Abstract: A data packet processing system for processing data at a network interface using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) allows processing of data packets with lower processing delays. The data packet processing system immediately applies a plurality of processes to an incoming data packet in a concurrent manner so as to generate an action or a response packet based on the content of the incoming data packet in an efficient manner. The data packet processing system may be used to process data packets communicated between any levels of communication protocol stacks, including higher levels of such communication protocol stacks, in a manner so that the delays corresponding to multiple levels of data packet encapsulation, decapsulation, data processing and data validity testing are minimized.

Abstract: In a PPP terminating equipment 100 connected with a switch fabric and terminating PPP link, the PPP terminating equipment 100 has an LCP echo requirement detecting section 20 detecting whether or not a received packet is the LCP echo requirement packet, and an LCP echo response producing section 40 producing a response packet to the LCP echo requirement by rewriting the LCP header of the received LCP echo requirement packet. The PPP terminating equipment 100 thereby produces and returns the response packet to the LCP echo requirement.

Abstract: In transmitting first information necessary for gaining synchronism of transmission signal and second information which is the other information by determining a break of a single modulation unit with a simple structure and processing prior to Fourier transformation on the side receiving a signal transmitted as a multi-carrier signal, a transmission symbol stream is expanded on a frequency axis. With a predetermined frequency position (for example, 0 kHz) as reference, a transmission symbol stream symmetrical is generated on the frequency axis and then, the transmission symbol stream symmetrical on the frequency axis is Fourier-transformed and transmitted.

Abstract: A system and method supplies internet protocol television (IPTV) services to a subscriber. A content management subsystem processes and executes integrated workflow functionality for content management of video data to be delivered from a video headend to a subscriber premises. An infrastructure subsystem performs signal processing and routing of the video data from the video headend across the network to subscriber premises based on subscriber requirements at the subscriber premises. A network management, test and monitoring subsystem is coupled with the content management and infrastructure subsystems and includes test and management equipment and control and monitoring systems equipment for monitoring network performance and controlling the infrastructure subsystem and optimizing network performance and video delivery to the subscriber premises.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for transforming digital TV broadcasting signals into digital radio broadcasting signals and a method thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring metrics associated with a wireless network is described. One embodiment includes capturing, at a capturing device, a packet transmitted in a wireless network. A congestion indicator is calculated based on a delay associated with the packet.

Abstract: A node of a telecommunications network comprises a first function configured to perform a first operation on a first portion of a packet handled by the node and a second function configured to perform a second operation on a second portion of the packet. The first function and the second function are configured to employ a shared transaction for operating on the packet whereby, by virtue of the shared transaction, after performance of the first operation and the second operation, the packet has less overhead attributable to the first function and the second function than if the shared transaction had not been employed in performance of the first operation and the second operation.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for speech Codec negotiation in a communication system in which a calling user initiates the speech Codec negotiation with a called mobile station. The method includes: receiving by a mobile switching center emulation in the communication system an originating call signal from a calling user, the originating call signal carrying a number of a called mobile station; obtaining a latest speech Codec list used by the called mobile station from a database storing mobile station information in accordance with the number of the called mobile station; determining a speech Codec to be used in a communication between the calling user and the called mobile station; and establishing a voice bearer in the speech Codec for the calling user and the called mobile station. The method avoids a bearer update process and improves switching speed.

Abstract: A device for generating a high-energy particle pulse is provided which comprises a laser system producing laser pulses with pulse length shorter than 100 fs (femtoseconds), and capable to be focused to peak intensities greater than 10A18 W/cmA2, preferred greater than 10A20 W/cmA2 (watts per centimeter squared), a device for shaping the temporal intensity profile accompanying said at least one laser pulse for increasing the laser contrast above 10ˆ5, preferably above IL 0A7, especially 1OA10, and a target capable of releasing a high-energy particle pulse, particularly an electron or a proton pulse, upon irradiation with at least

Abstract: An optical apparatus including a tunable master laser from which all or some of a beam is injected into at least one “slave ” laser having a cavity with an amplifier medium and a dynamic holographic medium that forms a self-adapted spectral filter to maintain oscillation of the slave laser at a wavelength imposed by the master laser during injection after injection has stopped.

