Abstract: Method of preparation of two distinct water fractions by processing of starting bulk water, whereas resulting fractions are stabilized by ionic cheotropes as LDW-ES form of water clustering or by ionic kozmotropes as HDW-CS like unstructured form of water clustering, is the subject of the present invention. Based on the chemical character of dissolved salts in the starting bulk water, the two distinct water fractions can be prepared with the required properties. The fractions can be prepared for effective application at hydration of hyhrophobic or polar biologically active molecules, macromolecules of surfaces, cell membranes or to be an effective solvent for proteolytic or acido-basic reactions in general.

Abstract: A combined feed tube mounting adapter and sanitizer unit for use in a bottled water cooler having a cooler reservoir for receiving water from a bottle mounted in an inverted orientation for water downflow from the bottle to the reservoir. The combined unit includes an adapter body removably mounted over the cooler reservoir, with an upstanding feed tube or probe for operatively engaging a valved bottle cap on the neck of the inverted water-containing bottle. An air filter is mounted on the adapter body along an air inflow path to filter ambient air drawn into the reservoir. The combined unit further includes a flow line for introducing ozone gas into the reservoir-contained water. In a preferred form, this flow line is coupled with a gas generator which is operated by a controller mounted in a user-accessible position on the adapter body.

Abstract: Water in a recirculating hot potable water system 110 is treated by power pulses, by placing a coil 18 near the water and providing to the coil 18 an AC power source 12. The power source 12 is connected in a first loop with the coil 18 and a switch 20 during at least a portion of a first half-cycle of the AC power source period. The switch 20 is opened during a second half-cycle, during which a subroutine of producing at least a first ringing pulse in the coil assembly is performed. Preferably, the water is treated chemically as well by the power pulses. An improved water system has a water heater 112 and a circulation line 116 providing a flow loop. There is a tap 124 for diverting circulating water through an external loop and there is a pulsed power water treatment apparatus 122 mounted on the circulation line. A chemical treatment apparatus 126 is periodically connected to the tap.

Abstract: Salt and potassium compound may be reacted in a swimming pool or other body of water to be sanitized and/or cell plates may be utilized. NaCl may also be added to the mix to produce a shock formulation. The swimming pool or other water may already contain salt brine with sufficient concentration of salt. The delivery method of KHSO5 may include broadcasting, dispensing, or other means. In fresh water pools the salt may also be added for this purpose, such as within a canister or other vessel, wherein a local reaction products of the cell plate and/or potassium compound may be dispensed to create a desired chlorine level in the water for sanitizing. For sanitizing with metal ions, the potassium compound and salt and/or cell plates may be utilized to create a reaction with elemental transitional metals and/or alloys thereof.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for introducing a first fluid of a first oxidative/reductive potential type into a first zone of a site and introducing a second fluid of a second, different oxidative/reductive potential type into a second zone of the site, with the second zone and the first zone adjacent each other to efficiently remove contaminants from groundwater and surrounding soils.

Abstract: A device for treating a flowing liquid comprises a chamber containing a treatment medium, having an inlet through which liquid enters the chamber and an outlet through which liquid leaves the chamber. A plate is provided in the outlet, having at least one opening extending through it positioned such that liquid passing out of the chamber passes through the opening for discharge from the device. The outlet includes a skirt located downstream of the plate so that the plate is recessed from the outlet end of the device defined by the edge of the skirt, and a peelable protective cover which is attached to the edge of the skirt at the outlet end of the device to prevent ingress of contaminants into the device at its outlet end.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for filtering out particles in a fluid, the method comprising providing the fluid, creating a turbulent flow in the fluid, and collecting the particles.

