. With one of the corresponding radio signal processing devices, one of the positioning signal processing devices outputs analog global positioning information to the remaining ones of the positioning signal processing devices which then performs analog-to-digital conversion on the analog global positioning information and recovers digital global positioning information, thus allowing the remaining ones of the positioning signal processing devices to execute the global positioning function and display related information. The present invention discloses a grouping technique for simultaneously displaying on the positioning signal processing devices the digital global positioning information thereof.

Abstract: A GPS receiver device is disclosed comprising a GPS antenna and a GPS RF front-end including an analogue to digital converter for receiving GPS signals and outputting GPS signal samples; and a processor for encrypting the GPS signal samples and transmitting the encrypted GPS signal samples to an external device. Also disclosed is a corresponding method of providing a position fix comprising the steps of connecting to a GPS receiver device and receiving encrypted GPS signal samples therefrom, decrypting the encrypted GPS signal samples and processing the decrypted GPS signal samples to determine a position fix; and a computer program, computer-readable storage medium and apparatus for the same.

Abstract: A directional antenna control device is provided which is capable of reducing processing amount and time necessary for power detection and selection of multibeam. A beam power detecting part detects power levels of all M beams in unit time period for initial beam switching. A beam output selection combining part selects a beam having the largest power in accordance with the detected power levels, and outputs received data based on the selected beam. A detection beam selecting part notifies the beam power detecting part in unit time period for second beam switching, of beam numbers of the selected beam, m beams adjacent thereto and n beams out of all beams except for the selected beam and m beams. The beam power detecting part detects power levels of only the beams having the notified beam numbers.

Abstract: A handheld GPS jammer locator for locating a GPS jamming signal generated by a jammer. The handheld GPS jammer locator has two modes of operation, a amplitude mode and a difference finding mode. The amplitude measures the strength of an incoming GPS jamming signal and the difference finding mode determines the direction of the incoming jamming signal.

Abstract: Correlation Interferometer Geo Location (CIGL) uses DF antenna array movement on an aircraft while taking a Plurality of sets of transmitted signal Measurements. Each measurement set is stored as data in a covariance matrix, and the matrices are each decomposed to yield measured array vectors. Using an array manifold table developed during calibration of the CIGI. system, and containing testing array vectors, the measured array vectors are each correlated to testing array vectors to develop a correlation Surface that includes compensation for perturbations Such as aircraft induced electromagnetic scattering, All the correlation surfaces are summed and normalized, with the resultant summation undergoing conjugate gradient processing to more accurately geo-locate the transmitter. Improved accuracy with fewer antennas and polarization independence are also achieved.

Abstract: An architecture for minimizing calibration effort in an IEEE 802.11 device location measurement system. The calibration technique is based upon a regression function that produces adequately accurate location information as a function of signal strength regardless of gaps in the calibration data or minimally available data. The algorithm takes a set of signal strengths from known room locations in a building and generates a function giving (x,y) as a function of signal strength, which function may then be used for the estimation of new locations. Radial basis functions, which are simple to express and compute, are used for regression. The fact that the algorithm maps signal strength to continuous location makes it possible to skip rooms during calibration, yet still evaluate the location in those rooms.

Abstract: A method and system for positioning mobile units using angle measurements taken by neighboring mobile units is disclosed. A selected mobile unit and mobile units in the vicinity of the selected mobile unit are selectively instructed to measure and report information related to the position of the selected mobile unit. The reported information is used to compute a position of the selected mobile unit.

Abstract: A receiver (1) of a position-finding system comprises a calculation unit (6, 7, 8) for calculation of a statistical value (?) on the basis of a received signal, and a detector unit (9) for comparison of the statistical value (?) with a threshold value (?) and for determining whether the received signal is a synchronized location signal, an estimation unit (10) for estimation of the Rice factor (K) of the radio link via which the received signal has been transmitted, and a determination unit for calculation of the threshold value (?) on the basis of the Rice factor (K).

