Abstract: To provide an image processing system capable of increasing a sense of affinity for a robot at a low cost, an image processing system has an image generating device for generating computer graphics in a figure corresponding to a positional relationship between an observer, who is observing a figure of an actual object and the actual object; a nimbus generating device for generating a nimbus image around a periphery of the computer graphics; a combined image generating device for generating a combined image combining the computer graphics and the nimbus image; and an image display processing device for displaying the combined image on an display which is seen by the observer so that the combined image is superimposed on the actual object.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and medium for controlling image orientation are disclosed. An orientation mode detector measures multi-directional rotational angles of a display panel and determines an orientation mode for original image data based on the measured rotational angles. A system memory stores orientation parameters corresponding to a plurality of image orientation modes. A system controller initially acquires information indicating the orientation mode from the orientation mode detector, and it extracts orientation parameters corresponding to the acquired information from the system memory. Finally, a driver changes an orientation of the original image data according to the extracted orientation parameters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a display device for rendering gray tone images on a monitor (31) controlled by s electron rays, wherein a correction unit (33) is provided for generating s output image signals As, which comprise gray tone values forming part of a set K of correction gray tones, from an image signal (34) which comprises gray tone values forming part of a set M of original gray tones (23), and the s output image signals As, after a D/A conversion, are fed each to one electron ray for a brightness-corrected rendering of a gray tone in one pixel of the monitor (31) for the purpose of adapting the brightness distribution of the monitor to the optimum perceptional brightness distribution.

Abstract: A method for imaging a printing form, in which a laser (140) generates a sequence of pulses (172, 220) of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to the image information of an image area (200, 202, 204, 206) to be generated on the printing form (118), and the image area (200, 202, 204, 206) to be generated on the printing form (118) is patterned according to the image information by interaction with the electromagnetic radiation, has the feature that the sequence of pulses (172, 220) of electromagnetic radiation is amplified by an amplifier (160); the amplifier (160) being discharged in a controlled manner by additional pulses (176, 222) corresponding to a non-image area (132, 208, 210, 212) of the printing form (118) in such a way that interference pulses of the amplifier (160) are prevented.

Abstract: A small-size color printer which can perform printing while generation of wrinkles is prevented in an ink ribbon to suppress decrease in print quality caused by the wrinkles of the ink ribbon is provided. A status of image data in a print area is determined, and print pulses are also applied to white portions in which energy is not applied in the conventional method. The print pulse has the highest energy in which coloring is not generated. Therefore, distortion caused by the thermal difference in the ink ribbon is reduced in the print area, which allows the decrease in print quality caused by the wrinkles of the ink ribbon to be suppressed.

Abstract: A tachograph has a cubic housing and a printing device having a thermal print head, a feed roller driven by a drive mechanism and a carrier movable out of the housing to reload a ribbon which forms a stock of printing material. Locking means lock and unlock the carrier in a closed position in the housing. A latch element is mounted rotatably on the carrier and subjected to an action of a tension spring. A snap-in hook of the latch element is associated with a snap-in member in a fixed position. An actuating arm is formed with the latch element, and a pushbutton is configured to be in operative connection with the actuating arm and mounted displaceably on the carrier. A fixed stop associated with the actuating arm disengages the latch element from the snap-in member when the pushbutton is actuated, and displaces the carrier in a direction of an insertion position when the actuating arm is supported on the stop.

Abstract: Apparatus for holding flat plates of varying sizes, including a base section having a flat surface and including plurality of interconnected channels formed on the surface thereof; at least one port connecting to the channels; a vacuum source connected to the at least one port; and an intermediate plate covering substantially all of the channels and having a multiplicity of holes formed therethrough, the holes being arranged to be covered by a flat plate that is to be held to the flat surface.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for dynamically placing sensors in a 3D model is provided. Specifically, in one embodiment, the method selects a 3D model and a sensor for placement into the 3D model. The method renders the sensor and the 3D model in accordance with sensor parameters associated with the sensor and parameters desired by a user. In addition, the method determines whether an occlusion to the sensor is present.

