Abstract: A method derives a terminal return current or upstream current to adjust and/or compensate for variations in beam current during ion implantation. One or more individual upstream current measurements are obtained from a region of an ion implantation system. A terminal return current, or composite upstream current, is derived from the one or more current measurements. The terminal return current is then employed to adjust scanning or dose of an ion beam in order to facilitate beam current uniformity at a target wafer.

Abstract: A chamber for exposing a workpiece to charged particles includes a charged particle source for generating a stream of charged particles, a collimator configured to collimate and direct the stream of charged particles from the charged particle source along an axis, a beam digitizer downstream of the collimator configured to create a digital beam including groups of at least one charged particle by adjusting longitudinal spacing between the charged particles along the axis, a deflector downstream of the beam digitizer including a series of deflection stages disposed longitudinally along the axis to deflect the digital beams, and a workpiece stage downstream of the deflector configured to hold the workpiece.

Abstract: A high energy photon source for generating EUV radiation comprises a nozzle emitting a supersonic stream of source material, a laser or electrical/magnetic pre-ionization mechanism and a laser or electrical/magnetic excitation mechanism and a skimmer plate between them providing a collimated high density beam of source material for excitation.

Abstract: A structure for ray source apparatus of radiotherapy device, which comprising a shielding body, a ray source table and a collimation body, wherein all the shielding body, ray source table and collimation body are shaped as a spherical segment, while the shielding body is installed on the outside of the ray source table, and the collimation body is installed inside; the ray source table is homocentric with the collimation body, but un-homocentric with the shielding body. With this structure, the whole radiotherapy device is simplify in structure, low price, and saving in shielding materials, while ensuring the shielding efficiency.

Abstract: Identifying a test product having a test region includes impinging on the test region a set of test signals at known test wavelengths. An image of the test region is generated from the reflected signals. The image is comprised of a set of reflectance values that are compared against reference reflectance values at the test signal wavelengths to determine the test product type.

Abstract: A system for identifying a characteristic of a printing media includes a light source module that has a light emitting diode (LED) and an aspheric lens and a light detection module that has a photodetector and an aspheric lens. The light source module and light detection module are oriented with respect to a printing media such that the focusing points of the respective aspheric lenses are located at a common position on the printing media. The system differentiates between printing media types by applying light to the surface of the printing media and measuring the light that is reflected from the surface.

Abstract: An inspection machine for determining whether a bottle at an inspection station is “out of round”. A laser, spaced from the bottle to be inspected directs a laser beam towards the axis of the bottle to be inspected whereby a diffuse spot of energy will be defined on the surface of the bottle to be inspected. The bottle to be inspected is rotated about its axis and a CCD camera views the spot of energy on the surface of the bottle at a defined angle to the laser beam. A control determines the displacement of the spot of energy as the bottle to be inspected is rotated 360 degrees about its axis and issues a reject signal in the event the displacement exceeds a set limit.

Abstract: An injector has a sample chamber for retaining a small amount of sample, wherein a position of the sample chamber is controlled by transmitting light through the sample chamber and detecting the transmitted light so as to recognize the position of the sample chamber. It is possible to reduce detection error compared to the conventional injectors that indirectly control the position of the sample chamber by transmitting light through the light passage which is adjacent to the sample chamber. A method for injecting a sample comprising the steps of: providing an injector which has a sample chamber for retaining a sample with an open month; transmitting light through the sample chamber; detecting the transmitted light so as to recognize a position of the sample chamber; and controlling the position of the sample chamber by using the detection result to connect the open month of the sample chamber to an open month of a sample receiving member in order to inject the sample into the sample receiving member.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method of substantially sealing a throughbore of a tubular with a line running therethrough. The method comprises the steps of: (a) substantially enclosing the line and sealing a portion of the throughbore around the line using an enclosing means; (b) injecting a fluid that contains solid particles in the region of the line; and (c) substantially sealing a remaining portion of the throughbore using the solid particles such that the sealed throughbore is capable of withstanding a pressure differential. The method can include settling out the solid particles from the fluid in response to a drop in pressure of the fluid during step (b). The method can include injecting a first fluid in the region of the line prior to step (b). The first fluid can be a heavy hydrocarbon such as a grease and the fluid containing solid particles can be a drilling fluid.

