Abstract: Herein disclosed a digital image sender for transmitting a digital image signal including image signals for color image reproduction, a reference clock signal and parallel control signals, including: a parallel/serial converter configured to convert the parallel control signals into a serial control signal by time division multiplexing; a superposition element configured to superpose the serial control signal obtained by the conversion by said parallel/serial converter on the reference clock signal and output a resulting superposition signal; and an electro-optic converter configured to convert the superposition signal outputted from said superposition element from an electric signal into an optical signal.

Abstract: A digital broadcast receiver includes a receiver circuit that catches a digital broadcast and outputs at least an audio signal and information concerning the digital broadcast on a predetermined channel; numeric keys; a preset table included in a non-volatile memory; and a control circuit. The control circuit scans a frequency band of the digital broadcast, acquires data sets of channel data used for catching the digital broadcast on a channel and the information caught on the channel, sorts the data sets on the basis of at least one item included in the information as a condition, registers the acquired data sets in the preset table, and extracts the data set corresponding to a numeric key that is pressed, in the data sets registered in the preset table, to set the channel data included in the extracted data set in the receiver circuit.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of forming a resistance film with even thickness and at high speed even in a substrate having micro depressions and projections in its surface. A fine particle dispersion solution is prepared by adding a solution which decreases the absolute value of a ? potential at the fine particles and a solution which decreases dispersion stability of the fine particles into a solution in which metal oxide fine particles are stably dispersed, a substrate having an insulating surface is immersed in the fine particle dispersion solution to deposit a fine particle aggregation film, and then a resistance film is obtained by performing heat treatment.

Abstract: The invention has an object of providing a display device, which can freely change a display position or a display area, and can display a high grade image, and a game machine, such as a slot machine etc., which includes the display device.

Abstract: A video system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises a light engine that is adapted to produce a light output. The exemplary video system additionally comprises an actuator that is adapted to drive the light engine, and a drive circuit that is adapted to produce an actuator analog waveform to drive the actuator, the drive circuit including a programmable waveform generator that produces digital data representative of a logical transition and a filter that filters the digital data to produce the actuator analog waveform.

Abstract: Methods and systems process image data made up of a series of frames for displaying on a dual modulation display system having a first modulator disposed to illuminate a second modulator. A first modulation signal and a luminance map are not calculated for every frame. Instead, certain frames referred to as “key frames” are used to provide the first modulation signal and the luminance map for at least some other frames.

Abstract: A light diffuser plate includes: a diffuser film having a light incident surface and a light exit surface opposite to the light incident surface; a plurality of light-scattering particles dispersed in the diffuser film; and a light-enhancing film formed on the light exit surface of the diffuser film and having a light emerging surface opposite to the light exit surface and formed with a plurality of protrusions. The light exit surface of the diffuser film is uneven.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided, which includes: first and second gate lines, a data line intersecting the gate lines, first to fourth drain electrodes located near the intersections between the first and second gate lines and the data line, and a coupling electrode. First to fourth pixel electrodes respectively connected to the first to fourth drain electrodes are also provided, and the first pixel electrode is connected to the coupling electrode while the fourth pixel electrode overlaps the coupling electrode. The LCD further includes a common electrode opposite the pixel electrodes, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode, and a domain partitioning member formed on at least one of the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Two long edges of the domains are angled with respect to the first and the second gate lines or the data line substantially by about 45°.

