Abstract: A touch screen device and an operating method are provided in which only a specific position on a touch screen is activated to receive signals. The touch screen device includes a screen including a display configured to display menu images thereon and a detector configured to detect a screen touch, and a controller configured to control operations of the device according to the screen touch detected by the detector. The controller may cause the detector to be divided into an execution area configured to execute a menu when the menu placed on the execution area is touched, and a selection area configured to sequentially move the menu images to the execution area when the selection area is touched. Alternatively, the controller may cause the detector to be divided into a moving area configured to move a menu from a touch point along a drag line while the menu is dragged, and an execution area configured to execute the relevant menu when the touch on the execution area is released.

Abstract: The invention relates to a touch screen system with a touch screen (400) comprising a transparent and electrically conductive surface (450) arranged to receive touches from users (UA, UB) of the touch screen system; and touch sensitive elements (420) arranged to detect the position of said touches on said electrically conductive surface (450). The touch screen system is further comprising a touch identification system (900) comprising at least two electrodes (EA-ED), at least one transmitting unit (910) connected to the electrically conductive surface (450) for transmitting an identifying signal to said electrically conductive surface (450), and at least two receiving units (900A-900D), each connected to at least one of said electrodes (EA-ED) for detecting said identifying signal when a user (UA, UB) simultaneously touches the electrically conductive surface (450) and an electrode (EA-ED) that is connected to the receiving unit (900A-900D).

Abstract: An input device is disclosed. The input device includes a movable touch pad capable of detecting an object in close proximity thereto so as to generate a first control signal. The input device also includes a movement indicator capable of detecting the movements of the movable touch pad so as to generate one or more distinct second control signals. The control signals being used to perform actions in an electronic device operatively coupled to the input device.

Abstract: A touch screen system includes a touch panel to input image signals, a touch controller to drive the touch panel, an extension between the touch panel and the touch controller, and an anisotropic conductive film electrically interconnecting the extension to the touch controller.

Abstract: A touch screen device and an operating method thereof are provided. More specifically, a touch screen device is provided which allows a user to selectively restrict input through a touch screen. The touch screen device includes a screen that includes a display configured to display images thereon and a detector configured to detect a touch on the display and convert the touch into an electrical signal, and a controller configured to cause images to be displayed on the display and receive and process signals from the detector. Further, a user may determine whether the controller is operated according to the signal input into the detector. The determination may be made either by a switch separately installed on an earphone or by inputting a signal into the detector by a user.

Abstract: Embodiments include an article of manufacture, apparatus, device, system, computer-program product, and method. In an embodiment, system is provided that includes at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers, each identifier of the at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers being respectively keyed to a data recipient and associatable with a hand-formed mark on a surface. The system also includes a commonly accepted meaning respectively associated by a group of users with each machine-differentiatable identifier of the at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers. The system may include a surface displaying the at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers. The system may include a surface displaying the at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers and the commonly accepted meaning respectively associated by a group of users with each machine-differentiatable identifier of the at least two machine-differentiatable identifiers.

Abstract: A combination image capture and display system has a display module with a combined mirror and display panel facing in a first direction, the panel having a mirror layer and an image display layer disposed behind at least a portion of the mirror layer, the display panel selectively operable to act as a mirror in a mirror mode or to display images in the image display layer in a display mode. A camera module is integrated with the display module and has a lens facing outwardly from the panel. A computer connected to the display module and camera module controls operation of the camera module to capture images and switching of the display module between the mirror and display modes.

Abstract: A smart talk mechanism provides feedback information from a driver to a DC-to-DC converter, enabling the DC-to-DC converter to adjust an input voltage for at least one illumination source backlighting the display for increasing the power efficiency.

Abstract: In a driving device and a display apparatus having the driving device, a converter converts input image data and outputs first and second sub-image data which have different values. A first compensator compensates the first sub-image data and outputs a first compensated image data, and a second compensator compensates the second sub-image data and outputs a second compensated image data. An output circuit controls output time of the first and second compensated image data. Accordingly, sub-image data for each sub-pixel may be exactly compensated by employing compensators to individually compensate for the sub-image data of each sub-pixel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel which periodically performs graduation display and non-graduation display, a backlight which illuminates the liquid crystal display panel, and a light source control circuit which sets an illumination period that allows illumination of the backlight for the gradation display and drives the backlight unit during the illumination period. The light source control circuit is configured to drive the backlight intermittently during the illumination period in limiting the luminance of the backlight.