Abstract: A laser arrangement comprising a first and a second resonant cavity for generating a first and a second fundamental wavelength. A first and a second non-linear region are provided in the second cavity for sum-frequency mixing of the radiation generated in the first cavity and in the second cavity, and for frequency-doubling of the radiation generated in the second cavity, respectively.

Abstract: A Fabry-Pérot (FP) laser device (1) has an n-type substrate (2), an active region (3), a p-type cladding (4), an insulator (5), and a contact (6). The cladding (4) comprises a ridge (7) having a number of slots (8). The slots (8) cause a partial longitudinal reflection of the light. The precise locations of the slots are chosen to accurately and predictably achieve a particular selected mode or modes in the output light. A method to design a slot pattern both preferentially selects a particular Fabry-Pérot mode as the peak emission wavelength and also suppresses an arbitrary number of neighbouring Fabry-Pérot modes. The method selects a set of Fabry-Pérot modes in preference to other Fabry-Pérot modes within the cavity. In this way the method addresses the important problems for semiconductor lasers of predetermination of the peak lasing wavelength and also stability of the peak lasing mode with changes in temperature.

Abstract: An optical navigation system for driving a laser device with a laser pulse fault detection employs a controller, a laser driver and a laser pulse fault detector. In operation, the controller provides the laser pulse train signal to the laser driver and the laser pulse fault detector. In response thereto, and the laser pulse fault detector enable a driving of the laser device by the laser driver based on detection of a normal timing condition of the laser pulse train and overrides a driving of the laser device by the laser driver based on a detection of an abnormal timing condition of the laser pulse train signal.

Abstract: A laser system with a solid state laser medium, having a broad oscillation spectrum with improved absorption efficiency of the laser medium for excitation light. The system includes: a resonator; a solid state laser medium, disposed in the resonator, having optical anisotropy; and an excitation unit for inputting excitation light to the solid state laser medium. The oscillation light is linear polarization light polarized in the direction substantially parallel to a first crystal axis of the solid state laser medium, and the excitation unit linearly polarizes the excitation light, and inputs to the solid state laser medium, with the polarization direction of the excitation light in a direction crossing the first crystal axis. In the solid state laser medium, an absorption coefficient for the excitation light in the polarization direction thereof is greater than an absorption coefficient for the excitation light in the first axis direction.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for the compensation of dynamic thermal effects in fast tunable lasers are related in the present application. In particular, certain embodiments of the present invention may be useful for controlling currents to achieve various current-controlled characteristics in fast tunable lasers. Thus, certain systems, methods, and apparatuses described herein may provide compensation of dynamic thermal effects in fast tunable lasers.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a laser module that includes a semiconductor laser diode that is raised in a temperature without degrading the heat dissipating efficiency to improve the operation and the performance of the laser diode. The laser module of the invention, having a co-axial package, includes a laser diode, and a heat sink on which the laser diode is mounted. The heat sink also provides a heater on a surface thereof. Supplying a heater current to the heater, the laser diode is raised in a temperature, which improves the operation on the laser diode at a lower ambient temperature.

Abstract: A laser gain medium. The novel laser gain medium includes a host material, a plurality of quantum dots dispersed throughout the host material, and a plurality of laser active ions surrounding each of the quantum dots. The laser active ions are disposed in close proximity to the quantum dots such that energy absorbed by the quantum dots is non-radiatively transferred to the ions via a Forster resonant energy transfer, thereby exciting the ions to produce laser output. In an illustrative embodiment, each quantum dot is surrounded by an external shell doped with the laser active ions.

