Abstract: An electrical field device for use in industrial control with a housing, with at least one input, at least one output and an electronic circuit with a microcontroller, a memory and a circuit board. The electrical field device is easily adapted to different functions and conditions of use in that an opening is formed on one side of the housing for insertion of an electronic expansion module which has at least one circuit board, and in that the circuit board has a contact region with contacts for mechanical and electrical contact-making with mating contacts connected to the circuit board of the expansion, module and a circuit board recess formed such that an inserted expansion module does not have any conductive connection to the field device except in the contact region so that reliable electrical isolation between the interior of the device and the user is ensured.

Abstract: A stage apparatus includes a movable stage; a magnetic unit including a first permanent magnet that is provided on the stage and magnetized in a direction perpendicular to a moving direction of the stage and at least one pair of second permanent magnets that are magnetized such that opposing portions of the first and second permanent magnets have the same pole. The magnetic unit applies a force to the stage in the moving direction thereof by placing the first permanent magnet between the pair of second permanent magnets. An actuator is configured to drive the second permanent magnets in the direction of magnetization. The force applied to the stage is varied by driving the actuator.

Abstract: A linear or rotating electric synchronous machine includes a reluctance-secondary part, and a primary part, provided with a coil and permanent magnets. The primary part has teeth, with each tooth surrounded by a coil defining a coil axis. Arranged in each tooth is a permanent magnet which is surrounded by the coil and extends extending in parallel relationship to the coil axis of the coil. The secondary part is constructed for guiding a magnetic field and has teeth which define with the teeth of the primary part an air gap. The permanent magnet defines a magnetization direction in parallel to an air gap plane of the air gap, with the magnetization direction reversing from tooth to tooth.

Abstract: A motor includes a drive circuit for driving a rotor by controlling a current applied to an armature winding of a stator, and a capacitor for smoothing a voltage supplied to the armature winding and/or a capacitor for smoothing a supply voltage from outside on a same board. The board and the stator are integrally molded in using resin. Prior to the molding, capacitors are sealed inside a cylindrical metal case with a closed top face by rubber, and a pair of lead terminals protrude outside through this sealing rubber. The capacitors are mounted upright on the board and fixed by applying adhesive at two diagonally opposite areas on a bottom end of the metal case.

Abstract: A core for an electrical machine, a method for producing a core, an electrical machine, and a method for producing an electrical machine. Said core comprises a body of soft magnetic material having a plurality of teeth and at least one magnetic flux cross section area enlarging element being made from a composite of a soft magnetic powder and a binder, said magnetic flux area enlarging element being arranged onto a tooth of said body.

Abstract: A mica tape comprising a mica foil, a glass cloth, and an inorganic filler arranged on the glass cloth, wherein the mica tape is wound a plurality of times about an outer circumferential surface of a conductor portion of an electrical rotating machine coil so as to form an insulating layer for the coil, and the inorganic filler has a Mohs hardness falling within a range of 1 to 7 and exhibits a heat conductivity superior to those of the mica foil and the glass cloth, whereby, the inorganic filler is excellent in the heat conductivity and has a Mohs hardness not lower than that of the glass cloth contained in the mica tape, when used together with the inorganic filler.

Abstract: A coil for an electric rotating machine is configured with a conductor which is formed by bundling a plurality of square strands and stacking the square strands like a coil with Roebel transposition, mica tape which is wound a plurality of layers around an outer surface of the conductor and made up of mica paper and glass cloth backing, and an insulation wall formed by impregnating and curing resin between wound layers of the mica tape. Inorganic particles are supported with the glass cloth backing on the mica tape using an adhesive containing glue insoluble in the impregnated resin as an indispensable component.

Abstract: A high efficiency non-electrically induced magnet motor includes a stator assembly and a rotor assembly having a rotor shaft extending therethrough at its center and disposed operatively for relative rotation respect to the stator assembly about the rotor shaft between a counter-clockwise direction and a clockwise direction. First and second groups of magnets are affixed to respective top and lower surfaces of an outer field magnet holder plate of the stator assembly. A third group of magnets is affixed to a top surface of an inner core magnet holder plate of the stator assembly. Fourth and fifth groups of magnets are affixed to respective top and lower surfaces of a rotor plate of the rotor assembly. First and second flux gate window control devices are provided for selectively allowing repulsive flux from the first through third groups of stator magnets to be coupled to the fourth and fifth groups of rotor magnets for causing rotation of rotor assembly between the counter-clockwise and clockwise directions.