Abstract: A multiple-frequency antenna includes a circuit board of dielectric material having a first surface and a second surface which is spaced apart from and is substantially parallel to the first surface, a ground plane layer of electrically conductive material covering a portion of the first surface of the circuit board, and a feed-line of electrically conductive material disposed on the second surface of the circuit board so as to extend over the ground plane layer. A first radiating element of electrically conductive material is disposed on the circuit board and electrically connected to the feed-line. A second radiating element of electrically conductive material is disposed on the circuit board in close proximity to the first radiating element for coupling with the first radiating element, the coupling providing an electromagnetic feed to the second radiating element.

Abstract: An antenna comprises a ground element, a conductive element, a signal line, a first transmitting element, a second transmitting element. The conductive element is L-shaped and connected to the ground element. The signal line is coupled to the conductive element. The first transmitting element is connected to the conductive element for transmitting a first signal. The second transmitting element is connected to the conductive element for transmitting a second signal. The first signal is a GSM900 signal and the second signal is a DCS1800 signal.

Abstract: An antenna structure for use in a wireless communication device, the structure comprising (i) a plurality of antenna portions each having a substantially planar radiating surface and (ii) a conducting ground portion; wherein the radiating surfaces of the antenna portions are substantially parallel to one another in a side-by-side relationship and are substantially parallel to part of the conducting ground portion located behind the antenna portions with respect to a direction of transmission of radiation from the antenna portions, the conducting ground portion comprising a first part galvanically connected to each of the antenna portions and, electrically coupled to the first part, a second conducting part forming at least part of a cover for a wireless communication device.

Abstract: An antenna device includes a coupler rotatably attaching to a support device, a connector rotatably attached to the coupler with a pivot axle and having an extension, and having a stop. An antenna member includes a bore formed in one end for rotatably receiving the extension of the connector. The antenna member includes a stop for engaging with the stop of the connector, and for limiting the antenna member to rotate relative to the connector. The connector includes one or more projections extended into a peripheral groove, and the antenna member includes one or more anchoring members for engaging with the projection of the connector, to position the antenna member to the connector at selected angular position.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an antenna device for use with a portable wireless terminal having a main body, and a sub-body slidably coupled thereto, with a first antenna mounted in the main body and a second antenna mounted on the sub-body. The second antenna is selectively exposed to the outside as the sub-body moves slidingly on the main body. Conventional sliding-type terminals incorporate an antenna device in its main body that is interfered with by user body parts, thereby causing deteriorated performance. The antenna device of the present invention improves performance by using an additional second antenna mounted on the sub-body of the terminal to improve transmitting/receiving signal quality of the terminal. Furthermore, as such an antenna device is incorporated inside a sliding-type terminal or a pop-up type terminal, it is possible to eliminate risk of damage and to diversify the design of the terminal.

Abstract: A laptop computer with an embedded antenna is disclosed. The laptop computer contains an LCD panel and an antenna embedded inside the LCD panel. The antenna is embedded in the gap between the covering of the LCD panel and the frame supporting the LCD on the LCD panel. The ground surface of the antenna is effectively extended through incorporating the conducting surface on the back of the LCD. When the LCD panel is opened the antenna is at a distance above the operating surface of the laptop computer and produces omni-directional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane.

Abstract: An antenna assembly (700) includes a set of conformal shells (704, 706) housing a set of orthogonal dipoles (102, 104, 108, 110) that produce a circularly polarized radiation pattern. The dipoles (102, 104, 108, 110) are fed by a quadrature hybrid (118) and impedance matching circuit (114). The assembly (700) also includes a set of baluns (126, 128) to reduce VSWR.

Abstract: A method for improving the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conductive surfaces, and antennas improved by the method are disclosed. For a selected frequency of antenna operation, values for surface current density in areas distributed over the surface of the thin-film are determined. Regions of the surface containing areas having concentrated current flow are identified based upon the determined values of current density. Antenna efficiency is improved by increasing conductivity in areas of the thin-film surface found to have concentrated current flow. The method enables the improvement of the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conducting surfaces, without unnecessarily obstructing the optical view through the thin-film surfaces of the antennas.