Abstract: A material having a surface and a dopant in the material distributed whereby the material has a spatially variant optical flux density profile. In accordance with the invention, tailored non-uniform gain profiles within a Yb:YAG laser component (rod, slab, disc, etc.) are achieved by a spatial material modification in the spatially masked pre-forms. High temperature-assisted reduction leads to the coordinate-dependent gain profiles, which are controlled by the topology of the deposited solid masks. The gain profiles are obtained by reducing the charge state of the laser-active trivalent Yb3+ ions into inactive divalent Yb2+ ions. This valence conversion process is driven by mass transport of ions and oxygen vacancies. These processes, in turn, affect the dopant distribution throughout the surface and bulk laser crystal. By reducing proportionally more Yb3+ ions at the unmasked areas of component, than in the masked areas, the coordinate-dependent or spatially-controlled gain profiles are achieved.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) comprising a bottom mirror structure, a top mirror structure, an active layer sandwiched between the top mirror structure and the bottom mirror structure; and at least one asymmetric sub-wavelength structure arranged in on or at least adjacent to the mirror structure of said VCSEL so as to create a polarization dependent mirror reflectivity from said mirror structure.

Abstract: A single mode high power laser device such as a VCSEL is formed with two oxide apertures, one on each side of the active region or cavity. The sizes of the apertures and the distances from the apertures to the cavity center are chosen or optimum, near-Gaussian current density distribution. The high power of a VCSEL thus formed is improved still more by good heat removal by either formation of a via through the substrate and gold plating on top and bottom of the VCSEL (including the via) or by lifting the VCSEL structure from the substrate and locating it on a heat sink.

Abstract: A two-dimensional surface emitting laser array having two sub-scanning pitches is provided. A multi-beam scanning unit employs the two-dimensional surface emitting laser array, and an image forming apparatus employs the multi-beam scanning unit. The two-dimensional surface emitting laser array includes n x m surface emitting lasers including n surface emitting lasers arranged with substantially equal spacing a on base lines N, and m surface emitting lasers arranged with substantially equal spacing b on n inclined lines M that are inclined at an angle ? with respect to the base lines N and pass through the respective n surface emitting lasers.

Abstract: An illuminating device includes a plurality of light sources, a light guide plate that has plate surfaces on front and rear sides and a plurality of end faces formed around the plate surfaces, receives light emitted from the plurality of light sources through a light incident surface, which is at least one end face among the plurality of end faces, and emits the light through a light-emitting surface, which is one of the plate surfaces, a plurality of photodetectors that are disposed to face the end faces or the plate surfaces of the light guide plate, and a light source control unit that controls light emission of the plurality of light sources on the basis of the output of the plurality of photodetectors. The plurality of photodetectors include at least two photodetectors including light receiving surfaces that face the end faces or the plate surfaces in different directions from each other.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an optical device and technique for manipulating microscopic objects. The device includes a support to locate microscopic objects. A laser array assembly that includes a plurality of organic laser devices generates an image onto the support via an objective lens. A control device controls the plurality of the organic laser devices to vary the image on the support and manipulate the microscopic objects disposed on the support.

Abstract: A multi-pass optical cell with an actuator for actuating a reflective surface is provided. In one preferred embodiment, an apparatus is provided comprising a first reflective surface, a second reflective surface, and a support structure supporting the first and second reflective surfaces. The support structure positions the first and second reflective surfaces to create an optical cell. The apparatus also comprises a source and a detector, which are positioned such that light emitted from the source is reflected in the optical cell at least one time between the first and second reflective surfaces before reaching the detector. The apparatus further comprises an actuator coupled with and operative to actuate the first reflective surface. In some embodiments, the actuator rotates the first reflective surface. Also, in some embodiments, the multi-pass optical cell is an open path multi-pass optical cell, while, in other embodiments, the multi-pass optical cell is a closed path multi-pass optical cell.

Abstract: A method for measuring the thickness of the thermal grease is provided. A heat dissipation module, suitable for dissipating heat from a chip, is provided. The heat dissipation module has a surface provided with a chip bonding area. A layer of thermal grease is coated on the chip bonding area. A first measuring point is selected from an area of the surface outside the chip bonding area, and a second measuring point is selected from the top surface of the thermal grease. A non-contact measuring device is provided. Then the non-contact measuring device is disposed above the thermal grease, and the first measuring point and the second measuring point are measured by using the non-contact measuring device to respectively obtain a first measuring value and a second measuring value. The first measuring value is compared with the second measuring value, so as to obtain the thickness of the thermal grease.