Abstract: A coupler including electrical and pneumatic interfaces. The coupler includes a manifold having pneumatic apertures and a support having connector apertures to accommodate one or more valves.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a method of controlling a valve, a valve body is moved by a first distance toward an open position at a start of the operation, the first distance being longer than a distance corresponding to maximal compression of a sealing member, and then, moved in a closing direction as far as a fully closed position where the sealing member is depressed by the valve body to be maximally compressed, and setting the fully closed position as an initialized position. The valve body is moved with the initialized position as a reference, to a normal closed position by a second distance in the opening direction, the second distance being shorter than the distance corresponding to maximal compression, or to a normal open position by a third distance in the opening direction to open the passage, the third distance being longer than the first distance.

Abstract: A ball valve comprising a housing, a ball seat disposed within the housing, and a ball rotatably movable within the housing, and engageable with the ball seat in order to provide a seal within the ball valve and the ball seat, wherein the ball seat comprises multiple seat surfaces independently capable of engaging the ball, a first seat surface engaging the ball to form a first seal, and being arranged such that pressure acting from above pushes the first seat surface against the ball; a second seat surface being movable relative to the first seat surface and engaging the ball to form a second seal, the second seat surface being arranged such that pressure acting from below causes the second seat surface to move relative to the first seat surface and pushes the second seat surface into contact with the ball.

Abstract: A device (10) and method for aseptically or non-aseptically accessing a fluid in a container (210) using an existing container opening (211). The device (10) includes a sanitary fitting (12) for attaching the device to the container over the existing container opening, and a sample coupling (14) associated with the sanitary fitting. The sanitary fitting (12) includes a first port (32), and the sample coupling (14) includes at least two second ports (52). The sample coupling (14) is rotatable relative to the sanitary fitting (12) in one direction to cause the first port (32) to successively align with each of the second ports (52), and thereby allows access to the fluid through the aligned first and second ports (32,52).

Abstract: In a valve, the combination comprising a valve chamber, having a flow inlet and a flow outlet, a valve operator outside the chamber, a stopper in the chamber and operatively connected with the operator for movement toward and away from seat structure in the chamber, to control flow from the valve via the outlet, and the seat structure including first and second seats, the stopper located to seat on the first seat. there being a flexible sealing lip carried by the stopper to sealingly engage the second seat when the stopper sets on the first seat. Relatively movable parts define said operative connection, with configuration and relative movement to allow air inflow to break back siphonage of liquid, and to allow back pressure relief via drain passages.

Abstract: Provided is a valve seal for sealing a valve guide and a stem. The valve guide has a height within a predetermined range and the valve seal includes a sealing lip for sealingly engaging the stem, a compressible portion sealingly engaging the valve guide and articulating to accept the valve guide without substantially deforming the lip or interfering with the stem.

Abstract: The water flow control structure of a water gun includes a movable control tube, stepwise positioning unit, oblique guide and resilient component. When the control tube is moved by the control component, it is turned by the oblique guide and stepwise positioning unit. Each time the first guide of the control tube coordinates with the position of the stepwise positioning unit, it makes the space between the stopper head of the control tube and the water control outlet of the water holder close or open in different degrees to control water flow. The entire control structure is hidden inside the water gun. The repeated movements of the control component can switch the water flow mode, which is convenient and practical.

Abstract: A hand-operated pressure regulating valve for compressed air guns includes a basic valve body with a nozzle passage, threads for connection to a compressed air gun and a nozzle body, a pressure regulating unit and an actuating ring. The regulating unit is held by the ring, with a securing ring, in a bore of the basic valve body. The nozzle passage can be bridged and closed within the bore by a nozzle passage piece. The cross section of the nozzle passage can be reduced and increased by rotation of the ring and displacement of the regulating unit and the passage piece. The regulating unit has a basic body with the passage piece, a spring pin and a compression spring and, in the installed state, the pin projects through the spring out of the basic body and the bore for radial movement transversely and, by rotation of the actuating ring, latches in succession into wells in an inner surface of the actuating ring.