Abstract: A data collection system includes a sensing device to receive a visible light signal, an optical characteristic recognition processing device to receive a signal from the sensing device, and an optical signal device adapted to generate, reflect or transmit the visible light signal onto the sensing device. The optical signal includes an optical characteristic that is perceived by the sensing device as varying as a function of a relative angle between the sensing device and the optical signal device. The optical characteristic recognition device is adapted to detect this variation and produce an output corresponding to a physical or other characteristic of the optical signal device. A gaming system, such as a computer based, console-based, arcade-based gaming system utilizes the data collection system to provide orientation data to a control system for the gaming system or to an identification mechanism for allowing access to the gaming system.

Abstract: Accordingly, a method of adjusting the visibility of a display is disclosed. The method comprises detecting whether any button is pressed. If a button is pressed, a display shows a first group of pictures and the back light is ignited. A surrounding luminance is compared with a first threshold. If the surrounding luminance is larger than the first threshold, a second group of pictures is presented on the display. The second group of pictures is typically less complex than the first group of pictures. The surrounding luminance is further compared with a second threshold. If the surrounding luminance is larger than the second threshold, the back light is intensified to increase the visibility of the images.

Abstract: A light emitting diode array powering method and apparatus is disclosed. An apparatus according to aspects of the present invention includes a power supply circuit having input terminals and output terminals. The input terminals of the power supply circuit are to be coupled to receive a supply voltage. A plurality of loads is to be coupled between the output terminals. The power supply circuit is coupled to provide an output voltage between the output terminals to be applied across each one of the plurality of loads coupled between the output terminals. A feedback selector circuit is coupled between the power supply circuit and the plurality of loads. The feedback selector circuit is coupled to receive a feedback signal from each one of the plurality of loads. The power supply circuit is coupled to be responsive to only one of the feedback signals at any one time.

Abstract: A panel module and the power saving method used thereon, which use a timing controller to receive and compare a first frame image data and a second frame image data in order to obtain an image data comparison result and accordingly determine whether a plurality of source drivers, a plurality of gate drivers and a DC-DC converter have to enter a power saving mode.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate used in a display device or the like capable of making substantially uniform the level shift generated in the pixel potential caused by the distribution of resistance and capacity in each signal line is disclosed. On the TFT substrate which is an active matrix substrate including a common electrode line formed parallel to the scan signal line, in order to eliminate non-uniformity of the level shift of the pixel potential generated at the scan signal fall, each pixel circuit is formed so that the capacity between the scan signal line and the pixel electrode becomes greater as electrically going farther from the scan signal line drive circuit and going farther from the common electrode line drive circuit. Embodiments can be applied especially to an active matrix substrate used in a liquid crystal display device, an EL display device, and the like.

Abstract: The invention broadly and generally provides an apparatus for reading a storage device, such as a DVD, comprising: (a) a reading component for reading stored data from a first data storage element of the aforesaid storage device, the aforesaid first storage element comprising a first storage material; (b) a bookmark writer for writing state data onto a second data storage element of the aforesaid storage device upon discontinuing reading of stored data, the aforesaid state data defining a state of the aforesaid reading component, the aforesaid second storage element comprising a second storage material, the aforesaid second storage material (e.g. magnetic) being different from the aforesaid first storage material; (c) a bookmark reader for reading the aforesaid state data from the aforesaid second data storage element; and (d) a control device operable to return the aforesaid reading component to the aforesaid state upon reading of the aforesaid state data from the aforesaid second data storage element.

Abstract: A surface definition module of a hair/fur pipeline may be used to generate a shape defining a surface and an associated volume. A control hair module may be used to fill the volume with control hairs and an interpolation module may be used to interpolate final hair strands from the control hairs.