Abstract: An adapter fixture (3) for axial assembly purposes is provided by directing said adapter fixture, which accommodates magnet shells (5, 6) at the stator end and is provided with a molded-on first bearing bracket (3.1) at one end thereof, through a motor housing such that the same radially engages underneath the motor housing while the other end thereof can be placed on or fixed to a second separate bearing bracket (4) along with an intermediate adapter part (2) that overlaps the motor housing (1) and is provided with radial noise-damping mounting webs (2.1; 2.2) with the aid of the motor housing (1) which can be tightly clamped to said second bearing bracket (4).

Abstract: The invention concerns a rotating electrical machine comprising an outer shell, a stator, a rotor, and a fan with blades arranged on one first axial side of the rotor, the shell having on its outer periphery radial ports consisting of each of an opening subdivided by fins each elongated according to a particular profile of its own, at least one fin of at least one of the radial ports is inclined such that the edges of the blades facing said port sweep gradually across the fin according to its profile while rotating about the rotary shaft, in a shearing movement whereby each time only one substantially point-shaped portion of the edge of the blade is opposite the fin.

Abstract: A spool includes at least one bobbin and one winding wire, e.g., a winding wire lacquered for electrical insulation, the bobbin including at least one channel, e.g., one arranged as a pocket, at least one sleeve being electrically connected to the winding wire, the sleeve being electrically connected to an electrical line, e.g., a stranded conductor of a cable, the sleeve including deformable regions, for producing the electrical connections, a respectively deformable region being deformable such that a force-locking connection is provided and welding is able to be carried out.

Abstract: A motor may include a bearing made of resin for rotatably supporting one end part of the rotor shaft, and an urging member attached to a bearing holder and abutted with a pressurization face of the bearing to urge the bearing toward a side of the rotor shaft. A molding material injection gate trace (projection) which has been used when the bearing is resin-molded is positioned at a center portion of the pressurization face. The molding material injection gate trace may be positioned in a recessed part which is formed at a roughly center portion of the pressurization face of the bearing. Further, the urging member may include an urging piece which is formed by cutting a center portion of a metal plate in a ring shape and an opening part is formed in the urging piece.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spindle motor having a fluid dynamic bearing system, used particularly for driving the storage disks of hard disk drives, having a baseplate, a stationary bearing bush disposed in an opening in the baseplate, a shaft rotatably supported in an axial bore in the bearing bush by means of the fluid dynamic bearing system, a hub connected to the shaft, and an electromagnetic drive system. The invention is characterized in that the shaft has a flange that is fixed in an opening in the hub and whose outside diameter is significantly larger than the smallest outside diameter of the shaft.

Abstract: A magnetic bearing maintains a rotating shaft 3 is held magnetically in a floating condition within a stator 1 wherein the stator 1 comprises a superconductor 5 and the shaft 3 is attached to a segmented exciting system 10 of permanent magnets wherein one or more of the segments are movable in relation to each other.

Abstract: An electric machine, having an armature including an armature lamination that supports a winding and having a housing that accommodates at least one magnet, which is embodied at least in the form of an annular magnet segment. The armature lamination protrudes axially beyond the at least one magnet. This has the advantage of permitting the electric machine to be more compactly designed, thus permitting an appreciable reduction in costs.

Abstract: A synchronous motor having a rotor that includes: a body, a plurality of magnets positioned on the body of the rotor. For each of the plurality of magnets, a corresponding clamping element fixes a corresponding one of the plurality of magnets on the body of the rotor, wherein the corresponding clamping element includes a web arranged between the corresponding one of the plurality of magnets and the body of the rotor. The synchronous motor further including a stator including a coil that receives an electric current and generates a magnetic field that generates a torque on the rotor.

Abstract: An electromagnetic motor employing plural rotors is provided, with each rotor exhibiting a permanent magnetic field. A control module selectively induces magnetic fields in electromagnetic pads surrounding each of the rotors. Through the interaction of the permanent and induced magnetic fields, the rotors can turn. As a result, a shaft mechanically engaging the rotors also turns to provide mechanical power. In response to the shaft rotation, an alternator generates electrical power, at least a portion of which can be stored in one or more storage cells. The stored electrical power can be used to sustain the operation of the control module without an external power source. The magnetic polarities of the induced magnetic fields can be reversed, thus causing the rotors to continue turning. In various applications, the motor can be installed in a vehicle or in a building power supply as desired.