Abstract: Assessment of de-interlaced video quality is determined automatically by de-interlacing interlaced video content using a reference de-interlacer and a test de-interlacer. The reference de-interlacer produces a result of known quality and the test de-interlacer is one which is being assessed. The result from each de-interlacer is compared to reference video content to derive a signal-to-noise ratio for each relative to the reference video content. The difference in the signal-to-noise ratios is compared against a predefined threshold. If the difference is within the range defined by the threshold, the test de-interlacer is determined to produce an acceptable product.

Abstract: A compact, energy efficient image sensor which enables transfer of images to an external system is made compact in size and low in power consumption comprises an image sensor control circuit 20 which operates to drive a CCD image sensor 4 and stores horizontal lines of image data in a line memory 30. An HREF signal is raised in association with the storing operation. The external system monitors the HREF and supplies an external clock EXCLK to an image sensor 2 during an H level period according to its convenience. A memory control circuit 34 sequentially outputs image data from the line memory 30 to a data bus 10 in pixel units and in synchronization with the EXCLK.

Abstract: A digital camera comprising an optical lens system (12) that picks up an image of an object, a CCD (13), a sample and hold circuit (16), an AID converter (17), a color process circuit (18), a timer (32) that records the present time or counts down a set time, a key-in unit (27) that sets an alarm time, a display (26) comprising a plurality of information means capable of selecting information with or without sound, a vibrator (30), an LED display (33), a speaker (35), and a controller (22) that selects at least one from the plurality of information means depending upon the pickup of an image being carried out when the timing operation by the timer (32) has ended, and causes the selected information means to inform the user that the set time has come or run out.

Abstract: Communicating apparatus to be provided between an intermediate line and transmission lines to establish data communications, the intermediate line and the transmission lines having in combination data pass therethrough, the transmission lines including first line and second line 1 and 2, is designed to select the transmission line from among the first and second lines 1 and 2 based on detecting the data passing through each of the first and second lines 1 and 2 so as to transmit data without collision.

Abstract: An image processing system for high performance digital imaging in a digital camera. The reflected light from an image is focused through a lens and optically filtered. A CCD array converts this image into an electrical signal. This electrical signal is processed and then converted into an equivalent digital signal. A digital signal processor is then used to process the raw digital signal. The DSP includes a capture data path, a data flow control, an image processing data path, a compression/decompression engine, a resize circuit, a display processing circuit, and a rotation circuit. Data is routed between the DSP and memory via a bus. By selectively activating and reusing certain parts of the hardware architecture and various data paths, at least four modes of operation can be supported: live view, instant review, and play mode.

Abstract: A practical, real-time calibration of digital omnidirectional cameras in the areas of de-vignetting, brightness, contrast, and white balance control. Novel solutions for the color calibration of an omnidirectional camera rig, and an efficient method for devignetting images are presented. Additionally, a context-specific method of stitching images together into a panorama or a mosaic is provided.

Abstract: A digital imaging device detects or tracks a user's direction of gaze. The detected direction of gaze may be used to set one or more functions in the digital imaging device, and the history of the user's direction of gaze may be stored with a captured digital image for later use by an automatic image post-processing apparatus.

Abstract: In an image processing method for processing complex data including at least RAW data, first simulation image data of which data amount is less than the RAW data, and a first processing condition for the RAW data, when a second processing condition for the RAW data is set, second simulation image data is generated by reflecting the second processing condition on the RAW data and then reducing its data amount, and the complex data is updated with the second processing condition and the second simulation image data.

Abstract: The present invention is a black clamp circuit for an electronic imager having black reference pixels. The circuit includes an average value circuit determining an average of a number of the black reference pixels, a correction circuit determining the black level correction from the average, and a modifier circuit modifying image pixels with the black level. The average value is used in a real time feedback loop that removes offset errors in the signal processing chain and establishes a corrected black level in output image data. The feedback can be either digital or analog. The correction circuit can include a comparator that allows a hysteresis in the feedback to avoid hunting as well as multiple levels of feedback based on several thresholds. The corrected black level can also be controlled by a digital transfer function. The black clamp circuit can be used for a series of images, an image frame and an image line.