Abstract: It is an object to easily, and using existing devices, perform shadow enhancement that achieves an increase in the feeling of depth of 2D video. The input image data are first converted into brightness information by a brightness information calculation portion. Then, based on that brightness information, the normal direction and the edge information in the pixel targeted for processing are estimated by a normal direction estimation portion. A corrected gradation derivation portion then performs correction processing such as the addition of shadow component on the input image based on the brightness information and the estimated normal direction and edge information to create a processed image that has a feeling of depth, and then an output portion converts this to a predetermined image format and outputs it. In this way, it is possible to easily increase the feeling of depth of a 2D image through the addition of shadow, for example, in accordance with the characteristics of the input image.

Abstract: A scanning system and method for constructing a three-dimensional model of an object, the scanning system comprising: a scanning device (2) and a scanning template member (4). The scanning device (2) has an emitter (20) for projecting light and a sensor (22) for capturing images, the emitter and the sensor being, in use, in a fixed position relative to each other. The scanning to template member (4) has a known two-dimensional template (42). Processing means generates data to enable construction of a three-dimensional model of an object (8) placed between the scanning device (2) and the scanning template (42), the processing means being arranged, when in use, to generate information about the object (8) relative to the scanning template (42), this information being generated from the same image onto which the projected light is projected by the emitter. Both measurements are made relative to the same reference plane.

Abstract: A CAE mesh modeling system and method for use with a CAE mesh morphing software system to interactively determine a deformation of design mesh models selected from solid meshes, multiple layers of surface meshes, or a combination of each using a base model and defined deformation features. The methodology advantageously defines a volumetric region of the model for modification, maintains a smooth transition between the volumetric region and the rest of the model, and simultaneously modifies all nodes and associated projected nodes within the affected volumetric region in a controlled manner. A new deformation volumetric model feature is created which includes the deformed base model. The methodology takes advantage of similarities between models by treating a set of mathematical operations associated with each mesh deformation as an independent entity that can be stored separately and reapplied to deform another model at another time.

Abstract: An efficient system and method for adaptive tile depth filter (ATDF) is disclosed. The key concept of this system and method is to consider more occlusion conditions in order to achieve a better performance of filter before the conventional Z test process in three dimensional graphics pipeline. Two occlusion criteria, Zmax and Zmin (depth range in a tile), are introduced first for occlusion and non-occlusion fragments in a tile. The points between Zmax and Zmin are in uncertain fragment which may need to go through the later Z test. Moreover, a new technique, coverage mask, can further filter the points in the uncertain fragment to a final uncertain fragment and non-occlusion fragment. Besides, the coverage mask can be used to efficiently decide which tile needs the further sub-tile depth filter.

Abstract: A computer graphics system generates a pixel value for a pixel in an image, the pixel being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system comprises a sample point generator and a function evaluator. The sample point generator is configured to generate a set of sample points representing at least one simulated element of the simulated camera, the sample points representing elements of, illustratively, for sample points on the image plane, during time interval during which the shutter is open, and on the lens, a Hammersley sequence, and, for use in global illumination, a scrambled Halton sequence. The function evaluator configured to generate it least one value representing an evaluation of said selected function at one of the sample points (generated by said sample point generator the value generated by the function evaluator corresponding to the pixel value.

Abstract: A method of forming a two dimensional map of a three dimensional environment, there being a map origin located in the three dimensional environment, a viewing direction vector defined passing through the map origin, and a one-to-one correspondence between map positions in the map and the directions of vectors passing through the map origin; comprises the steps of: associating an environment position in the three dimensional environment with a folded vector that passes through the map origin, the folded vector lying in a plane containing both the viewing direction vector and the environment position and forming an angle with the viewing direction vector that is a predetermined function of the angle between the viewing direction vector and a vector between the map origin and the environment position; associating an environment position with the map position corresponding to the direction of the folded vector associated with that environment position; and deriving properties for a map position from the propertie

Abstract: A 3D graphics processing method, medium and apparatus performing perspective correction is described. The 3D graphics processing method includes receiving a homogeneous coordinate and an attribute value of both end points of one scan line of a polygon composed of a plurality of perspective projected vertices, calculating a reference value indicating an amount of perspective distortion in the scan line using the received homogeneous coordinates, and interpolating an attribute value of each of pixels of the scan line using at least some of the received homogeneous coordinates and attribute values, the attribute value interpolated by selectively applying perspective correction to each pixel based on the reference value. Accordingly, processing time and power consumption may be reduced.