Abstract: A wear resistant component for a faucet valve includes a substrate comprising a base material and a strengthening layer provided above the substrate in an amount sufficient to improve abrasion resistance of the substrate. The strengthening layer includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of tantalum, chromium, zirconium, and tungsten. The wear resistant component also includes a layer that includes amorphous diamond provided above the strengthening layer, the amorphous diamond having sp3 bonding of at least about 40%, a hardness of at least about 45 GPa, and an elastic modulus of at least about 400 GPa.

Abstract: A composition is made from a mixture of an electroactive powder and a conductive liquid. The conductive liquid can be an elastomer such as rubber, or a polymeric foam. The electroactive powder may be an electroceramic powder or a magnetostrictive material. One example of a magnetostrictive material is a Terbium alloy. The composition can have an open cell structure or a closed cell structure. In addition to the electroactive powder and the conductive liquid, carbon nanotubes can be added to the mixture. A method is also provided. The method includes forming a smart material composition includes adding an electroactive powder to a conductive liquid and mixing the electroactive powder and the conductive liquid to form a mixture.

Abstract: A deicing composition comprises a mixture of a deicing agent and a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor comprises an effective amount of a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid, preferably an aldaric or aldonic acid. The salts of aldaric and aldonic acids are much more potent corrosion inhibitors for deicing than agricultural by-products or refined sugars that are today commonly used as corrosion inhibitors, and therefore can be used at lower concentrations to obtain the same effect as a higher concentration of a simple sugar. The deicing composition can be used as a deicer, anti-icer, or a pre-wetting agent. The deicing agent can include a deicing salt such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and/or calcium chloride. Further, a method of making a deicing composition includes mixing a deicing agent and a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor can be dissolved in a liquid, such as brine, which can be sprayed on a solid deicing salt.

Abstract: Taught herein is an aqueous chemical-mechanical polishing slurry, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for using the same in the preparation of high precision finishing of a sapphire surface. The slurry comprises a chelating agent having 13 chelate rings, a strong propensity for complexation with aluminum ions and for forming a water-soluble chelate product. The removal rate can reach 10-16 ?m/h, and the roughness can be reduced to 0.1 nm. The slurry components and their weight percentages are as follows: silica sol from about 1 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, alkali modifier from about 0.25 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, ether-alcohol activator from 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, chelating agent from about 1.25 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, and deionized water. Using such a slurry, high precision finishing of a sapphire surface can be achieved under relevant polishing conditions, which can satisfy the finishing requirements for industrial sapphire substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high contrast reflective display comprising a substrate, at least one electronically modulated imaging layer, wherein the electronically modulated imaging layer comprises a uniformly thick, close-packed, ordered monolayer of domains of electrically modulated material in a fixed polymer matrix, at least one barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is conductive in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and at least one electrically conductive layer. The invention also relates to a method of making the display with a barrier layer comprising anisotropic particles and orienting the anisotropic conductor to produce a barrier layer conductive in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a dual frequency addressable smectic A liquid crystal composition having a crossover frequency, wherein the smectic A phase is induced by mixing of at least a first nematic liquid crystal compound or composition and a second nematic liquid crystal compound or composition.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition having a nematic phase that includes three components, wherein the first component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by Formula (1), the second component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by Formulas (2-1) to (2-3), and the third component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by Formula (3): wherein, for example, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons; Y1 is fluorine, —OCF3 or —OCHF2; and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 and X6 are each independently hydrogen or fluorine, provided that at least one of X4, X1 and X6 is fluorine.