Abstract: An exemplary thin film transistor array substrate (200) includes a transparent substrate (261), a plurality of gate lines (201) and a plurality of data lines (202) formed at the transparent substrate, the gate lines and the data lines crossing each other thereby defining a plurality of pixel regions (230). Each of the pixel regions includes a storage capacitor (220). The storage capacitor includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor aligned along a direction generally perpendicular to the transparent substrate, and the first capacitor and the second capacitor are electrically connected in parallel.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel according to the present invention comprises forming a storage electrode on a substrate, forming a gate electrode on the substrate, forming a gate insulating layer on the storage electrode and the substrate, wherein the thickness of the gate insulating layer is thinner on the storage electrode than the thickness on the substrate, forming a semiconductor pattern on the gate insulating layer, forming a source electrode on the semiconductor pattern, forming a drain electrode opposing the source electrode on the semiconductor pattern, wherein the drain electrode overlaps the storage electrode to form the storage capacitor, forming a passivation layer on the source and drain electrodes, wherein the passivation layer has a contact hole which exposes the drain electrode, and forming a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode via the contact hole.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a system for displaying images is provided, wherein the system comprises a low temperature polysilicon thin film transistor (LTPS-TFT) substrate. The method comprises providing a substrate comprising a first metal layer and a silicon film layer. The silicon film layer is illuminated t by a laser light having a wavelength larger than 400 nm. The silicon film layer is heated to crystallize by absorbing a part of the laser light, and is heated to re-crystallize by absorbing another part of the laser light, which passes through the silicon film layer and is reflected from the first metal layer to the silicon film layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus including a plurality of gate lines; a plurality of source lines formed so as to be substantially orthogonal to the gate lines; pixel electrodes formed in a matrix form at each intersecting part of the gate line and the source line; and a TFT, including a gate electrode connected to the gate line, a source electrode connected to the source line, and a drain electrode connected to the pixel electrode, formed in accordance with each pixel electrode. The TFT according to the present invention includes a hole in at least one of either the gate electrode or the drain electrode at a position where the gate electrode and the drain electrode overlap in plan view.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a signal line, a protecting layer and a repairing line. The protecting layer covers the signal line to protect the signal line and has a repairing groove formed therein. The repairing line is formed in the repairing groove and is electrically connected to the signal line to repair an electrical connection failure of the signal line. The repairing groove connects a first area and a second area of the signal line that are spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance in a lengthwise direction of the signal line. The electrical connection failure occurs between the first and second areas. The repairing line is prevented from being damaged, and a display quality is improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a plurality of source lines (2) to which a signal voltage according to a source signal is applied; a first wire (3a) and a second wire (3b) for fixing a wire breakage that are configured so that they can be connected to opposite ends of at least one of the plurality of source lines (2); and a buffer section (4) provided between the first wire (3a) and the second wire (3b) for impedance conversion along the first wire (3a) and the second wire (3b), wherein the liquid crystal display device includes spare capacitors (10a) and (10b) for adjusting a signal waveform according to the source signal applied to the source lines (2a) and (2b) with the first wire (3a) and the second wire (3b) being connected to the source lines (2a) and (2b).

Abstract: A nuclear hardened liquid crystal display (LCD) and a method for hardening a liquid crystal display is provided. The nuclear hardened LCD can include an LCD glass laminate stack. The LCD glass laminate stack can include a front transparent substrate, a back substrate, and a liquid crystal material disposed between the front transparent substrate and the back substrate. The nuclear hardened LCD can further include a protective laminate stack positioned in front of the LCD glass laminate stack. The protective laminate stack can include a volume absorbing filter, that absorbs selective electromagnetic energy throughout a thickness of the volume absorbing filter.

Abstract: A high brightness liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided. In the LCD, plural light-focusing areas are disposed on a first substrate or a first polarizer, near the backlight module, right below the transparent areas on a second substrate to increase brightness of the LCD. Each of the light-focusing areas comprises at least a high-refractive area having higher refractive index.

Abstract: A polarizing plate includes a base substrate, a conductive lattice pattern and a light absorbing pattern. The base substrate has a first surface and a second surface located opposite to the first surface. The conductive lattice pattern is formed on the first surface in a stripe arrangement. The conductive lattice pattern reflects and/or polarizes light incident on the conductive lattice pattern. The light absorbing pattern is formed on the first surface and corresponds to the conductive lattice pattern. The light absorbing pattern absorbs at least a portion of light reflected on an arbitrary interface after being polarized by the conductive lattice pattern. Thus, an undesired polarization component of a light exiting through a polarizing plate may be reduced, thereby increasing a contrast ratio of a display panel.

Abstract: An in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display having at least two optically anisotropic substance sheets and a liquid crystal cell between a pair of polarizers consisting of a light incident side polarizer and a light emission side polarizer, which have light transmission axes substantially perpendicular to each other. The liquid crystal display satisfies the formula: (?nxi+?nyi)/2??nzi wherein ? is the total of i=1 to k where k is the number of the anisotropic sheets, nxi and nyi are in-plane principal refractive indexes of an i-th anisotropic, provided that nxi>nyi, and nzi is a principal refractive index in thickness direction; and a multilayered optical body (A) consisting of the k anisotropic sheets and the liquid crystal cell satisfies the formula: 0.90<R40/R0<1.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate; a gate line formed on the first substrate; a data line intersecting the gate line; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and to the data line; a pixel electrode electrically connected to the thin firm transistor, including first and second sub-electrodes, and overlapping with a portion of the data line; a storage electrode line formed on the first substrate, disposed between the first and second sub-electrodes, and including an overlapped portion with the pixel electrode; a second substrate arranged facing the first substrate; a common electrode formed on the second substrate and including a cutout corresponding to the first and second sub-electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the common electrode and the pixel electrode.