Abstract: A motor includes a stator and a rotor. The stator is configured by winding a coil around a stator core which includes a salient-pole core. The rotor has a rotor core made by laminating thin and highly permeable iron sheets. The rotor core has multiple permanent magnet embedding holes, and a permanent magnet is embedded in each of the permanent magnet embedding holes. A cross-section of the permanent magnet is a rectangle with a long side in a rotating direction and a short side perpendicular to the long side. A cross section of the permanent magnet embedding hole is formed by an embedding hole's long side corresponding to the long side and an embedding hole's short side corresponding to the short side. The embedding hole's short side has a first protrusion and a flat portion. The embedding hole's long side to an inner diameter side has a second protrusion on its both ends.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, an apparatus, including: first and second lamination stacks; a permanent magnet disposed between the lamination stacks; and the first and second lamination stacks and the permanent magnet being coated in one step with a plastic material.

Abstract: A stator winding bar comprises a plurality of strands that are transposed in the manner of a Roebel bar in an active part having a prescribed length, the active part being divided into several areas having different lengths arranged one after the other, in each area a transposition of the strands by a prescribed angle magnitude is provided, wherein the crimping distance within each area varies.

Abstract: A magnetoelectric generator includes: a generating coil that is constituted by: a generating coil main body in which a conducting wire is wound onto respective teeth of a stator core; and an output wire that is led axially outward from the generating coil main body; and a varnish that is applied to a surface of the generating coil and heat-hardened, and an insulating insert is inserted into a gap in the generating coil between adjacent teeth; and the output wire is fixed to the generating coil main body by the varnish and is also fixed by being held between the insulating insert and the generating coil main body.

Abstract: A stator of a rotary electric machine having secured core slot insulators includes a multi-phase stator winding, having a plurality of slot segments that are adapted to be radially inserted into a plurality of circumferentially spaced axially-extending core slots in a surface of a cylindrically-shaped stator core. The stator winding includes the plurality of slot segments alternately connected at the first and second ends of the stator core by a plurality of end loop segments to form the winding. The plurality of core slots house an insulator to electrically isolate the slot segments from the core slots. The insulator is secured to the sides of the core slot prior to the process of radial inserting the plurality of slot segments into the plurality of core slots of the cylindrically-shaped stator core.

Abstract: An insulation structure of rotary electrical machinery which electrically insulates teeth of a stator from a winding wound on the teeth includes: an insulator made from hard insulation material, disposed on both axial ends of the teeth, and having a side wall disposed along a side surface of the teeth crossing to a circumferential direction thereof, and a high-heat-conductive electrical-insulation resin sheet disposed along the side surface of the teeth and insulating the teeth from the winding, wherein an axial end portion of the high-heat-conductive electrical-insulation resin sheet is disposed between the side wall of the insulator and the side surface of the teeth and is stacked on the side wall in a prescribed axial extent.

Abstract: A device such as an electric motor, an electric generator, and a regenerative electric motor includes at least one independent energizable electromagnetic assembly. Each independent electromagnetic assembly has an associated one-piece magnetic core. Each independent electromagnetic assembly defines two stator poles. Each one-piece magnetic core provides the entire magnetic return path for the two magnetic stator poles associated with each independent electromagnetic assembly.

Abstract: A rotor for an electric machine having a number of poles includes a shaft that extends along a portion of an axis and defines an outer surface. A first core portion is formed as a single inseparable component and includes a first portion that extends from the outer surface to a first outside diameter to define a first thickness, and a second portion spaced axially from the first portion that includes a reduced back portion that extends from an inside diameter to the first outside diameter to define a second thickness that is less than the first thickness. A second core portion is connected to the first core portion and includes a second outside diameter that is substantially the same as the first outside diameter.

Abstract: A rear cover of a motor includes a main member and two lateral covers. The main member has a first receiving portion with a first room, a second receiving portion with a second room, a third receiving portion with an axle bore. The first receiving portion has two first carbon brush slots, in each of which a first carbon brush is provided. The third receiving portion has a second carbon brush slot, in which a second carbon brush is provided. The lateral covers are connected to the main member to close outer ends of the first carbon brush slots.