Abstract: A steerable antenna comprising an array of T-shaped slots. The location of the slots is moved to define an array of ring- or spiral-patterned phase constant regions. Distortions or contractions of the pattern occur by repositioning some or all of the slots forming the array. The antenna also comprises an intermediate insulating layer and a lower plate. The insulating layer is formed by a deformable dielectric medium. Deformation of the dielectric medium allows the beam angle to be altered.

Abstract: An antenna including a planar conductor, in which the planar conductor is self-supporting and the radiating pattern of the antenna is substantially isotropic.

Abstract: A system includes a device for focusing electromagnetic waves, and a multiple-beam antenna. The antenna includes: a photonic bandgap material (20) having at least one band gap, at least one periodicity defect (36) of the photonic bandgap material so as to produce at least one narrow bandwidth within the bandgap material, and excitation elements (40 to 43) for transmitting and/or receiving electromagnetic waves within the at least one narrow bandwidth, the elements being arranged relative to one another so as to produce overlapping radiating spots.

Abstract: The apparatus for displaying plasma display panel (PDP) gray scales includes an automatic power controller for detecting an average signal level (ASL) in each field of video data; first and second frame memories for storing the video data in even and odd frames; a sub-field generator for mapping the video data according to the number of sub-fields, generating gray scale data, and selectively storing them in the frame memories; an address data generator for generating address data and applying them to the PDP; an ASL controller for comparing the numbers of sub-fields in each field with each other, and controlling the number of sub-fields; and a sustain scan pulse generator for receiving the number of sub-fields, generating sustain pulses and scan pulses, and applying them to the PDP.

Abstract: A flat panel display includes a vacuum envelope, a cathode, a gate electrode substrate, and a phosphor screen and anode electrode. The vacuum envelope includes a front glass plate which is at least partly transparent and a substrate opposing the front glass plate. The cathode is formed on the substrate and has an electron-emitting source. The gate electrode substrate has an electron-passing hole and is arranged in the vacuum envelope to oppose the substrate to be separate from the cathode. The phosphor screen and anode electrode are formed on a surface of the front glass plate in the vacuum envelope. The gate electrode substrate includes at least an insulating substrate and a gate electrode. The insulating substrate has the electron-passing hole. The gate electrode is formed on the insulating substrate. A method of manufacturing a flat panel display is also disclosed.

Abstract: A display apparatus which can display an image at a proper luminance corresponding to a video signal irrespective of a temperature-related change or a change with the passage of time. The display apparatus has: a current source for generating a reference current; and a reference transistor having an input terminal for a power voltage, an output terminal to which the current source is connected, and a control terminal connected to the output terminal and having almost the same electrical characteristics as those of a driving transistor for supplying a drive current to a light emitting device serving as a pixel. The driving transistor is driven by a voltage (reference control voltage) on the control terminal of the reference transistor. The loss of electric power can be suppressed by the driving method of this apparatus.

Abstract: A method of and system for displaying high-density bit-mapped dot-matrix imaging data on a large-scale low-density dot-matrix display is disclosed. Bit-mapped image data from each of multiple and adjacently oriented dot image data groups is allocated to drive one dot of the aforesaid display. This is done through a process in which a data selection sequence standard is employed to alternately select and extract image data from each of the aforesaid dot image data groups continually and repetitively at high speed, and in which the extracted image data from each dot image group is applied to drive one dot on the display.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprises a liquid crystal display unit including a pair of substrates, at least one of which is transparent, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched by the pair of substrates, a plurality of electrodes for applying an electric field to at least one of the pair of substrates, and a plurality of active elements connected to the plurality of electrodes; a lighting device including a plurality of light sources; and a control unit for controlling ON/OFF of at least one light source for each of regions, into which the lighting device is divided, based on a display response of said liquid crystal display unit.

Abstract: A programmable buffer integrated circuit which can be programmed to output a set of gamma correction reference voltages to be used in LCD displays. Once programmed, the buffers will continuously output the programmed value. The device incorporates a programming interface to allow the programming of the buffer outputs to the desired values during manufacturing and test of the panel. Multiple sets of values can be programmed to provide different gamma correction curves for different user or application requirements.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display including a panel using a liquid crystal material having spontaneous polarization, such as ferroelectroic liquid crystal (FLC); having a faster response time suitable to display dynamic images. The FLC has the disadvantage caused by the incomplete memory effect at during driving for displaying “black” in several frames, where the light transmittance is preferably desired zero. The panel in the display are driven signals so that the driving signals are applied across the picture element, where the signals are positively or negatively offset to reference voltage of the panel.