Abstract: Thin-film coatings, which for example have alternating layers of high and low refractive index materials, are shown to function as both positive and negative C-plates, in dependence upon the incident radiation. In particular, the shape of the retardance versus angle of incidence profile is found to be determined, at least in part, by the phase thickness of the thin film coating (i.e., the optical thickness in terms of the wavelength of the incident radiation, which may, for example, be expressed in degrees, radians, or as the number of quarter wavelengths). These thin film coatings are optionally integrated into anti-reflection coatings, thin film interference filters and/or other components to improve efficiency and/or functionality.

Abstract: The liquid crystal panel of the present invention has a liquid crystal cell having a pair of transparent substrates provided with a color filter having each color region of blue, green and red, and a liquid crystal layer formed by injecting a liquid crystal material between the transparent substrates; an optical compensating layer provided over the liquid crystal cell; and a light source for irradiating light, in which the optical compensating layer cancels out retardation in the thickness direction for light of a wavelength (G), which passes through a green region of the liquid crystal cell, and retardation in the thickness direction for light of a wavelength (R), which passes through a red region of the liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystal panel of the present invention can realize higher contrast in viewing from an oblique direction.

Abstract: A novel transparent film is disclosed. Re (?) and Rth (?) of the film defined by the following formulae (I) and (II) satisfy the following formulae (III) and (IV): Re (?)=(nx?ny)×d,??(I) Rth (?)={(nx+ny)/2?nz}×d,??(II) 0?|Re(630)|?50,??(III) Rth (400)×Rth (700)?0, and 0<|Rth (700)?Rth (400)|?150,??(IV) wherein Re (?) means an in-plane retardation value at a wavelength ? nm (unit: nm); Rth (?) means a thickness-direction retardation value at a wavelength ? nm (unit: nm); nx means a refractive index in the in-plane slow-axis direction; ny means a refractive index in the in-plane fast-axis direction; nz means a refractive index in the film thickness direction; and d means a thickness of the film.

Abstract: A protection sheet comprises a base layer comprising an optically transparent resin, a coating layer formed on at least one surface of the base layer, and beads dispersed in the coating layer, the beads comprising a resin having a Rockwell hardness of less than M90. The coating layer comprises a lubricant. The lubricant comprises a polysiloxane copolymer.

Abstract: Saw-shaped protrusions, which are parallel to each other, are formed on the common electrode and the pixel electrode in two substrates. Protrusions in two substrates are arranged alternately and the bent portions of the saw-shaped protrusions are placed on the line transverse passing through the center of a pixel. Branches extend from the convex point of one saw-shaped protrusion toward the apex to the other saw-shaped protrusion, and another branch extend from the point where the protrusion meets the boundary of the pixel electrode toward the point where the boundary of the pixel electrode and the saw-shaped protrusion make an acute angle. A liquid crystal layer between two electrodes are divided to four regions where the directors of the liquid crystal layer have different angles when a voltage is applied to the electrodes, and then, wide viewing angle is obtained. In most regions, protrusions are formed straight and the protrusions have only obtuse angles at the bent points.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal between substrates and alignment layers disposed on the inner surface sides of the substrates. The alignment layer is made from a material including polyamic acid containing a diamine component and polyimide containing a diamine component different from the diamine component of the polyamic acid. The alignment layer is subjected to alignment treatment by irradiation of light. UV light can be irradiated in the oblique direction onto the alignment layer through a mask having openings. A reflecting plate can be arranged between a UV light source and the mask. Also, bank structures having a thickness from 0.1 to 0.15 ?m can be provided on the alignment layer of the TFT substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a gate line formed on a lower substrate, a storage line formed on the lower substrate, and a data line formed on the lower substrate crossing and insulated from the gate line and the storage line. The liquid crystal display also includes a pixel electrode formed on the lower substrate crossing and insulated from the storage line. The pixel electrode has a first aperture pattern. The liquid crystal display further includes a common electrode formed on an upper substrate and having a second aperture pattern, and a storage electrode connected to the storage line. The storage electrode overlaps the second aperture pattern. The storage line, first aperture pattern, and second aperture pattern each includes a straight portion slanting to the gate line. A long axis of a liquid crystal molecule is arranged perpendicular to a substrate when an electric field is not applied.