Abstract: A brush assembly for an alternator includes a brush, a brush holder holing the brush, and a slip ring cover for covering a slip ring on a rotary shaft of the alternator. The brush holder and the slip ring cover respectively have first and second through-holes that can be brought into alignment with each other by application of a mechanical force. The alignment allows a retainer to be placed through both the first and second through-holes to retain the brush in the brush holder against the spring force of a spring, thereby permitting installation of the brush assembly onto the rotary shaft to be carried out without interference between the brush and the slip ring. The first and second through-holes are brought out of the alignment by removal of the mechanical force and the retainer, thereby blocking foreign matters from entering inside through both the first and second through-holes.

Abstract: A stepping motor includes a rotor including a cylindrical permanent magnet, ring-shaped first and second yoke units that are arranged so as to be mutually stacked along an axis of the rotor, electrical connection members of resin material that include external connection terminals and are respectively secured to the first and second yoke units, and a pair of lid members that enclose the first and second yoke units from both sides thereof and support the rotor so as to be rotatable around the axis.

Abstract: The stator core of a motor comprises an annular back core, and a plurality of tees created separately from the back core and secured onto the inner periphery of the back core. A stator coil is wound on each of the tees by a distributed or concentrated winding method. The stator core and stator coil are formed by molding.

Abstract: A small heat-dissipating device includes a casing and an impeller rotor. The casing includes a compartment delimited by a base. An axial tube extends from the base. At least two positioning members are mounted on the base and outside the axial tube. The positioning members are made of magnetically conductive materials. The positioning members provide a downward magnetic attraction to a magnet on the impeller rotor for preventing disengagement of the impeller rotor during rotation. Further, when the impeller rotor is at rest, the positioning members attract the magnet of the impeller rotor to retain the impeller rotor in an angular position most suitable for starting and to prevent the impeller rotor from resting at a dead point for starting, thereby reducing the power required for starting.

Abstract: A winding support for an electrical machine embodied as a lamination packet and has a plurality of pole teeth each having a pole foot about which a winding can be disposed. Beginning at the face ends of the lamination packet, the pole feet have an increasing width. The result is graduations in the tooth width, and thus the tooth cross section is “rounded” and hence smaller in circumference. The winding wire thus becomes shorter, and as a result the resistance drops.

Abstract: A rotor for a rotary electrical device to be arranged to face to a stator, comprises a rotor iron core extending axially and including a plurality of slots arranged with a predetermined circumferential interval, a rotor coil contained by the slots, a coil support member of electrically insulating property arranged between parts of the rotor coil at an axial end of the rotor coil, and a retaining ring covering the coil support member and the axial end of the rotor coil, the coil support member has two fitted portions and a connecting portion connecting the fitted portions to each other to form H-shape of cross section and to form a space between the rotor coil and each of opposite sides of the connecting portion, and the coil support member further has a communicating path communicating to the spaces.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a step actuator, comprising a suspended membrane comprising a plurality of movable electrodes connected by plurality of spring hinges to a payload platform; and pillars connecting said membrane to a substrate, said substrate comprising a plurality of fixed electrodes; wherein said movable electrodes of said suspended membrane and said fixed electrodes from said substrate form parallel-plate electrostatic sub-actuators. Another embodiment of the present invention provides controlled operation of the step actuator over its entire range of motion, by avoiding its instability region and both digital and analog operations with enhanced stroke. It comprises a suspended membrane comprising a plurality of fixed electrodes, a plurality of movable electrodes connected by plurality of spring hinges to a medial payload platform. The fixed electrodes comprise insulator stops that keep the movable electrodes from entering the unstable region.

Abstract: A SAW device includes one or more surface acoustic wave element which comprises an interdigital transducer on a single crystal piezo-electric substrate and is flip-chip mounted on a base substrate through metal bumps. The IDT transducer is formed of a laminate film including an underlying layer made of titanium nitride or titanium and an aluminum layer. The underlying layer and Al layer are laminated sequentially on the single crystal piezo-electric substrate. The single crystal piezo-electric substrate is a 46°- or more rotation Y-cut X-propagation lithium tantalate substrate. The single crystal piezo-electric substrate may be a 64°-rotation Y-cut X-propagation lithium niobate substrate.

Abstract: A resonator. The resonator includes a bottom electrode overlaying at least part of a substrate, a composite structure overlaying at least part of the bottom electrode, and a top electrode overlaying at least part of the composite structure. The composite structure comprises a piezoelectric layer and a compensation layer, and the compensation layer includes silicon dioxide combined with boron.