Abstract: An image sensor includes a two-dimensional array of pixel elements where the array of pixel elements outputting pixel data representing an image of a scene, and a two-dimensional array of selectively transmissive filters superimposed on the two-dimensional array of pixel elements, whereby each pixel element in the array of pixel elements is disposed to capture a first and a second color spectra of visible light. In one embodiment, the image sensor is a digital pixel sensor where the array of pixel elements is a sensor array of digital pixels, each of the digital pixels outputting digital signals as pixel data. In another embodiment, the pixel elements of the image sensor output analog signals as pixel data. In this manner, light intensity values for two different color spectra are optically summed at the pixel level, providing pixel values that are suitable for use in interlaced video display.

Abstract: A method of producing a color filter composed of filter elements of RGB is used for a solid-state imaging device, which color filter is capable of improving the resolution of the device. The method includes the steps of: forming a filter layer of a second color in a region in which a filter element of a first color is to be formed; and stacking a filter layer of a third color different from the second color on the filter layer of the second color. In the method, the color filter is preferably composed of filter elements of a plurality of the first colors each of which is either of red, green and blue colors.

Abstract: An MOS type solid-state image pickup device including pixels each of which comprises a photodiode PD, a detection portion N and a transfer transistor QT for transferring the charges accumulated in the photodiode PD to the detection portion N, wherein the gate voltage of the transfer transistor QT when the charges are accumulated in the photodiode PD is set to a negative.

Abstract: In a solid-state image pickup device including a light receiving sensor portion in a surface layer portion of a substrate, an in-layer lens disposed above the light receiving sensor portion, a color filter disposed on the in-layer lens, and an interlayer film disposed below the in-layer lens, an antireflection film is formed between the in-layer lens and the color filter, the antireflection film being formed of material having a refractive index which is an intermediate value between the refractive index of the in-layer lens and the refractive index of the color filter. Further, another antireflection film is formed between the in-layer lens and the interlayer film, the other antireflection film being formed of material having a refractive index which is an intermediate value between the refractive index of the in-layer lens and the refractive index of the interlayer film.

Abstract: An optical system controller for a video camera having a lens barrel in which is arranged a movable optical system and on the outer surface of which is arranged an adjusting movable mechanism for the movable optical system. It permits the user to recognize easily and directly the display indicating the position of the movable optical system or the opening of the aperture in the lens barrel.

Abstract: A display module adapted to receive a removable display device having a display for displaying digital images stored on the device. The display module includes a body having planar support surface, a recessed area, and a movable support member pivotable relative to the planar support surface. The movable support member is adapted to receive the digital image display device. The support member is movable between a first and a second position. The first position provides a viewing position, and the second position provides a storage position wherein the display device is substantially disposed within the recessed area.

Abstract: A de-interlacing device and method therefor for de-interlacing an image. The image includes at least one field, which includes a plurality of pixels arranged in an M*N matrix. The de-interlacing device is for determining the brightness value of a current pixel and includes the following elements. A motion detector is for determining whether or not the current pixel is motional. An edge detector detects an edge type of the current pixel if the current pixel is motional. An edge-based de-interlacer includes a reference pixel determiner for determining a plurality of edge reference pixels having the strongest correlation with the current pixel according to the edge type, and a brightness value determiner for deriving the brightness value of the current pixel according to the edge reference pixels.

Abstract: A method for selecting an audio language of a digital broadcasting receiver, including determining whether an audio language selection has been made, increasing an audio language on-screen display order number by one, setting a previous audio language on-screen display order number to equal the value of the increased audio language on-screen display order number, displaying a current audio language index, fetching a new current audio language index and setting the current audio language on-screen display order number to correspond to the new current audio language index, comparing the previous audio language on-screen display order number with the current audio language on-screen display order number, and displaying the new current audio language index when the previous audio language on-screen display order number and current audio language on-screen display order number are different.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to hardware for scaling and filtering video data and more specifically to algorithms and techniques for accelerating scaling and filtering operations on digital video data. The hardware is designed so that scaling and filtering operations are combined and performed simultaneously where possible to speed manipulation of the video data. Efficient design of the system allows memory buffers and logic gates to be shared or eliminated to reduce the size, cost and power requirements of the hardware implementation.