Abstract: There has been achieved a sludge dehydrating processor with less mechanical operation and with satisfactory dehydrating efficiency and heating efficiency. In order to process and convert sludge including an organic substance into solid fertilizer, a heating treatment zone for feeding and sterilizing an object to be treated and a dehydrating treatment/retrieving zone for separating water from the object to be treated and retrieving a treated object are provided. In the heating treatment zone, induction heating for efficiently heating the object to be treated without rotating a kiln body is introduced. In the dehydrating treatment/retrieving zone, a vortex air current producing mechanism for efficiently drying the object to be treated without rotating a dehydrating treatment chamber is introduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of an inert porous material for desalination of water and in particular of sea water. In the method according to the invention, the inert porous material is impregnated with the saline water and brought into contact with dry air, which becomes enriched with water. This water-enriched air is cooled and the water it contains is condensed out and collected. The present invention also relates to an apparatus that is suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an apparatus and method for treating a solution of high osmotic strength, especially seawater and solutions of greater than 20 bar osmotic pressure, by passing the solution through a vessel containing spiral wound reverse osmosis or nanofiltration elements. The vessel contains at least three elements in series and at least two of these elements have standard specific fluxed that differ by at least 50%. The invention allows a more even flux distribution within a filtration system to be obtained, and it may advantageously be combined with variations en element construction and feed spacers.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a caddy, space saver, container or organizer for holding various objects such as implements, tools, gadgets, consumables, etc., typically related to a specific or particular utility, field of endeavor or environment, e.g., kitchen, computer or desk work space (e.g., home office, children's room), garden, shop or workplace, bathroom, baby room, bedroom (e.g., dressing table), etc. Organizer embodiments are provided that are customizable for various environments and/or customizable within an environment. Customizable organizers may be provided by combinations of a base and various components (e.g., receptacles, compartments, racks, hooks, tabs, implements, containers, parts, etc.) that can be attached to the base, detachably, e.g., at the factory, at retail or by a consumer, or permanently, e.g., at the factory. Detachable components that may be used with the same or different organizers to provide the organizers with aspects of modularity and interchangeability.

Abstract: Described is a document-rack structure consisting of a supporting base (10), a wall (12) integral with the supporting base and a multiplicity of divider panels (15) attached by means of tongue-and-groove joints to the supporting base (10) on one side and to the wall (12) on another side, so that between them and together with the upper surface (11) of the supporting base they come to form separate document-rack spaces. The upper surface is shaped in such a manner that the bottom surface of at least some of these spaces is inclined with respect to the horizontal. The structure renders possible an orderly arrangement of cartaceous documents and ready visibility and accessibility of these documents.

Abstract: A method of displaying consumer electronic devices comprises supporting a plurality of rails on a frame in a generally parallel, spaced relationship and configuring each rail for slidable movement relative to the frame in a direction generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of each rail. A first row of display units is supported between a first adjacent pair of the rails and a second row of display units between a second adjacent pair of the rails, with each display unit comprising at least one of a device support unit and a plate. The plurality of display units are reconfigurable by exchanging the display units between different lateral positions within at least one of the first and second rows of display units and/or by exchanging at least one display unit between the first row and the second row of display units.

Abstract: The present invention in an embodiment provides a rack including fingers which are pivotally mounted so that when an actuator is moved to an extended condition the fingers will simultaneously move to an extended position approximately perpendicular to the upper surface of the rack so that items may be placed thereon for uses such as drying. The fingers are pivotally attached to the actuator so that, upon movement to a retracted position, the fingers will pivot downward and to a retracted position below the upper surface providing a flat rack that is easily stored. The rack also includes a liquid indicator for identifying whether liquid is present within a base of the rack.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for the transport of multiply slabs of panels including slabs of marble, granite, stone, glass, and heavy objects. At least one set of foldable A-frames hinged and secured to the base and an optional securing assembly. The base is an elongated frame comprising of at least two tunnels to provide means for fork lifting and U bars for over head lifting, cross members for support, pad plates covered by rubber wedge to stabilize cargo. The top supports, A-frames, are cushioned with appropriate resilient material.

Abstract: A merchandising system and methods for merchandising products within a well display case are disclosed. The merchandising system includes a platform movably coupled to a base member and may include an advancement mechanism for automatically advancing multiple rows and/or stacks of products within well display unit.

Abstract: A collection of accessories for darning, yarning, or crocheting come in a choice of either a compact stationary or carousel (10) or tray (23) configuration for darning, yarning, or crocheting. Each configuration provides easy access to detachable yarn dispenser tubes (19) and (20) and accessory storage tubes (18) thus providing freedom of movement and convenience. The short and tall yarn dispenser tubes can accommodate spooled cones, ball yarn, or various ounce weights of wound yarn, etc. This provides the user with greater versatility and mobility because the yarn dispenser tubes can be transported independently in the home or in a tote bag when one is on the road. The optional storage basket (22) used with the carousel (10), and optional storage basket (24) used the tray (22), provide optimum storage capacity and create a fully transportable system, thus having everything that one needs in one compact location.