Abstract: A plurality of spacers are used to control the gap in a liquid crystal display panel. When a spacer is associated with an electrode in the lower substrate where the switching elements and data lines are disposed, it is located substantially at the center of the electrode. In a transflective LCD sub-pixel, a spacer may be disposed at the center of one of the transmissive and reflective electrodes. Alternatively, a spacer is disposed at the center of each of the transmissive and reflective electrodes. When the electrode in a sub-pixel comprises different sections to affect the alignment of the liquid crystal layer associated with the electrode, the spacer is located at the intersection of the sections, if possible, so that the spacer is located at the intersections of different domains of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: To provide a spacer forming method by which spacers can be securely formed in a predetermined region on a substrate. Ink containing granular spacers is jetted onto a crossing portion of a black matrix 5 in the shape of lattice. Red pixel R, green pixel G and blue pixel B are formed in the openings of the lattice. The spacer containing ink is jetted onto the spacer forming positions from the nozzle by the ink jetting method. Plural drops of ink 7 are jetted onto each of the spacer forming positions on one of the opposite substrate E. The gap between the opposite substrates can be securely maintained at constant for filling liquid crystal.

Abstract: An exemplary liquid crystal panel (7) of liquid crystal display device (2) is provided. The liquid crystal panel (7) has a pair of substrates (21, 23) and a liquid crystal layer (22) disposed between the substrates. The liquid crystal panel (7) further includes: a first pattern (233,240) disposed on a first inner surface (212,232) of one of the pair of the substrates, and a second pattern (230) aligned with the first pattern (233,240), and the second pattern (230) provided at an outer surface (231) of one of the pairs of the substrates. Wherein, the second pattern (230) has a predetermined inclined angle to emit light beams bypass the first pattern as to increase light utilization ratio.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element according to the present invention includes one or more sets of combinations of a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer composed of a liquid crystal composition indicating a cholesteric phase and disposed between the pair of substrates, and at least one layer of insulating thin film to insulate the liquid crystal layer from an electrode, wherein: the insulating thin film has an electrostatic capacity of not more than 10 ?F; the liquid crystal layer has a layer thickness in the range of 2 to 5 ?m; and the liquid crystal composition has a dielectric anisotropy in the range of 20 to 50. The present invention can realize at least one of lowered driving voltage, enlarged operating temperature range, decrease in electric power consumption and wide display maintaining temperature range, in a liquid crystal display element having a semi-permanent display maintaining function (memory function).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for fabricating a liquid crystal display.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward specially tinted lenses for use in flying airplanes. In the present invention, the far field of vision is highly tinted to reduce the light from a sunlit sky, over sunlit cloud tops, or in clouds. This enables an aircraft pilot to easily see out of the cockpit into highly illuminated environments. The intermediate field of vision is essentially clear to enable the pilot to easily see a dimly illuminated instrument panel as compared to outside the aircraft. The near field of vision may have a range of tinting from clear to up to a medium tinted value for reading maps and other material. In addition, the change in tinting is discontinuous, that is, sharp, from one field of vision to another. The present invention works because the aircraft structure, that is, the nose and instrument panel, blocks outside light from coming into the intermediate field of vision where the lens is clear.

Abstract: A hinge system for eyewear includes a pivotable hinge element for connecting a temple to a lug on each end of a lens frame. The pivotable hinge element has one end pivotably connected to the lug and the other end arranged to allow the temple to be pivotably moved between a wearing position and a folded position. First and second magnets are provided in the lug and the pivotable hinge element, respectively. The first and second magnets have respective confronting surfaces oriented to face against each other when the temple is in its wearing position. The confronting surfaces of the first and second magnets have an identical polarity, so that the first and second magnets are operatively associated to urge the temple inwardly toward its folded position when the temple is moved to its wearing position.