Abstract: In a method for producing a boundary acoustic wave device that includes a first medium, a second medium, and a third medium laminated in that order, and electrodes disposed at the interface between the first medium and the second medium, the method includes the steps of preparing a laminate including the first medium, the second medium, and the electrodes disposed at the interface between the first medium and the second medium, adjusting the thickness of the second medium after the step of preparing the laminate to regulate a frequency or the acoustic velocity of a surface acoustic wave, a pseudo-boundary acoustic wave, or a boundary acoustic wave, after the adjusting step, forming the third medium different from the second medium in terms of the acoustic velocity with which the boundary acoustic wave propagates therethrough and/or in terms of material.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic transducer including a gap between an upper electrode and a lower electrode on a silicon substrate, it is made possible to reduce or adjust warpage of an above-gap membrane vibrated by electrostatic actuation due to internal stress. A fourth insulating film and a fifth insulating film of films positioned above the gap which is a cavity required for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic are respectively a silicon oxide film for compression stress and a silicon nitride film for tensile stress. Therefore, compression stress and tensile stress cancel each other, so that warpage of the above-gap membrane is reduced. An amount of warpage can be adjusted by adjusting a film thickness of the fourth insulating film and a film thickness of the fifth insulating film.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transducer comprises a stack having a first face, an opposed second face and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween. The stack comprises a plurality of layers, each layer having a top surface and an opposed bottom surface, wherein the plurality of layers of the stack comprises an upper unpoled piezoelectric layer, an underlying lower poled piezoelectric layer, and a dielectric layer. The dielectric layer is connected to the piezoelectric layer and defines an opening extending a second predetermined length in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the stack. A plurality of first kerf slots are defined therein the stack, each first kerf slot extending a predetermined depth therein the stack through the upper piezoelectric layer and into the lower piezoelectric layer and a first predetermined length in a direction substantially parallel to the axis.

Abstract: A laminated piezoelectric element capable of being sintered at low temperatures and high in piezoelectric properties is provided. The laminated piezoelectric element comprises a plurality of piezoelectric layers each comprising a composite oxide as a main constituent thereof and a plurality of internal electrode layers formed between the piezoelectric layers and containing Ag, wherein the piezoelectric layers are each comprised of a sintered body comprising the composite oxide, as a main constituent thereof, represented by (Pba-bMb)[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)xTiyZrz]O3 with the proviso that 0.96?a?1.03, 0?b?0.1, 0.05?x?0.15, 0.25?y?0.5, 0.35?z?0.6, x+y+z=1, and M represents at least one selected from Sr, Ca and Ba, and Ag in a content of 1.0% by weight or less (not inclusive of 0) in terms of Ag2O in relation to the main constituent.

Abstract: Provided is a piezoelectric ceramic composition capable of being sintered at low temperatures and in a low-oxygen reductive atmosphere and capable of attaining a sufficient displacement even at high voltages of 1 kV/mm or more. The piezoelectric ceramic composition includes: a composite oxide, as a main constituent thereof, represented by the following composition formula; Cu and/or Ag, each as a first additive, Cu being included in a content ?, in terms of Cu2O, falling within a range 0<??0.5% by mass and Ag being included in a content ?, in terms of Ag2O, falling within a range 0<??0.4% by mass, in relation to the main constituent; wherein: composition formula: Pba[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)xTiyZrz]O3, where 0.96?a?1.03, 0.005?x<0.05, 0.42?y?0.53, 0.45?z?0.56, and x+y+z=1.

Abstract: [Problems] This invention is intended to provide a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric resonator element that has a small affected layer on a surface and a resonating property not much different from a designed resonating property. [Means to solve the problems] A wet etching is performed to form a tuning-fork quartz resonator element 10 in a separated manner after removal of a metal mask 30, so that an affected layer 23, which results from a dry etching, can be exposed and removed by a wet etching. As a result, a method for manufacturing the tuning-fork quartz resonator element 10 having a resonating property not much different from a desired resonating property can be achieved.