Abstract: A display strip includes a strip of material having a top portion with a hole, an intermediate adhesive portion attached to a first package, and a lower portion with second attachment structure (such as a tab or overlapping tabs) adapted to engage the hole on an identical second package. By this arrangement, the plurality of product can be hung in series, with each successive product hanging from an adjacent one of the product. A related method includes hanging a plurality of product in a serial vertical arrangement where each successive product hangs from an adjacent one of the product. By this arrangement, a lowest one of each successive product can be removed from the above-adjacent product. Alternatively, the product selected for removal can be spaced above a bottom one of the plurality of product, such that more than one of the product is removed from the vertical arrangement for purchase.

Abstract: A hanger includes a brace member, a main support member and at least one secondary support member. The support members are telescopically connected to one another. The brace member includes a vertical shaft having orifice for attachment to a door hinge and hinge pin. The main support member is connected to the brace member and extends outwardly therefrom at approximately a right angle to the vertical shaft.

Abstract: The device is a table with no wiggling motion, consisting of two pairs of legs (2, 3) for supporting a tabletop. At least one of the leg pairs (2) is motionless and resting with its middle-part (5) against the underside (6) of the tabletop (4). At the same time the other pair of legs (3) with its connecting middle-part (7) is movably attached to the underside (6) of the tabletop (4). The movably attached pair of legs (3) is adjustable as to the ground by tilting sideways in its own plane in relation to the underside of the table top, in order to compensate for possible unevenness in the ground, resulting in the two pairs of legs (2, 3) being able to carry the table top (4) in a wiggle-free way.

Abstract: A unitary blank of injection molded plastic includes a back panel, first side panels hingedly connected to the back panel, a second side panel hingedly connected to the back panel, front panels hingedly connected to the second side panel, a cover panel hingedly connected to the front panels, and shelves hingedly connected to respective first side panels. To assemble the display, the panels are folded so that the back panel, the side panels, and the front panels surround an interior space, and the cover panel overlaps the first side panels. Latches are provided to retain the cover panel on the first side panels. Each shelf is folded to extend into the interior space, where it is supported by ledges on the second side panel and held in place by tabs which snap into slots. The shelves have tongues which extend forward of the front panels.

Abstract: A shelving assembly includes a pair of shelves having a first and second orientation relative to each other. The shelves nest together in the first orientation and stack together in the second orientation.

Abstract: The invention discloses a multipurpose stereoscopic display shelf comprising two triangular supports and three round-pipe struts. The triangular support defines three corner portions each having a round-pipe connection member disposed fixedly, said round-pipe connection member being a hollow round pipe having at least one connection slots formed on its wall. The round-pipe strut has ends each having at least protrusions capable of being coupled with the connection slots. Coupling of the protrusions with the connection slots enables connection of the round-pipe struts with the round-pipe connection members. The display shelf further comprises at least one intermediate triangular supports, corner portions of which are respectively fixedly provided with an intermediate connection member, said intermediate connection member being a hollow round pipe having openings at its ends and having connection slots formed on its wall.

Abstract: A collapsible mobile clothes rack that is easily transportable and stored in the fully collapsed position. The folding mobile clothes rack including a base unit comprising a first base frame member having a first plurality of wheels and a pivotally connected first vertical support member with an extension arm, the first base frame member being hingedly connected to a second base frame member having a second plurality of wheels and a pivotally connected second vertical support member with an extension arm and a releasbly attached support bar adapted for hanging clothes thereon when connected to the extension arms in the fully extended position and releasably adapted to connect to the base unit for pulling the clothes rack in the fully collapsed position.

Abstract: A hollow crane spreader beam incorporates at least one radio-controlled load-release assemblies. Each assembly includes a slidable bolt that is coupled to the plunger of an electric-motor-driven, radio-controlled door lock unit that is installed within the beam. When in a first position, taken in response to application of first polarity voltage to the door lock motor, the bolt traps a free end of a load-supporting chain or cable between a pair of eye blocks, each having an aperture through which the bolt slides. When in a second position, taken in response to application of a second polarity voltage, the bolt releases the free end. The spreader beam also incorporates a radio receiver/controller unit and a battery that is coupled to both the radio receiver/controller unit and the multiple door lock units.