Abstract: The invention discloses a white light LED, an enhanced light transfer powder, a phosphor powder and a method of producing phosphor powder that use a plurality of radiating color lights and include a white light nitride heterostructure. The invention provides a novel solid liquid of a luminescence material with a chemical formula Ba?Y3?Al2?+5?O4?+12?, where ? and ? have a value ranging 0.1˜4. The crystal lattice structure of the phosphor powder varies from cubic crystal system to monoclinic crystal system accroding to the change of the ratio of ? and ?. It shows significant yellow color and yellowish orange color and has very high quantum light emitting efficiency and enduring light emitting time. In such novel phosphor powder base, the invention further develops an enhanced light transfer apparatus that is a blue light heterostructure emiting a raidaion with a wavelength ?=450˜475 nm and comprised of polymers and phosphor powder particles filled therein, and the concentration of phosphor powder is 1%˜50%.

Abstract: A hydrolytic stabilizer mixture is disclosed. The mixture comprise i) at least one carbodiimide and ii) co-stabilizer selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide and aluminum oxyhydroxide. The mixture is useful in imparting to polymeric systems improved resistance to hydrolysis.

Abstract: A composition of matter including a polymer having a repeating unit having formula P1, as follows: wherein n is an integer greater than 4; Z is Se, S, O, NR1, or PR1, where R1 is hydrogen, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, or aryl; Y is independently selected from NH, O, C(R)2, N(R)2 and S; X is O, S, Se or NH and E is independently selected from functional or non-functional end-groups. R is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl group. E is independently selected from functional and non-functional end-groups. The repeating structures according to the present invention may be substantially identical, forming a homopolymer, or may have Z, Y, and X independently selected for each unit, resulting in a copolymeric compound. The invention also includes electrical components incorporating the polymer and the method for making the polymer.

Abstract: A conductive material comprising a V2O5—P2O5 glass and a second phase dispersed in the V2O5—P2O5 glass, wherein the second phase contains a crystalline V and O compound and a crystalline metal phosphate compound. The crystalline V and O compound is at least one of V2O5, V4O9, V2O4, and V2O3. The metal phosphate compound is a phosphate compound of transition metal or alkaline-earth metal. In a visual display device, glass spacers are bonded to glass panels with the conductive material.

Abstract: Provided are a polymer compound which has a pyrrole derivative compound and a phenoxazine derivative compound as a repeating unit, and an organic electroluminescent (EL) device using the same for forming a hole injection layer and/or a hole transport layer. The polymer compound according to the present invention has superior electric features and a high hole-transporting capability. Thus the organic EL device using the polymer compound for forming a hole injection layer and/or a hole transport layer has superior features such as low voltage and high efficiency compared to using conventional materials.

Abstract: In a solder paste 3 formed by allowing a resin component 3a having oxide removability to contain solder particles 4A, 4B, and 4C which are formed by coating the surfaces of core particles 6A, 6B, and 6C made of tin (Sn) or an alloy of tin with silver (Ag) coating films 7A, 7B, and 7C, the core particles are distributed to have such a particle distribution that the average particle diameter is in the range of 3 ?m to 7 ?m and 75% or more of the particles is in the range of 1 ?m to 9 ?m and the coating film is formed so that the core particles are coated with a silver coating film of an amount which occupies 1 to 4 wt % of the solder particles. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent oxide from being formed on the surfaces of the solder particles and to enhance the solder wettability at the time of soldering. In addition, it is possible to secure printability onto fine electrodes and to secure excellent solder adhesion with respect to a fine-pitch part by the use of a simple and low-cost method.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to manufacture of an industrial scale noble metal nanoparticles with superior dispersion stability. The present invention relates to a noble metal nanoparticle controlled to a mean particle size of 20 nm or less that is a metal nanoparticle comprising a noble metal component, and that contains at least one type of an organic component containing N and an organic component containing S.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrically conductive polymer compositions, and their use in organic electronic devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photosensitive organic semiconductor composition comprising an organic p-type semiconductor pigment with a p-type conducting polymer, wherein the ionization potentials of the organic p-type semiconductor pigment and the p-type conducting polymer are nominally equivalent and a photosensitive organic semiconductor composition comprising an organic n-type semiconductor pigment with an n-type conducting polymer, wherein the electron affinities of the organic semiconductor pigment and the conducting polymer are nominally equivalent. The present invention also relates to a p/n heterojunction utilizing the photosensitive organic semiconductor compositions.