Abstract: A decoder includes a first bank and a second bank. The first bank is supplied with dynamic control from a microcomputer via a data bus, and the second bank is supplied with static control data from the data bus via the data bus. The dynamic control data or the static control data is read from an address in the bank designated by an address signal. The dynamic control data read from the first bank and second bank is transferred to one of a plurality of registers designated by the address signal.

Abstract: A shift register includes stages shifting an input signal with phase-delayed control signals and first and second supply voltages, and for applying shifted input signals as output signals and as input signals of succeeding stages. Each of the stages includes a first controller selectively applying an input signal and a first supply voltage to a first node between first to third transistors; a second controller selectively applying the first and second supply voltages to a second node between fourth and fifth transistors; and an output buffer selectively applying a predetermined control signal and the first supply voltage as an output signal to a stage output line between sixth and seventh transistors, wherein the fifth transistor may be turned on to sustain a voltage present at the second node equal to the first supply voltage when the fourth transistor is turned off.

Abstract: A panel may be arranged to display image data, and a backlight may be arranged to illuminate a back of the panel. A timing generator may be arranged to control the refresh rate of the panel, and a modulator may be arranged to control the backlight based on an associated modulation frequency. A coordinator may be arranged to synchronize between the refresh rate and the modulation frequency when the refresh rate or the modulation frequency is changed.

Abstract: A device and a method are provided for establishing a monochromatic background light source in an electronic device with a field sequential liquid crystal display. The device and method provide for the continuous illumination of one or more of a plurality of color backlights of a field sequential liquid crystal display to provide a monochromatic source of light behind the liquid crystal layer of the display. The intensities of the one or more of the plurality of color backlights may be selected to achieve a user selected color, or the intensities may be chosen to reduce power consumption. The monochromatic mode may be selected while in another mode of operation.

Abstract: A digital display apparatus for a vehicle includes an optical engine that includes a light source, a reflection type digital light deflector that has a plurality of micro mirror elements, a light irradiation unit that irradiates reflected light from the reflection type digital light deflector on a road surface and the like, and an information display unit. The reflection type digital light deflector digitally switches over a direction of reflection of a light from the optical engine between an ON and an OFF state. The information display unit displays information using a contrast between the ON reflected light and an OFF reflected light from the reflection type digital light deflector on the road surface and the like through the light irradiation unit.

Abstract: A system and method for helping ensure that a user of a computer is set up to optimally view the computer monitor under optimal conditions in order to minimize eyestrain. The system includes determining an optimal viewing distance and monitoring the distance of a user from the computer monitor during use of the computer. The system further includes notifying the user when they stray from the optimal viewing distance and further may include testing various aspects of the user's eyesight during use of the computer monitor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a control knob on a device that allows a user to control functions of the device. In one embodiment, the knob is rotatable in a rotary degree of freedom and moveable in at least one transverse direction approximately perpendicular to the axis. An actuator is coupled to the knob to output a force in the rotary degree of freedom about the axis, thus providing force feedback. In a different embodiment, the knob is provided with force feedback in a rotary degree of freedom about an axis and is also moveable in a linear degree of freedom approximately parallel to the axis, allowing the knob to be pushed and/or pulled by the user. The device controlled by the knob can be a variety of types of devices, such as an audio device, video device, etc. The device can also include a display providing an image updated in response to manipulation of the knob.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a notebook having a mechanism for combining a touch pad and a CD-ROM (or DVD-ROM) drive in which the CD-ROM (or DVD-ROM) drive disposed on the notebook is combined with the touch pad disposed on a top surface of the CD-ROM (or DVD-ROM) drive as a unit in order to eliminate the inconvenience of removing the cable and/or one or more peripheral devices in opening a CD-ROM (or DVD-ROM) drive in the notebook; save precious internal space of the housing of the notebook; and provide an aesthetic, circular touch pad assembly.