Abstract: A rotary input apparatus is disclosed. The rotary input apparatus comprising a rotatable wheel, a first magnet joined to a side of the wheel for cooperation with the wheel and magnetized to have alternating N- and S-poles, a detection element positioned to face the first magnet for detecting changes in magnetism of the first magnet, a second magnet positioned to face the first magnet and magnetized to have alternating N- and S-poles in correspondence with the first magnet, a printed circuit board on which are mounted the detection element and the second magnet, a base to which the printed circuit board is secured, and a holder joined to the base and interposed between the wheel and the base to rotatably support the wheel, allows the user to decide whether or not to create click sensations and to regulate the magnitude of the click sensations, where the rotary input apparatus has a simple composition and yet has excellent durability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to animated devices that include one or more electroactive polymer transducers. When actuated by electrical energy, an electroactive polymer produces mechanical deflection in one or more directions. This deflection may be used to produce motion of a feature included in an animated device. Electroactive polymer transducers offer customizable shapes and deflections. Combining different ways to configure and constrain a polymer, different ways to arrange active areas on a single polymer, different animated device designs, and different polymer orientations, permits a broad range of animated devices that use an electroactive polymer transducer to produce motion. These animated devices find use in a wide range of animated device applications.

Abstract: A refrigeration cabinet includes a cabinet base that has a front wall, a back wall and side walls defining an open top compartment for housing a refrigerated product. The cabinet also includes a canopy disposed atop the compartment. The canopy may include a front wall having a transparent window through which the cabinet interior may be viewed, a back wall including a transparent cover, two side walls, and a first beam extending between the side walls of the canopy. The cabinet may further include a second beam has a first end connected to the first beam, and a second end connected to the back wall of the cabinet base; and a third beam including a first end connected the first or second beam. The transparent cover may be rotatably connected to the third beam.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive device (2) for a furniture part (7) that is displaceably mounted in relation to a furniture body, in particular for a drawer or similar. Said device comprises an energy accumulator device (10), which supports the displacement of the furniture part (7). According to the invention, the displaceable furniture part (7) can be essentially displaced into a fully open position by the energy accumulator device (10)), thus partially discharging the energy accumulator device (10)). The energy accumulator (10) device is then re-charged during the closing operation of the displaceable furniture part (7). Said energy accumulator device (10) only acts on part of the displacement path of the furniture part (7).

Abstract: A computer enclosure includes a chassis (10), a side panel (20), and a fastening apparatus. The chassis has an opening (11), and comprises a rear panel (12) in which a hole (123) is defined. The side panel is configured for covering the opening of the chassis. The fastening apparatus secures the side panel to the chassis. The fastening apparatus includes a resilient piece (30). One end of the resilient piece is mounted to inside of the side panel. Another end of the resilient piece defines at least a hook (341) engaging in the hole of the rear panel for clasping the rear panel. The fastening apparatus further includes a latch (40) for urging the hook of the resilient piece to disengage from the hole of the rear panel.

Abstract: The invention provides a chest in which storability of a drawer is improved. The drawer is formed by a metal mold which can be opened in the vertical direction so that left and right side surfaces, a front surface, and a rear surface are formed to be inclined outward as they go upward by a draft angle. Metallic outer rails which are paired with inner rails in the chest body are provided on the lower portions of the side surfaces. The outer rail is provided with a lower fixed surface to be fixed to a shoulder portion on the side of the lower surface of the drawer and an upright surface extending upright from the lower fixed surface to be fixed to a set-back portion of the lower portion of the side surface of the drawer.

Abstract: Broadband output high power pulsed flash lamps are useful in many applications, including beacons, communications, imaging, laser pumping, and materials processing. When specifically optimized, they can become an excellent source of ultraviolet (UV) light, which is particularly useful for photo-chemically-induced materials processing applications. Ultraviolet lamps producing high power pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light can be ideally suitable for use in the decontamination of fluids (particularly water, wastewater, and other liquids, gases and objects), and for other applications such as photo-enhancement of chemical reactions, treatment of light sensitive materials, medical use, and so forth.

Abstract: A spark plug having a discharge portion formed of a metal alloy chip. The metal alloy is selected to prevent wear due to the interaction of Iridium with Calcium or Phosphorus during combustion.

Abstract: A plurality of insulator samples of different dimensions are subjected to multiple regression analysis to thereby induce an expression for estimating the amount of unevenness in wall thickness of an insulator; specifically, 0.01 (17.527+0.141A?0.285B?6.124C?0.14D+1.105E), where A is an overall length of the insulator, B is the outside diameter of a rear trunk portion of the insulator, C is the diameter of a large diameter portion of the axial bore of the insulator, D is the length of the large diameter portion of the bore, and E is the diameter of a small diameter portion of the axial bore. The insulator is designed such that the amount of unevenness in wall thickness thereof estimated through calculation by this expression is less than 0.07 mm.