Abstract: Various non-limiting embodiments of the present invention relate to photochromic materials having a metallocenyl group. More particularly, various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein provide photochromic materials including an indeno-fused naphthopyran, such as an indeno[2?,3?:3,4]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, and a metallocenyl group bonded to at least one available position on the indeno-fused naphthopyran. Other non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein provide photochromic composition and photochromic articles, such as but not limited to ophthalmic lens, which include the disclosed photochromic materials and method of making the same.

Abstract: Various non-limiting embodiments of the present invention relate to photochromic materials which include a haloalkyl group. More particularly, various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein provide photochromic materials including an indeno-fused naphthopyran, such as, an indeno[2?,3?:3,4]naphtho[1,2-b] pyran, and a haloalkyl group bonded at the 13-position thereof, wherein the haloalkyl group is a perhalogenated group or a group represented by —O(CH2)a(CX2)bCT3, wherein T is a halogen, each X is independently hydrogen or halogen, a is an integer ranging from 1 to 10, and b is an integer ranging from 1 to 10. Other non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein provide photochromic composition and photochromic articles, such as, but not limited to ophthalmic lens, which include the disclosed photochromic materials and methods of making the same.

Abstract: A molding composition comprising: (a) from 40 to 99.99 wt % of a modified polybutylene terephthalate random copolymer that (1) is derived from polyethylene terephthalate component selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate copolymers and (2) has at least one residue derived from the polyethylene terephthalate component, and (b) from 0.01 to 20 wt. % of a carboxy reactive component; wherein the modified polybutylene terephthalate random copolymer, the carboxy reactive component, and optionally at least one additive, are present in a total amount of 100 wt %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flame-retardant mixture for lignocellulose composites having from 60 to 90% by mass of particulate or fibrous lignocellulose materials and from 40 to 10% by mass of a flame retardant concentrate immobilized on or in the particulate or fibrous lignocellulose materials as carriers. The flame retardants are boric acids or the salts thereof. Also, melamine resins and optionally synergistic agents and further additives may be present. The preparation of the flame-retardant mixture can be effected by a liquid impregnation process, a melt impregnation process and a liquid impregnation/solids mixing process. In the form of flame-retardant semifinished products and molding materials, the lignocellulose composites have high resistance to insect infestation, fungal infestation and mold infestation and high resistance to washing out of the flame-retardant mixture and are preferably suitable for applications in outdoor use in the building and leisure sector.

Abstract: The invention comprises an anchor, rope and pulley system to load and unload cargo into and out of passenger vehicles. The anchor system comprises two load bearing straps and a means to attach the straps together. The straps are looped around the vehicle's side handle grips. The looped straps attach to each other near the center of the cargo area. The rope and pulley system comprises a rope, a large pulley, a small pulley, a means to attach the rope and pulley system to the anchor system, a means to attach the cargo to the rope and pulley system, and a means to clamp the rope to create a handle. Cargo can be lifted into a vehicle by pulling the handle with one hand and guiding the cargo with the other hand. A durable guard material over the cargo area's point of entry protects the vehicle and cargo from damage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hoisting device (1), in particular for a vehicle, including a substantially vertical column forming a frame and lifting means movable along said column under the action of the control, by adequate driving means, to cause a threaded rod (2) to rotate and a nut (3) integral with a carriage (4) bearing the load (20) to be lifted to move along the latter. It is characterized in that this nut (3) is a catch nut, which comprises a first bearing nut (5) on which said carriage (4) rests, and a second safety nut (6) coaxial to the preceding one and placed below same, designed capable of receiving and bearing the load formed by said carriage (4) and its load (20) and by said first bearing nut (5) in the event of failure of the latter.

Abstract: A protective cover for a stanchion or post includes a spacer assembly that allows a larger diameter sleeve to fit over a smaller diameter post or stanchion. The spacer assembly includes top and bottom annulus plates connected with two or more rods to keep the plates generally parallel and spaced apart. The top and bottom annulus plates each have an outer diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the sleeve, and an inner diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of a post of stanchion to be covered.