Abstract: In a lens for safety glasses of the present invention, a first lens element which shields a laser beam is laid on a second lens element for antiglare. The first and the second lens element may be affixed together. In the lens for safety glasses, the first lens element includes a substrate which contains an absorbent for selectively absorbing a laser beam having a specific wavelength in an ultraviolet wavelength region, a visible light wavelength region or an infrared wavelength legion and is transparent in the visible light wavelength region. The safety glasses with the lens may provide comfortable fit and a good appearance, causes less misjudgment of colors and prevents loss of correct color sense, and has both a laser-beam shielding function and an antiglare function.

Abstract: The invention relates to polarized and abrasion-resistant article comprising: a) a polarized layer applied to a substrate, said polarized layer including an oriented liquid crystal polymer layer (LCP) including at least one dichroic dye, said liquid crystal layer being coated on a photo-orientation layer, and b) an abrasion-resistant coating applied to the polarized layer on said substrate. The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing said articles, and to the use of the above-mentioned article for the manufacturing of optic glasses or lenses.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ophthalmic lens comprised of two lens materials with a gap between them of less than about 5 mm. The gap is formed and maintained by particles on the perimeter of the surfaces of both lens materials. Methods are also provided for creating a gap between two lens materials and for producing an ophthalmic lens with a gap between two lens materials.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a system for obtaining a fundus image, constituted by optical means implemented in an equipment to observe and photograph the image of the wall fundus (16), comprising a capturing optical means composed by high sensibility digital camera, constituted by an image sensor (2) and focal optical system (3), said digital camera being used to register a captured image by an afocal optical system, composed by a capturing lens (13) and its afocal complement (6); a lighting optical means provided from a arrangement conformed with optical fiber bundle (7), (8), (9) and (10), halogen light source (23) or light emitting diode source (LED); wherein said light beam from the halogen light (23) or light emitting diodes has an annular form when it pass in the anterior part of eyeball (14) and focus in the pupil plan (15); both the means having the optical path partially common over the optical axle (1) from the optical fibers arrangement (7), (8), (9) and (10) to the fundus (16), region in t

Abstract: First image forming part forms a two-dimensional surface image of a fundus oculi of an eye based on optically obtained data. Second image forming part forms tomographic images of fundus oculi based on data obtained by optically scanning a region of the surface of fundus oculi corresponding to at least part of two-dimensional image. Accumulated image generating part generates an accumulated image by accumulating the formed tomographic images in a depth-wise direction. Extracting part extracts first vascular territory corresponding to a fundus oculi vessel from two-dimensional image formed by first image forming part, and also extracts second vascular territory corresponding to a fundus oculi vessel from accumulated image generated by accumulated image generating part. Specification part specifies a position of a vascular cross sectional region corresponding to a cross section of a fundus oculi vessel in the tomographic image based on extracted first vascular territory and extracted second vascular territory.

Abstract: A visual axis and alignment measurement system and method of using same are disclosed. In particular, a visual axis measurement system of the present disclosure includes a visual axis measurement device and a near point target. The visual axis measurement device includes a pair of opaque lenses, each having a slit therein, that are adjustably coupled via a coupling mechanism. The visual axis measurement device also includes a linear measurement device. Via self-adjustment, the patient may align the respective slits for his/her dominant and non-dominant eyes along his/her visual axes until the near point target is in focus. After which, the distance between the centers of the slits is measured in order to determine accurately the placement of bifocal lens segments within eyeglass lenses. In doing so, it is ensured that the prescription for, for example, progressive bifocal corrective lenses, which have narrow viewing areas, is correct.

Abstract: A projection display apparatus in which the longitudinal direction of an arc type lamp is parallel with the longitudinal direction of an aperture of a polarization exchange element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal projection system (70) includes a light source (50) for emitting a white light beam of three primary colors, a polarizer (51) for polarizing the white light beam, a separating mirror (52), first and second reflecting mirrors (53, 54), first and second polarization separators (56, 57), a half-wave plate (55), a color separator (58), image modulation devices (60R, 60G, 60B) and a projection lens (59). The separating mirror splits the incident polarized white light beam into two sets of polarized light beams, a monochromatic light beam and a bichromatic light beam that are respectively output to the first and second reflecting mirrors (53, 54). The polarized monochromatic light beam is reflected by the first reflecting mirror, transformed to a light beam with reversed polarization by the half-wave plate, and output to the first polarization separator.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source unit that emits light, a lamp driving unit that supplies a driving power to the light source unit, a power supply unit that supplies a power to at least the lamp driving unit, a fan that circulates cooling air to the lamp driving unit and the power supply unit, a distribution unit that distributes air volumes of the cooling air by the fan to the lamp driving unit and the power supply unit, and changes the air volumes of the cooling air distributed to the lamp driving unit and the power supply unit, and a distribution control unit that performs driving control on the distribution unit so as to change the air volumes of the cooling air distributed to the lamp driving unit and the power supply unit in accordance with the driving power supplied to the light source unit.