Abstract: A VSB reception system includes a sequence generator for decoding a symbol corresponding to the supplemental data and generating a predefined sequence included in the supplemental data at VSB transmission system. The reception system also includes a modified legacy VSB receiver for processing the data received from the VSB transmission system in a reverse order of the VSB transmission system by using the sequence, and a demultiplexer for demultiplexing tie data from tie modified legacy VSB receiver into the MPEG data and the supplemental data. The VSB reception system also includes a supplemental data processor for processing the supplemental data segment from the demultiplexer in a reverse order of the transmission system, to obtain the supplemental data, thereby carrying out the slicer prediction, decoding, and symbol decision more accurately by using the predefined sequence, to improve a performance.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image compensation apparatus, by which a hardware structure is simplified and by which resolution of a remanded color gamut is enhanced when an inputted digital image is compensated to fit the characteristics of a display device. The present invention includes a 3-dimensional look-up table storing 3-dimensional transformation data corresponding to upper n-bits of an input image and a color interpolation unit outputting a final color-transformed image by performing linear interpolation using the 3-dimensional transformation data outputted from the 3-dimensional look-up table and 3-dimensional data corresponding to lower m-bits of the input image.

Abstract: Disclosed is an AGC detector device and an AGC detecting method for television receivers displaying video pictures consisting of a plurality of horizontal lines to be built up successively, wherein a CVBS signal is inputted which includes horizontal sync pulses having a front porch region and a back porch region and occurring once a horizontal line during a horizontal sync period when generating a current video picture, and further includes vertical sync pulses occurring during a vertical sync period before the generation of a new video picture and including serration pulses which occur during a serration pulse region being part of the vertical sync period. Further, gating pulses are generated having a period which is equal to the line period of the horizontal sync pulses. Said gating pulses are adjusted such that they occur at the back porch region of the horizontal sync pulses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a television signal receiver comprising a radio-frequency tuner (1) and at least one subsequent surface-acoustic wave filter (2), in which the radio-frequency tuner (1) filters a RF television signal applied to its input and converts it to an intermediate-frequency television signal which is coupled to the surface-acoustic wave filter (2). The RF tuner (1) has at least one output stage (16) which supplies the IF television signal converted to the intermediate frequency. The output stage (16) is directly connected to an output (6) of the RF tuner (1), while a switch (10) is associated with it, by means of which switch the IF television signal is supplied to a second output (8). A further switch (11) is associated with the second output (8), by means of which switch the associated output (8) is switchable to a fixed reference potential.

Abstract: A table-top rear projection television employs a single large-panel (e.g., 7 inch-15 inch, 17.5 cm-38 cm, diagonal), multi-color transmissive imaging device (e.g., an amorphous silicon liquid crystal display). The rear projection television has a cabinet with a pedestal having a height and a depth that are each less than or equal to about 0.65 the height of the display screen. The display screen may have any aspect ratio of a wide format (e.g., 16:9, 15:9, 16:10) or a conventional format (i.e. 4:3).

Abstract: A composite liquid crystal panel that interacts with an inspection station to simulate operating liquid crystal displays, and methods of fabricating and testing such liquid crystal panels. The composite liquid crystal panel enables the application of operating voltages to a plurality of unit liquid crystal panel areas. The inspection station provides operating power, illuminating light, and first and second polarizers. When power is applied to the composite liquid crystal panel an image is produced. That image will show defects in the unit liquid crystal panel areas. Beneficially, the inspection station tilts to enable easier problem identification.

Abstract: A resin sheet that is unlikely to be affected by heat and allows prevention of the occurrence of a crack is provided. A glass fiber cloth-like material is dipped into an epoxy resin solution and subjected to curing, thereby obtaining an epoxy resin-based sheet including the glass fiber cloth-like material. The resin sheet has a haze value of 10% or lower, and preferably, has a light transmittance of 88% or higher, an in-plane retardation of not more than 2 nm, a retardation in a thickness direction of 40 nm, and a surface roughness of not more than 2 ?m.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of fabricating a touch panel for a liquid crystal display device including forming a parent touch panel having a plurality of unit touch panels and a parent polarizer, laminating the parent touch panel and the parent polarizer, and cutting the laminated parent touch panel and parent polarizer into a plurality of single touch panel units and forming a plurality of polarizer integrated touch panels.