Abstract: A macro-level digital data event display provides event-based views of the digital, either in the form of a state machine representation or in the form of events versus time. Events within the digital data are defined, including assigning a specific color as desired. The digital data is parsed to locate each of the defined events, to determine the number of times unique transitions between events occur, and to measure the amount of time spent within each defined event. The events may be displayed as a graph with event labels along one axis representing lines that extend along another axis representing time, with a bar that transitions between lines when one event changes to another in sequence within the digital data, the length of the bar indicating the time spent in each event.

Abstract: An apparatus for displaying a digitized waveform includes an overview display configured to display a digitized waveform scrolling across the overview display, a zoom display configured to display a portion of the digitized waveform, and a control unit configured to cause the portion of the digitized waveform displayed in the zoom display to track the displayed portion of the digitized waveform in response to a track signal.

Abstract: A mechanism is disclosed for enabling a plurality of nodes on a network to collaboratively exchange sets of rendering information respecting a file. In one implementation, each node maintains its own copy of the file, and each node may access its copy of the file. Whenever a node does access the locations of the file, that node sends out a rendering information message. The rendering information message comprises the set of rendering information for the file that has been updated. The rendering information message is forwarded to each of the other nodes. When each of the other nodes receives the rendering information message, it stores the set of rendering information contained therein to a rendering history associated with a user. In this manner, histories of access in the file by all users are exchanged among the nodes, and the user on each node is able to see rendering information generated by users on the other nodes. Collaboration among the users is thus achieved.

Abstract: A method for transforming Video-To-Text is disclosed that automatically generates text descriptions of the content of a video. The present invention first segments an input video sequence according to predefined semantic classes using a Mixture-of-Experts blob segmentation algorithm. The resulting segmentation is coerced into a semantic concept graph and based on domain knowledge and a semantic concept hierarchy. Then, the initial semantic concept graph is summarized and pruned. Finally, according to the summarized semantic concept graph and its changes over time, text and/or speech descriptions are automatically generated using one of the three description schemes: key-frame, key-object and key-change descriptions.

Abstract: Systems, processes and apparatus are described through which signals are modified within a system. A signal conditioning module is configured for insertion into the system and provides capability for expansion of information exchange capabilities between system elements responsive to modification of the system. The signal conditioning module includes a first link for supplying coordinated information to multiple display elements to synchronize information displayed by each of the multiple display elements, a second link for supplying coordinating data internal to a control system for a nondestructive imaging system to synchronize the internal data with the information displayed by each of the multiple elements and a third link for supplying coordination descriptions relevant to a nondestructive imaging task performed by the system to a memory, including an image and data relevant to that image.

Abstract: A graphics processor capable of efficiently performing arithmetic operations and computing elementary functions is described. The graphics processor has at least one arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that can perform arithmetic operations and at least one elementary function unit that can compute elementary functions. The ALU(s) and elementary function unit(s) may be arranged such that they can operate in parallel to improve throughput. The graphics processor may also include fewer elementary function units than ALUs, e.g., four ALUs and a single elementary function unit. The four ALUs may perform an arithmetic operation on (1) four components of an attribute for one pixel or (2) one component of an attribute for four pixels. The single elementary function unit may operate on one component of one pixel at a time. The use of a single elementary function unit may reduce cost while still providing good performance.

Abstract: A multi-graphics processor system includes a CPU; a first GPU connected to the CPU via an input/output interface; and a second GPU connected to the first GPU via a second-GPU interface. The first GPU is provided with a second-GPU bus for communicating the CPU and the second GPU via the second-GPU interface. The CPU communicates with the second GPU via the second-GPU bus after receiving a signal indicating the timing of the data communication.

Abstract: A memory management system provides microcode instructions that are divided into multiple tuned phases and stored as separate modules inside a phase code depository. A microcode manager, containing a mode detector, sequence identifier, code loader, drawing data processor and phase executor, interacts with a microcode processor and the phase code depository. The mode detector evaluates a user request for a desired mode. In response to a command from the mode detector, the sequence identifier selects a correct phase sequence that is needed to implement the desired mode. The code loader transfers the phase sequence from the phase code depository to the microcode processor where it is stored in a microcode instruction memory. The memory address for each module within the phase sequence is written to a microcode data memory.