Abstract: A front projection display device includes an optical engine including an illumination system, an imaging system, and projection optics. The projection optics include a first lens group of negative refractive power that has at least one aspheric surface. The projection optics output an image at a half field angle of at least 45°, where the image has substantially no distortion. For example, when the first lens group is placed at a distance of less than 1 meter from a viewing screen, the output image has a size of about 40 inches diagonal or greater, and requires substantially no keystone correction. In other aspects, the optical engine can be implemented in a wall-mounted projection system, a multimedia system, a compact integrated monitor system, and a portable projection unit.

Abstract: Red, blue and green lasers respectively emit a plurality of red, blue and green laser beams having respective output powers. The beams are optically focused and collinearly arranged to form a composite beam which is swept by a pair of scan mirrors in a pattern of scan lines on a projection surface, each scan line having a number of pixels. A controller causes selected pixels to be illuminated, and rendered visible, by the composite beam to produce an image. A safety circuit detects a malfunction of at least one of the lasers and the scan mirrors, and deenergizes the at least one of the lasers and the scan mirrors upon detection of the malfunction.

Abstract: A projector includes an image acquiring unit that acquires an image including the projection image captured by the image-capturing device during image projection, an image region separating unit that separates a projection image region and a background image region from the acquired image, a background image time-lapse change storage unit that stores a time-lapse change of the background image acquired by a background time-lapse change acquiring unit, a projection image time-lapse change storage unit that stores a time-lapse change of the projection image acquired by a projection image time-lapse change acquiring unit, an tendency-of-use judging unit that judges a tendency of use of the projector on the basis of the stored time-lapse change of the background image and the stored time-lapse change of the projection image, and a light quantity adjusting unit that adjusts a light quantity of the light source on the basis of the judgment result.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus for increasing the effective contrast ratio and brightness yields for digital light valve image projectors using a variable luminance control mechanism (VLCM), associated with the projector optics, for modifying the light output and provide a correction thereto; and an adaptive luminance control module (ALCM) for receiving signals from said video input board, said adaptive luminance control module producing a signal on a VLCM bus connecting the variable luminance control mechanism and the adaptive luminance control module, said signal causing the variable luminance control mechanism to change the luminance of the light output and provide a corrected video signal for the projector.

Abstract: Directivity of light beams can be adjusted appropriately relative to the normal to the light emission surface of a light source. Thus, the light source apparatus has high brightness without significant unevenness in illumination with its simple structure. The light source apparatus comprises a light source substrate on which plural light sources are arranged, a secondary light source member on which a secondary light source surface is formed when it receives light from the plural light sources, and frame that supports the light source substrate and the secondary light source member from their lateral sides so that they are opposed to each other. At least a pair of side surfaces of the frame has reflection surfaces opposed along the arrangement direction of the plural light sources, and the reflection surfaces that the pair of side surfaces has are inclined to the same direction relative to the light source substrate.

Abstract: A scan mirror is held steady during a holding period interval between forward and return scans in a lightweight, compact image projection module operative for causing selected pixels in a raster pattern to be illuminated to project an image in color.

Abstract: A light source unit including an arc tube having a light emitting section, sealed sections, an elliptic reflector, and a secondary reflecting mirror to cover the front side of the light emitting section and reflect a luminous flux radiated from the light emitting section toward the elliptic reflector. The center of discharging emission from the arc tube is disposed at a first focal position of the elliptic reflector, and the secondary reflecting mirror is configured as a separate member from the arc tube, so that the outer peripheral portion of the secondary reflecting mirror is accommodated within a circular cone connecting a second focal position of the elliptic reflector and the distal end of the front sealed section of the arc tube when being mounted to the front sealed section of the arc tube.

Abstract: An immersion lithographic projection apparatus having a megasonic transducer configured to clean a surface and a method of using megasonic waves to clean a surface of an immersion lithographic projection apparatus are disclosed.