Abstract: It is discovered that a range of showing a state in which a sample is at a constant temperature at a freezing temperature by a latent heat can be specified from a result of a differential scanning calorimetry in a cooling procedure and a method of acquiring the freezing point of the sample from data in the range is shown. For example, an output temperature of an intersection constituted by a tangential line extrapolated from a DSC curve, an output temperature curve, and a base line or an extension of a range brought into a liquid state including a supercooled state is read, and a method of analyzing the DSC curve, the output temperature curve constituting the freezing point of the sample by a temperature of the intersection is discovered and adopted.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the temperature of outside air provided with a thermometer mounted in a housing connected to a forced ventilation blower for drawing a current outside air across the thermometer and with a Venturi nozzle having an air penetration opening disposed orthogonally relative to the air current for generating vacuum pressure and prevent reverse flow of air through the housing.

Abstract: A calorimeter includes a bucket cover which is used to reconfigure an isothermal water reservoir to provide for temperature equilibration prior to sample analysis and subsequently define a fixed volume of water during analysis in which high precision temperature measurements can be recorded. The apparatus includes mechanisms for sealing and controlling the cover, and for coupling the combustion vessel to the cover while minimizing the thermal contact between them. Improved thermal isolation between the fixed volume of water and the surrounding environment is also achieved.

Abstract: A thermal flow detecting apparatus is provided for detecting fluid flow in a flow passage. The thermal flow detecting apparatus includes a bypass passage portion defining therein a bypass passage through which fluid bypasses the flow passage. The thermal flow detecting apparatus further includes a detecting element that is provided in the bypass passage portion. The detecting element is arranged at a location eccentrically displaced from a center of a cross section of the bypass passage portion. The thermal flow detecting apparatus further includes a throttle portion provided upstream of the detecting element in the bypass passage portion for throttling the cross section partially on a side of the detecting element.

Abstract: A system and method for preheating the thermometer probe of an electronic thermometer to a temperature closer to the temperature of the patient to be monitored. The system includes a thermometer probe that includes a heater, temperature sensor and proximity sensor, each coupled to a processor for controlling the operation of the electronic thermometer. The proximity sensor positioned within the thermometer probe generates a contact signal when the thermometer probe is positioned in close proximity to the patient. Upon receiving the contact signal, the processor disables the operation of the heater and begins the process of estimating the patient temperature. By utilizing a separate proximity sensor, the temperature of the probe tip can be elevated to the normal human body temperature, which allows the temperature estimation to be completed more rapidly and allows the thermometer to function at higher ambient temperature environments.

Abstract: In a temperature-recording method for recording a temperature by means of an electrical circuit of a data storage medium, which electrical circuit is suppliable with energy by means of a signal feedable to the data storage medium, provision is made for a physical variable dependent on the temperature to be recorded by means of the circuit supplied with energy, the physical variable being influenced by a temperature-recording material (1, 7), preferably a piezoelectric or ferroelectric material, co-operating with the circuit, which material comprises alignable electric or magnetic elementary dipoles (3), and for which temperature-recording material (1, 7) a Curie temperature is known, exceeding of which causes the alignment of the elementary dipoles to be lost, and the temperature-recording material (1, 7) being selected in such a way that its known Curie temperature corresponds to a pre-determined limit temperature.

Abstract: A protective element for a measuring probe, in particular a measuring probe for use in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, includes at least one temporarily water-binding layer which binds water chemically and/or physically in a first operating state and releases the bound water in a second operating state. A corresponding measuring probe, honeycomb body and motor vehicle are also provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for ultra-wideband (UWB) secure wireless device pairing. Secure pairing between devices for secure UWB communications is conducted over in-band UWB communications to provide secure pairing without requiring a visual confirmation through a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular, for wireless personal area network (WPAN) communications. The secure in-band pairing of wireless UWB devices over a UWB radio link provides considerable advantages over prior secure pairing techniques.

Abstract: A mostly-digital ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver that includes an adaptive combiner (125) having a matched filter with adaptive filter weights selected to maximize the output signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and be insensitive to noise, channel and timing errors as the adaptive combiner is not dependent on the shape of the transmitted waveform in an adaptive filter-weight scheme. The receiver includes an UWB input filter 105 for filtering analog UWB RF input pulses; at least one parallel sub-sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (120) for converting the filtered UWB RF analog pulses output from the UWB filter (105) into sub-sampled digital signals. An adaptive combiner (125) sums the sub-sampled digital waveforms output by the parallel ADC (120); and a polyphase clock generator (122) that provides the parallel ADC (120) with clock control pulses so that the sub-sampling ADC (120) only sub-samples and converts the filtered UWB RF analog wave only where a threshold of an expected energy of each pulse exists.