Abstract: After a look-up table applies y correction to each of R, G, and B signals, a multiplier multiplies a y corrected signal by a gain. An adder adds an offset to an output of the multiplier and supplies a resultant gain/offset corrected signal to a display panel. Memories store entropy coded correction data, which can be expanded by corresponding expansion circuits and supplied to the multiplier and the adder, respectively.

Abstract: An image displaying device with an image cache data storage unit, including: an image cache identifier generating unit that obtains a hash value of a fixed length from sampling data of original image data and generates an image cache identifier unique to said original image data based on the hash value of a fixed length; an image cache searching unit that checks whether image cache data to which the generated image cache identifier is added is stored in said image cache memory or not; and an image cache generating unit that, when the image cache data has been not stored in said image cache memory, generates image cache data by adding the image cache identifier generated by said image cache identifier generating unit to the original image data and stores the image cache data in said image cache memory.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and system for reducing distortion in images provided by display systems employing Spatial Light Modulating elements is provided. A method comprises steps of providing a set of pixel values corresponding to pixels of an image to be displayed. The number of pixel values comprising the set is greater than the number of available SLM elements. At least some of the pixel values are adjusted to provide a set of adjusted pixel values. At least a first set of pixels and a second set of pixels are generated from the set of adjusted pixel values. The image is displaying as a matrix of pixels comprising the first set of pixels and the second set of pixels. At least one of the pixels of the first set overlaps at least one of the pixels of the second set and the adjusting step is carried out by adjusting pixel values of the pixel data set to compensate for image distortion due to overlapping pixels of the matrix.

Abstract: A lighting module of a hair/fur pipeline may be used to produce lighting effects in a lighting phase for a shot and an optimization module may be used to: determine if a cache hair state file including hair parameters exists; and determine if the cache hair state file includes matching hair parameters to be used in the shot, and if so, the hair parameter values from the cache hair state file are used in the lighting phase.

Abstract: A hair pipeline may be used to generate a user-selected geometry based upon a hair location for at least one hair with respect to a surface. A surface definition module may be used to define the surface. A display module may be used to: process a user-selected geometry and render the user-selected geometry at the hair location on the surface in place of the at least one hair.

Abstract: Three-dimensional text is displayed without losing its related two-dimensional text properties. The two-dimensional text properties are captured and mapped to the three-dimensional text. Capturing the properties helps preserve the look of the two-dimensional text when it is converted and displayed as three-dimensional text. A texture map is used to capture the two-dimensional properties that are associated with the text. The texture map capturing the two-dimensional text properties is applied to the three-dimensional text and then displayed.

Abstract: A method for showing various color temperatures on a digital display simultaneously, which is more convenient and reduces the time users spend tuning color temperatures according to the different color temperatures shown in a video frame.

Abstract: An electronic equipment includes an image storage device for capturing and/or storing data representative of an image, and an image processing circuit. The image processing circuit is operable to modify the stored image data when a color combination as defined in the image data corresponds to a color combination associated with color blindness. The modified image data then is provided to a display for viewing by a color blind individual.

Abstract: Provided is an image control device that achieves energy saving effects without degradation of an image to be displayed, even if image data includes a fault. The image control device is configured to decode the received image data into an image, generate display information based on the received image data, and output the decoded image and the display information. The image control device receives image data, detects errors from the image data. For each error detected, the image control device specifies a fault image region containing the error from an entire image region of the image data, and inhibits use of the fault image region for generating display information that defines an image display condition according to which the display device performs the image display.

Abstract: A method and system for enabling a user to import a user-defined graphics edit into at least one template, the method including the steps of selecting, by the user, at least one first editable object, editing, by the user, at least part of the at least one first editable object, thereby producing a user-defined graphics edit, saving the user-defined graphics edit, selecting, by the user, a template containing at least one second editable object; and applying at least part of the user-defined graphics edit to at least part of the at least one second editable object within the template.