Abstract: A heavy lift crane is mounted on a trailer for towing by a highway tractor; with a hydraulic pump and its driving motor mounted for rotation with the crane, with direct connection to the crane primary systems, enabling unimpeded slewing. The crane outriggers are powered by an auxiliary motor and pump, located on the trailer, with outrigger controls operable from ground level. An additional pair of outriggers enable safe use of the crane to position individual outrigger support pads. Access stairs and catwalks give the operator safer access. The construction format leads to lower cost structures with enhanced serviceability and safety.

Abstract: An artificial nipple can include a nipple body portion connected to a mounting structure that is configured for mounting the nipple on an infant feeding bottle 11. A mammary papilla leading end portion 140 can be disposed at the leading end portion of a mammary papilla portion 130 and have a leading end opening portion 141. The wall from the nipple body portion to the mammary papilla leading end portion is made of a soft material. The inner layer on the inner side of the wall is formed of a shape holding layer made of a material having a rigidity capable of holding the wall shape. The outer layer on the surface side of the wall is formed of a tongue abutting layer having a smooth face for allowing a peristalsis motion by a tongue. Between the shape holding layer and the tongue abutting layer there is disposed a deformation absorbing layer which is made of a material having a lower rigidity than that of the material of the shape holding layer and the tongue abutting layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the leak-tight sealing of openings in containers and for the purification of the ambient air located therein as a result of opening and closing cycles, said containers being intended for the packaging of products that are sensitive to gaseous pollutants present in the ambient air. The inventive device is particularly suitable for the packaging of solid-state medicaments in the form of pellets, tablets or capsules, having a reactivity and physical integrity that must be fully conserved.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to a closure that has a cover and an annular first skirt coupled to the cover that extends downwardly in an axial direction from the cover. A plurality of vertical strips are formed in the annular first skirt. At least a vertical tear band is located between some or all of the vertical strips. Each of the at least a vertical tear band couples adjacent vertical strips together.

Abstract: A container cap capable of securely locking a plug member to a mouth by a locking member when the cap is installed and capable of being easily and rapidly removed from the mouth together with the plug member merely by pulling out a holder member upward in unplugging, comprising the locking member 13 covered on the container mouth 2 so as to hold the rubber plug 3 and the holder member 14 fitted to the outer peripheral sides of the plurality of locking pieces 12 of the locking member 13. In each locking piece 12, an upper side part 12U is connected to a lower side part 12D through a thin-walled bending part 12a at the vertical intermediate part of the locking piece 12, the upper side part 12U is locked to the rubber plug 3 from the lower side with the holder member 14 fitted to the outer peripheral side thereof, and the lower side part 12D is locked to the container mouth 2 from the lower side with the holder member 14 fitted to the outer peripheral side thereof.

Abstract: A plastic closure for a container is provided. The closure includes a top plate with a side skirt depending from the periphery thereof. A sealing strip depends from the top plate and is adapted to sealingly engage a container neck finish. The closure also comprises an abutment member including a guide surface for guiding the sealing strip towards the neck finish as the closure is applied, in increase to strength of the seal. The guide surface includes a guide member that projects from the abutment member, thereby minimizing friction between the strip and the abutment member. The sealing strip is inclined radially towards the neck finish to improve the sealing effect.

Abstract: A container stopper includes a core formed of an elastic material and having a liquid-contact surface and an outer peripheral surface continuous with the liquid-contact surface coated with a skin made of a synthetic resin. The skin is a skin made of a polyester resin or a synthetic resin having a polyester resin as a main component thereof, and the polyester skin is bonded to the liquid-contact surface and the outer peripheral surface of said core through a bonding layer formed of a polyethylene resin or having a polyethylene resin as a main component thereof. The polyethylene bonding layer has a thickness of 80 to 300 ?m at a center portion of the liquid-contact surface, a thickness of 70 to 100 ?m at an outer peripheral portion of the outer peripheral surface adjacent the liquid-contact surface and a thickness of 30 ?m or more over the entire liquid-contact surface.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a container and handle assembly comprising a container having a neck, and handle attachment formed separately from the container and assembled thereto. The attachment includes a handle extending to a ring adapted to fit over and secure with the container neck for mounting the handle attachment to the container. The handle attachment ring includes internal threads along the inner wall complementary with external threads positioned on a shoulder of the neck. The ring also includes notches for receiving radially extending projections on the neck shoulder to prevent unthreading of the handle attachment from the container.