Abstract: An adjustable picket fence includes movable joints connecting rails to pickets so the rails can articulate with respect to the pickets whereby the orientation of the rails can be adjusted to accommodate uneven terrain.

Abstract: An interchangeable aesthetic window panel embellishment system to be attached within an existing fence. The system is composed of a support frame (20) that is to be attached within the upper portion of a fence in place of the existing lattice and an aesthetic window panel (30) made of translucent plastic. The window panel may be of any variety of aesthetic designs, such as stained-glass patterns, home addresses, sport, school, or business logos, holiday designs, or advertising. The panels may be replaced at any time. The number of panels within each support frame may vary.

Abstract: A monolithic assembly of electronic components including a semiconductor substrate, at a first level above the substrate, at least one bulk acoustic wave resonator, at a second level above the resonator, a single-crystal semiconductor layer in which are formed semiconductor components, and recesses under the semiconductor layer portions arranged above the resonators.

Abstract: A phase-change memory cell is formed by a phase-change memory element and by a selection element, which is formed in a semiconductor material body and is connected to the phase-change memory element. The phase-change memory element is made up of a calcogenic material layer and a heater. The selection element is in direct contact with the heater and extends through a dielectric region arranged on top of and contiguous to the semiconductor material body. A dielectric material layer is arranged on the dielectric region and houses a portion of the calcogenic material layer.

Abstract: A novel chalcogenide material has a bulk composition which has a first material selected from the group of Si and Sn, a second material selected from the group of Sb, and a third material selected from the group of Te. The first material, second material, and third material are in a ratio of (Six or Sny) Sb2 Te5, where x is 1?x?5, and y is 0.5?y?2.0. The material can be used in a switch device, which includes a dielectric/heater layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and the material having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; with the first surface of the material immediately adjacent to and in contact with the first surface of the dielectric/heater layer. A first electrical contact is on the second surface of the dielectric/heater layer. A second electrical contact is on the second surface of the phase changing chalcogenide material.

Abstract: A semiconductor component includes a semiconductor body and a second semiconductor zone of a first conductivity type that serves as a rear side emitter. The second semiconductor zone is preceded by a plurality of third semiconductor zones of a second conductivity type that is opposite to the first conductivity type. The third semiconductor zones are spaced apart from one another in a lateral direction. In addition, provided within the semiconductor body is a field stop zone spaced apart from the second semiconductor zone, thereby reducing an electric field in the direction toward the second semiconductor zone.

Abstract: A light emitting device comprises an anode electrode layer disposed in a first direction, a cathode electrode layer disposed in a second direction different from the first direction, an emitting area with a pixel forming on an area crossed by the anode electrode layer and the cathode electrode layer and a sub-electrode layer disposed outside of the emitting area and electrically connected with at least two the anode electrode layers.

Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting element includes an active layer of a quantum well structure, and an n-type semiconductor layer and a p-type semiconductor layer, formed to hold the active layer therebetween. The active layer includes at least a well layer containing InGaN, and at least two barrier layers formed to hold the well layer therebetween, and containing one of InGaN and GaN. The well layer is entirely doped with one of a group IV element and a group VI element. The respective barrier layer includes a first portion closer to the p-type semiconductor layer and a second portion closer to the n-type semiconductor layer. The first portion is doped with one of the group IV element and the group VI element. The second portion is undoped.

Abstract: A semiconductor light-emitting device includes: a semiconductor light-emitting element including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer including a light-emitting region, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer in this order; a filter having a transmission characteristic in which the transmittance in a direction parallel to the optical axis of induced emission light of light outputted from the semiconductor light-emitting element is higher than the transmittance in a direction different from the optical axis; and a semiconductor photodetector including a light-absorbing layer, the light-absorbing layer absorbing a part of light passing through the filter, wherein the filter and the semiconductor photodetector are laminated in this order on the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the semiconductor light-emitting element, and are formed with the semiconductor light-emitting element as one unit.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device that includes a material having enhanced electronic transitions. The electronic transitions are enhanced by mixing electronic states at an interface. The interface may be formed by a nano-well, a nano-dot, or a nano-wire.