Abstract: A method of correcting bleed-through for layered three dimensional (3D) models is disclosed. A 3D body model and one or more 3D clothing items overlying the body model are provided, where the clothing items are layered. At least one slicer object is embedded in the clothing items. Inner layers of clothing that are visually occluded by outer layers of clothing are excluded from further processing, where occlusion is determined by complete encapsulation of an inner layer by an outer layer and when the outer layer slicer object(s) do not slice the inner layer. Areas of the underlying body model or underlying clothing items are removed via the slicer object(s). Clothing layers can be geometrically separated by expanding vertices on outer layers of clothing that intersect the geometry of inner layers of clothing, or by contracting vertices on inner layers of clothing that intersect the geometry of outer layers of clothing.

Abstract: A navigation interface is embedded in imagery and includes various controls for manipulating the imagery. The controls provide various navigation operations, including but not limited to: rotation, tilt, zoom and 360 degree. In some implementations, one or more controls can be operated to restore the imagery to a predetermined state. Some implementations include a control for providing 360 degree movement of imagery. One or more controls can provide incremental and continuous motion of imagery. The navigation interface can fade out or otherwise be obfuscated when the user is not interacting with the navigation controls. A compass or other graphic can replace the navigation interface when it is no longer displayed.

Abstract: A driver (D) for a matrix display panel (1) with a pixel (Pk) comprising a first and a second sub-pixel (SP11, 12) both having an inertia, receives a first and second input signal (R, G) indicating a first and a second desired brightness transition (BT1, BT2) of the first and second sub-pixel (SP11, 12), respectively. The driver (D) supplies a first and a second drive signal (Ra, Ga) to the first and the second sub-pixel (SP11, 12), respectively. The first and a second drive signal (Ra, Ga) are supplied at a predetermined repetition rate, and levels of the first and the second drive signal (Ra, Ga) are limited between a minimum level (MI) and a maximum level (MA). The predetermined repetition rate may be the frame or line rate. The predetermined period is the reciprocal of the predetermined repetition rate.

Abstract: Improved techniques for controlling power utilization of a display device are disclosed. The improved techniques reduce power consumption by lowering display intensity at appropriate times. In one embodiment, the display intensity can be controlled depending on the type of content being displayed. In another embodiment, the display intensity can be controlled depending on the characteristics of the content being displayed. In still another embodiment, the display intensity can be controlled depending on the type and characteristics of content being displayed. The improved techniques are well suited for use with portable media devices.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes a display panel having a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scanning lines, pixel electrodes arranged in corresponding intersections of the plurality of data lines and the plurality of scanning lines; a parallax barrier which is arranged on a surface of the display panel and which has slits in positions corresponding to boundaries of adjacent pixel electrodes; and a controller that controls data signals to be supplied to the plurality of data lines and scanning signals to be supplied to the plurality of scanning lines to thereby control magnitudes of potentials applied to the pixel electrodes and display images.

Abstract: “A high-molecular compound or high-molecular antioxidant obtained by reacting at least three compounds of (A) a sulfur-containing organic compound having at least two active hydrogen atoms, (B) a polyisocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups and (C) an amine compound having at least two active hydrogen atoms and then cationizing with an acid at least some of amino groups in a resultant reaction product” or “a high-molecular antioxidant obtained by reacting at least three compounds of (A) a sulfur-containing organic compound having at least two active hydrogen atoms, (B) a polyisocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups and (E) a nonionic polyol compound having at least two active hydrogen atoms” and a recording medium obtained by using the high-molecular antioxidant.

Abstract: A multi-function peripheral device is provided. The device includes a first printing unit, a second printing unit, and a scanning unit, wherein the second printing unit and the scanning unit are juxtaposed above the first printing unit, and a paper exit disposed on the device is shared by the first printing unit and the second printing unit. Accordingly, the size of the device is reduced, and the minimization requirement for the device is achieved.

Abstract: A droplet forming method, for forming a droplet 27, constituted of a sample liquid 21, on a substrate 5 by applying a pulse voltage P between the sample liquid 21, retained in a nozzle 3, and the substrate 5, disposed opposite a tip of the nozzle 3, to discharge the sample liquid 21 from the tip of the nozzle 3, includes: a waveform measuring step S1 of measuring a temporal waveform of a current I that flows between the sample liquid 21 in the nozzle 3 and the substrate 5; and an application condition determining step S2 of determining, based on the temporal waveform of the current I, an application condition of the pulse voltage P during the forming of the droplet 27 on the substrate 5.