Abstract: A preform for a container comprised of orientable plastics material and arranged so that the resultant blown container will include a hollow handle; said preform comprising a moulded structure having a neck portion and an expandable portion below the, neck, a hollow handle portion of orientable plastics material integrally connected at least at a first end to said preform which when the container is formed constitutes said handle, and wherein interior surfaces of said hollow handle portion form a continuum with interior surfaces of said expandable portion.

Abstract: A method of orienting an electronic functional material which comprises: a mixed material preparation step (Step S1) of preparing a mixed material from an electronic functional material and a matrix material used for orientating the electronic functional material; an orientation step (Step S2) of orientating the mixed material; and a matrix material removal step (Step S3) of removing the matrix material from the mixed material which has been oriented.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a circuit board is described. A core layer of substrate comprising an insulating layer, at least one through hole and a first copper layer including a face copper and a hole copper is provided. A first photo-resist layer is formed on the face copper and defines a circuit region on the hole copper and the face copper. A second copper layer is plated on the circuit region. A second photo-resist layer is formed on the second copper and the first photo-resist layer, and defines first electrically connecting regions on the second copper layer. A metal layer is plated on the first electrically connecting regions. The first and second photo-resist layers are removed. The face copper and the second copper layer are etched to a predetermined depth to form a circuit, wherein the predetermined depth is not less than a predetermined thickness of the face copper.

Abstract: A Cl2 gas plasma is generated at a site within a chamber between a substrate and a metal member. The metal member is etched with the Cl2 gas plasma to form a precursor. A nitrogen gas is excited in a manner isolated from the chamber accommodating the substrate. A metal nitride is formed upon reaction between excited nitrogen and the precursor, and formed as a film on the substrate. After film formation of the metal nitride, a metal component of the precursor is formed as a film on the metal nitride on the substrate. In this manner, a barrier metal film with excellent burial properties and a very small thickness is produced at a high speed, with diffusion of metal being suppressed and adhesion to the metal being improved.

Abstract: A method of forming a relatively fine contact hole using two masks. The two masks may have only their edge portions open, which may overlap each other.

Abstract: In a method for treating a semiconductor substrate, a single substrate is positioned in a single-substrate process chamber and subjected to wet etching, cleaning and/or drying steps. The single substrate may be exposed to etch or clean chemistry in the single-substrate processing chamber as turbulence is induced in the etch or clean chemistry to thin the boundary layer of fluid attached to the substrate. Megasonic energy and/or disturbances in the chamber surfaces may provide the turbulence for boundary layer thinning. According to another aspect of a method according to the present invention, megasonic energy may be directed into a region within the single-substrate process chamber to create a zone of boundary layer thinning across the substrate surface, and a single substrate may be translated through the zone during a rinsing or cleaning process within the chamber to optimize cleaning/rinsing performance within the zone.

Abstract: A circuit breaker comprises a puffer volume (9) and at least one overpressure valve (16) for dis-charging gas from the puffer volume (9), if the pressure therein exceeds a given threshold. The overpressure valve (16) is formed by a piston (17) and a spring (19) as well as by a cavity (18) in the stationary support body (10) of the moveable contact assembly (2). The overpressure valve (16) is of compact and simple design, has low hysteresis and large cross-section.

Abstract: The switching chamber is intended for a gas-insulated high-voltage circuit breaker. It contains an axially symmetrical housing and a contact arrangement held in the housing with two switching pieces, of which at least one is arranged such that it can move along the housing axis. The switching chamber housing has two hollow bodies consisting of electrically conductive material which can be connected to a high voltage and an insulating tube holding the hollow bodies axially at a distance. A separation zone, which is electrically shielded during operation of the circuit breaker, is formed in the surface of at least one of the two hollow bodies and separates two surface zones having different degrees of roughness from one another in the hollow body. Inhomogeneities in the surface of the switching chamber housing which may reduce the dielectric strength of the circuit breaker equipped with the switching chamber therefore do not have any effect.