Abstract: There is provided an array substrate of an LCD device including a plurality of gate lines aligned on the substrate, a plurality of data lines crossing the gate lines to form a plurality of pixel regions, a thin film transistor located at the intersection of the gate lines and the data lines, and a pixel electrode located in each pixel region, wherein the array substrate further includes a storage capacitor including a lower storage electrode being across the data line and being in parallel with the gate line on the same layer as the gate line, and a semiconductor layer, being formed by a diffraction pattern, interposed between the lower storage electrode and the pixel electrode.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a liquid crystal display device, comprising: a first upper substrate including: a) a switching element on the first upper substrate; b) a passivation film formed over the whole surface of the first upper substrate while covering the switching element; c) a pixel electrode on the passivation film; d) a black matrix formed on the passivation film and over the switching element; e) a color filter formed over the pixel electrode; and f) a first orientation film formed on the black matrix and the color filter and above the pixel electrode; a lower second substrate having a common electrode and a second orientation film, the orientation film formed on the common electrode; sealing the first and second substrates with a sealant and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first upper and second lower substrates.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin film transistor array panel is provided, which includes: forming a gate line including a gate electrode on a substrate; depositing a gate insulating layer; forming a semiconductor layer on the gate insulating layer; forming an ohmic contact layer on the semiconductor layer; forming a data line including a source electrode and a drain electrode on the ohmic contact layer at least in part; forming an alignment key including the same layer as the data line; coating a first photosensitive film for a color filter; aligning a mask for color filter with the substrate provided with the first photosensitive film using the alignment key; forming a first color filter by light exposure and developing the first photosensitive film; and forming a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display (LCD) assembly having a plurality of members, where the outer periphery of each member corresponds with the respective outer periphery of the other members, comprises a LCD panel and a liquid crystal injection member installed at a first edge of the LCD assembly for injecting liquid crystals. The LCD panel comprises upper and lower panels and liquid crystals are injected between the upper and lower panels through an injection area. The injection area is sealed in between the upper and lower panels to contain the injected liquid crystals. The LCD assembly further comprises a reflective plate for reflecting incident light, which is fastened to a backlight by one or more double-sided adhesive strips engaging one or more edges of the plate and backlight, other than the edges that correspond with the first edge of the injection area.

Abstract: A display for showing text and graphical images includes an electrically conducting layer which is connected to a shield potential, such as a ground potential, for shielding the display from external electromagnetic disturbances and preventing radiation from the display of electromagnetic disturbances generated by the display.

Abstract: A direct lighting type LCD apparatus includes lamps for generating a first light, a diffusing member for diffusing the first light and light reflected from a reflecting member to emit a second light having uniform brightness distribution, and a receiving member for receiving the lamps, the diffusing member and the reflecting member for reflecting the first light to the diffusing member. The lamps are arranged in the receiving member to be separated from the diffusing member at selected distances, respectively, which may be different from one another. The direct lighting type LCD apparatus may have brightness distribution which is controlled by varying the distances between the respective lamps and the diffusing member to improve quality of image display.

Abstract: A color filter substrate for a liquid crystal display device includes: a substrate; red, green and blue sub-color filters made of a transcription film on the substrate and spaced apart from each other; a black matrix on the red, green and blue sub-color filters; an overcoat layer on the black matrix; and a common electrode overcoat layer.

Abstract: An IPS mode liquid crystal display device includes a first set of pixels of different colors, each of the pixels having a data line along a side thereof and a gate line along a side thereof, wherein one of the pixels is a white (W) pixel; a second set of pixels of different colors, each of the pixels having a data line along a side thereof and a gate line along a side thereof, wherein one of the pixels is a white (W) pixel; wherein the first set of pixels and the second set of pixels is adjacent to each other.