Abstract: A modified adaptive minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver detects a spread spectrum signal, minimizing interference among multiple users. The receiver receives multiple pilot bits and corresponding data bits. A channel is estimated using at least one of the received pilot bits and, simultaneously, the data bits are detected based on the pilot bit and an inverse of a gain of the receiver. The spectrum signal may be spread in accordance with a wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) format, in which the pilot bits are modified to include a predetermined bit sequence of alternating ones and negative ones.

Abstract: A spread spectrum receiver in a communication system compensating channel response, and the method thereof is disclosed. The spread spectrum receiver comprises a multiplier, a filter, a data channel correlator, a delay, and a channel compensator. The multiplier (322) multiplies despread pilots (320) with conjugate of pilot pattern (324) to provide channel estimates. The filter (323) filters the channel estimates from the multiplier (322). The data channel correlator (30) despreads data symbols in a data channel. The delay module (38), coupled to the data channel correlator (30), delays the despread data symbols for a period. The channel compensator (34), coupled to the filter (323) and the delay module (38), compensates the delayed despread data symbols with the filtered channel estimates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of validating the detection of a correlation peak between a signal transmitted by a plurality of navigation satellites and received by an RNSS satellite radio navigation receiver, said signal corresponding to a sum of signals each sent by a satellite and each modulated by a spread spectrum signal characteristic of said satellite and a local replica generated by said receiver of a spread spectrum signal characteristic of a satellite that is being looked for. Said method includes a step of determining the correlation function 3 as a function of time between said received signal and said local replica and further includes a step of comparing said correlation function 3 with the theoretical autocorrelation function 2 as a function of time of said spread spectrum signal characteristic of said satellite that is being looked for.

Abstract: The invention relates to real-time processing of GPS signals, including correlation of the received signals with stored satellite C/A codes, including the accumulation of coherent data before a correlation score is calculated

Abstract: An ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver utilizing an Xn(n>1) device as a signal detector for short pulse(s), impulse(s) or ultra-wideband signal(s). The transmitted signal comes to antenna and passes through a band pass filter (BPF). The signal is fed into an Xn device. The output signal from the Xn device is fed into integration/dump block. The output from the integration/dump block is fed into decision block.

Abstract: A system causes a scan angle of a directional antenna to change temporarily from a current scan angle to at least one trial scan angle during reception of predetermined portions of an information carrying signal. At the trial scan angle(s), a trial metric associated with each trial scan angle is determined by the system. The system then selects a next scan angle based on the trial metrics. Examples of predetermined portions of the information carrying signal include the Power Control Bit (PCB) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) block.

Abstract: A method for initializing modems in a multicarrier transmission system to establish a communication link between the transmitter and the receiver. An exemplary embodiment includes the steps of providing a predetermined parameter value that approximates a corresponding actual parameter value of the communication link, establishing a data communication link between a first transceiver and a second transceiver using the predetermined parameter value to allow the transmission of data, determining the actual parameter value, and seamlessly increasing the data rate of the established data communication link by using the determined actual parameter value to provide an steady state communication link with an updated data rate.

Abstract: The claimed subject matter relates to providing appropriate QoS treatment to one or more traffic flows associated with a terminal, wherein the QoS treatment is defined within a profile assigned to the terminal and implemented when the terminal requests access to a network. An access mode can receive identifying indicia associated with the terminal and relays such indicia to an authentication and authorization server (AAS). The AAS can thereafter provide the access node with a profile that defines QoS treatment to associate with one or more traffic flows related to the terminal.