Abstract: A method is provided for the projection electric resistance welding of a component to a laminated metal member. The laminated metal member is comprised of top and bottom metal sheets adhered together by a polymer layer provided between the top and bottom metal sheets. A plurality of projections is provided on the component and the projections extend toward the top metal sheet of the laminated metal. Force is applied to the component and the projections have a pointed shape so that the projections pierce through the top metal sheet and contact the bottom metal sheet. Weld current is then applied to flow through the projections so that the projections are electric resistance welded to both the top and bottom metal sheets.

Abstract: A method of producing a bonded structure which includes a layer of material capable of forming a diffusion or diffusion-type bond with diamond bonded to a diamond element. The method includes the step of applying electron beam heating to a localised region of contacting surfaces between the diamond and the layer of material, or the layer of material and a surface of a metal element or structure to cause bonding of at least some of the contacting surfaces in that region. The method has particular application to the bonding of a layer of diamond to a frame or mount.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cleaning an electric arc welding or cutting device, particularly the functional parts thereof such as a gas nozzle, tuyère connection and the like, and removing impurities therefrom. The burner is impinged upon by a cold jet means from the media supply side thereof, wherein the temperature difference ?T between the jet means and the functional parts of the burner is>80 K and the temperature of the functional parts of the burner is above ambient temperature.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a microwave plasma generator which includes a chamber, a conductive inorganic substance, a trace gas and a microwave source. The conductive inorganic substance and the trace gas are housed in the chamber with an inner pressure about 0.001˜10 torr. By irradiating the conductive inorganic substance and exciting the trace gas, clean and uniform plasma will be generated. The plasma generator of this invention is easily operated and can be applied to semiconductor manufacturing processes, for example, material modification, etching/cleaning, roughing and ion doping/hybrid.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to nanopowder synthesis processes, and more particularly to the controlled use of a precursor material (such as a precursor gas) to assist in the formation of unagglomerated nanoparticles of the powder. It also relates to novel nanomaterials comprised of carbon and metals produced by the process along with the fundamental processes the novel nanomaterials enable.

Abstract: In many cases, the coating material of coated sheet metal has a significantly lower boiling point than the sheet metal material. Thus, an explosive vaporization of coating material can occur when sheet metal of this type is joined by welding, negatively affecting the quality of the connection. To improve the connection quality, narrow gaps are created by means of spacers, allowing the vaporized coating material to escape through said gaps. The spacers are created e.g. by the laser radiation of the sheet metal. The aim of the invention is to reduce the variations in distance between the sheet metal sheets by the appropriate shaping of the spacers. This is achieved by a method, in which the laser beam executes a movement comprising transverse and longitudinal components through and/or around the center of its processing surface. This creates a topographical modification with a spherical form, i.e. with an apex radius that is greater than the height of said topographical modification.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for scribing wafers to efficiently ablate passivation and/or encapsulation layers while reducing or eliminating chipping and cracking in the passivation and/or encapsulation layers. Short laser pulses are used to provide high peak powers and reduce the ablation threshold. In one embodiment, the scribing is performed by a q-switched CO2 laser.

Abstract: In some embodiments, laser output including at least one laser pulse having a wavelength shorter than 400 microns and having a pulsewidth shorter than 1,000 picoseconds permits the number of pulses used to clean a bottom surface of a via or the surface of a solder pad to increase process throughput. An oscillator module in cooperation with an amplification module may be used to generate the laser output.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for scribing wafers with short laser pulses so as to reduce the ablation threshold of target material. In a stack of material layers, a minimum laser ablation threshold based on laser pulse width is determined for each of the layers. The highest of the minimum laser ablation thresholds is selected and a beam of one or more laser pulses is generated having a fluence in a range between the selected laser ablation threshold and approximately ten times the selected laser ablation threshold. In one embodiment, a laser pulse width in a range of approximately 0.1 picosecond to approximately 1000 picoseconds is used. In addition, or in other embodiments, a high pulse repetition frequency is selected to increase the scribing speed. In one embodiment, the pulse repetition frequency is in a range between approximately 100 kHz and approximately 100 MHz.