Abstract: On a first substrate are formed a TFT provided to each pixel, an insulating film which covers the TFT, and a reflective layer which is provided on the insulating film so as to be insulated from the TFT and reflects light incident from a second substrate side. The reflective layer is covered with a passivation film on which a first electrode made of a transparent conductive material, such as ITO having the work function equivalent to a second electrode, is formed and connected to the TFT. The passivation film covering the reflective layer prevents the reflective surface of the reflective layer from deteriorating in reflection properties during a process for connecting the TFT and the first electrode. Further, the first and second electrodes having similar characteristics can symmetrically AC drive the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A color filter substrate includes first and second layers having openings, a filter layer located in the openings, a reflecting component, and a transmitting component. The reflecting component is provided at least partially on a second side of the filter layer such that first light rays that are incident on the filter layer from a first side are reflected to the first side, where the first side is an opposite side of the second side. The transmitting component is provided at least partially on the second side of the filter layer, such that second light rays that are incident on the filter layer from the second side are emitted to the first side. The present invention provides a color filter substrate, a liquid crystal display device, and an electronic device having a structure that allows good coating with a liquid material.

Abstract: A two-way trans-reflective display pixel (100) having two viewable sides (102, 104) is disclosed. The two-way trans-reflective display pixel has a first transparent layer (106), a second transparent layer (108), and light modulating medium (110) sandwiched between them. Both the first and second transparent layers (106, 108) have light reflectors (132, 136) and light absorbers (130, 134), which allow light entering from either viewable sides (102, 104) to partially reflected, partially absorbed, and partially transmitted, allowing an image to be viewable from both viewable sides (102, 104). A two-way trans-reflective display (402) comprising a plurality of two-way trans-reflective display pixels (100) and a transparent light source (412) is also disclosed. The transparent light source (412) provides color light, and enables an image from the two-way trans-reflective display (402) to be viewable in color from both first and second viewable sizes (418, 602).

Abstract: Aspects of the invention can provide a transflective liquid crystal display device of vertical alignment mode capable of suitably controlling the direction that liquid crystal molecules are tilted. The liquid crystal display device can include a liquid crystal layer interposed between a pair of substrate and transmissive and reflective display regions in each dot region. An insulating film for varying the thickness of the liquid crystal layer in the reflective and transmissive display regions is provided. On a substrate having the insulating film formed thereon, an electrode slit for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules can be formed in the reflective display region. Similarly, a convex portion for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules can be formed in the transmissive display region.

Abstract: The present invention is configured so that it has a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer pinched between the first substrate and second substrate, and a driving unit, wherein a characteristic of a reflectivity versus an applied voltage is a normally closed type and a characteristic of a transmissivity versus an applied voltage is the normally closed type: wherein the first substrate has a common electrode, and an upside polarization plate and upside phase plate on an upper surface; wherein the second substrate has a reflective electrode and transparent electrode connected with an active element, and a downside polarization plate and downside phase plate on a lower surface; wherein the liquid crystal layer has a twist angle not less than 40 degrees and not more than 65 degrees; wherein a retardation of the liquid crystal layer in a reflective display unit is within a range of not less than 230 nm and not more than 300 nm; and wherein a retardation of the liquid crystal layer in a transm

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises a nematic liquid crystal, voltage means for applying a voltage across said liquid crystal, and two substrates (42, 30) each provided with an alignment layer (32, 33), wherein: said liquid crystal is sandwiched between said two substrates (42, 30); said nematic liquid crystal can be placed in at least one operating state and at least one non-operating state, and at least one of said alignment layers (32, 33) is provided with a plurality of surface protrusions (40) formed from an anisotropic material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes an array substrate having a pixel electrode formed of a conductor, a counter substrate having a counter electrode facing the pixel electrode, and a liquid crystal layer held between the substrates and containing liquid crystal molecules set in a vertical alignment with respect to the substrates. The pixel electrode had a void space located in the conductor to provide minute domains between which different directors of the liquid crystal molecules are obtained when a potential difference is applied between the array and counter electrodes, and a bridge-wiring member interconnecting adjacent parts of the conductor in the void space, and the bride-wiring member is configured to make an electric field created in a part of the pixel area located on the bridge-wiring member weaker than that created in the minutes domains according to the potential difference.

Abstract: In an active matrix type liquid crystal display device in which a common electrode and a second pixel electrode have portions opposing each other, and an electric field parallel to substrates is formed between the two electrodes, Y direction extending portions of the common electrode are provided above data lines via a second interlayer insulation film. Slits are opened in the Y direction extending portions of the common electrode along the data lines. Portions of a black matrix which are set to a common electric potential with the common electrode are provided on an opposing substrate at positions opposing the slits.