Abstract: Various systems and methods providing high speed decoding, enhanced power reduction and clock domain partitioning for a multi-pair gigabit Ethernet transceiver are disclosed. ISI compensation is partitioned into two stages; a first stage compensates ISI components induced by characteristics of a transmitter's partial response pulse shaping filter in a demodulator, a second stage compensates ISI components induced by characteristics of a multi-pair transmission channel in a Viterbi decoder. High speed decoding is accomplished by reducing the DFE depth by providing an input signal from a multiple decision feedback equalizer to the Viterbi based on a tail value and a subset of coefficient values received from a unit depth decision-feedback equalizer. Power reduction is accomplished by adaptively truncating active taps in the NEXT, FEXT and echo cancellation filters, or by disabling decoder circuitry portions, as channel response characteristics allow.

Abstract: Novel systems and methods are described in which performance of equalizers can be improved by reducing the effects of error propagation in equalizers that use a Viterbi Decoder. Systems and methods of symbol correction in prediction decision feedback equalization architectures are described including systems and methods that include an enhanced Viterbi decoder and novel methods of symbol correction to obtain better system performance. The use of a blending algorithm is described to reduce errors in symbol decoding. Histories of deep trace back depth symbols can be maintained to enable more accurate decisions. Systems and methods described can provide advantage in the feedback path of adaptive equalizers in trellis decoders. The invention provides novel techniques for improving the performance of equalizers by reducing the effects of error propagation in equalizers that use a Viterbi Decoder.

Abstract: Disclosed are a receiver circuit, method and design architecture of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) Clock-And-Data Recovery (CDR) architecture that utilizes/produces one sample-per-bit in the receiver and reduces bit-error-rate (BER). An integrating receiver is combined with a decision feedback equalizer along with the appropriate (CDR) loop phase detector to maintain a single sample per bit requirement. The incoming voltage is converted to a current and connected to a current summing node. Weighted currents determined by the values of previously detected bits and their respective feedback coefficients are also connected to this node. Additionally, the summed currents is integrated and converted to a voltage. A sampler is utilized to make a bit decision based on the resulting voltage. After sampling, the integrator is reset before analysis of the next bit. The necessary amplification is achieved by maximizing the sensitivity of the latch, using integration in front of the data latch.

Abstract: A digital communication system for transmitting and receiving video data signals and control data signals over a transmission line comprises an open-loop equalizer circuit and a control data extension circuit. The open-loop equalizer circuit is operable to receive video signals transmitted over the transmission line and output equalized video data signals. The control data extension circuit is operable to inject a boost current at the receive end of the transmission line during a positive transition in the control data signal, and clamp the receive end of the transmission line during a negative transition of the control data signal.

Abstract: Device for improving in vivo penetration of molecules into cells, comprising a generator of square unipolar electric pulses, an electrode device electrically linked to the generator, and a means (8) of injecting the active agent into the tissues. The generator is adapted to generate a signal consisting of a series of square pulses at a low and constant voltage (611) in PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode in accordance to the form of the required pulses. The signal is used to divide a constant voltage current (631) output by a direct voltage source (530) and generate a current (641) having a required voltage (130).

Abstract: A coding system and method employs a Partial Reed Solomon (PRS) code profile of order s having an s-partition on a set of parity symbols and a (s+1)-partition on a set of message symbols. In other aspects, an adaptive forward error correction scheme keeps block length and transmission rate fixed, while changing an underlying code profile based on received feedback information about a probability of erasure p from a channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to efficiently transmit data. The method and apparatus effectively aggregate data and transmit the data in a high-speed power line communication (PLC) network. The method of transmitting the data includes combining each of at least one or more data units transferred from an upper layer, with a field to indicate attribute information of the data unit, dividing the combined data units and fields into frame blocks of an identical size, and aggregating the divided frame blocks and transferring the aggregated frame blocks as one frame to a PHY layer. In this way, data units of a variety of types and sizes transferred from the upper layer are aggregated and transmitted as the one frame.

Abstract: A video signal processing section decodes encoded moving picture data. A picture adjustment section performs an adjustment process on the decoded moving picture data. A picture compression section compresses the moving picture data adjusted by the picture adjustment section. If the moving picture data divided by a compression process size includes an effective video size region and a region other than the effective video size region, the picture adjustment section performs an adjustment on a pixel outside the effective video size region using a pixel inside the effective video size region.