Abstract: A mobile detecting apparatus which can include the ability to transmit data to and receive instructions from a remote location, detect multiple objects (e.g. stacked or side by side containers or cargo), and provide efficient traffic flow (e.g. at cargo port).

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an antenna assembly comprising an antenna portion and an electrooptic waveguide portion is provided. The antenna portion comprises at least one tapered slot antenna. The waveguide portion comprises at least one electrooptic waveguide. The electrooptic waveguide comprises a waveguide core extending substantially parallel to a slotline of the tapered slot antenna in an active region of the antenna assembly. The electrooptic waveguide at least partially comprises a velocity matching electrooptic polymer in the active region of the antenna assembly. The velocity Ve of a millimeter or sub-millimeter wave signal traveling along the tapered slot antenna in the active region is at least partially a function of the dielectric constant of the velocity matching electrooptic polymer.

Abstract: Systems for THz transmission using new types of THz waveguides with low loss, negligible group velocity dispersion and structural simplicity are described herein. The THz system incorporates the use of a waveguide with two or more substantially parallel conductive elements which may enable many new THz sensing applications. It is now possible to direct the THz pulse inside of containers or around corners, where line-of-sight optics are not practical. Moreover, the systems allow use of either radially polarized or linearly polarized THz antennas. The disclosed systems are compatible with existing terahertz generation and detection techniques.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the concentration of analytes of interest in complex matrices is provided. According to one aspect of the present invention, near-infrared analytical radiation is generally directed onto a portion of a specimen containing the analyte of interest. A wavelength of the analytical radiation is scanned over the specimen over a broad range of frequencies and over a short duration of diagnostic time. A spectrum of radiation is transmitted through, reflected from or scattered from the specimen and collected by a detector. The concentration of the analyte of interest in the specimen is determined by the radiation collected by the detector.

Abstract: There is provided a system and method for locating a physical alteration, if such exists, in a structure having a substantially planar surface comprising a plurality of elements capable of scattering electro-magnetic radiation and openings arranged between the elements, according to one embodiment, the system comprises a moving platform for providing relative motion of the system with respect to the structure; at least one source of coherent electro-magnetic radiation configured for illuminating at least a portion of said surface in its relative motion with respect to the structure; at least a first and a second detection unit each operable along a different collection direction and configured for collecting electro-magnetic radiation reflected from said at least a portion of the surface and for generating an intensity pattern of the reflected radiation indicative of an arrangement of the elements and openings; and a computing unit configured for generating a segmented map of the portion based on said intensi

Abstract: A collimator for a nuclear imaging device includes, i.e., is formed from, a tungsten polymer. Preferably, the tungsten polymer includes at least 50% by weight of tungsten powdered tungsten mixed with polymer and has a density substantially equivalent to that of lead. Preferably, the collimator includes at least one of a slat, a parallel hole, a pinhole, a multi-pinhole, a square hole, a hexagonal hole, a fan beam, a diverging and a converging beam type-collimator. Preferably, the collimator has a thickness from 0.01 to 1.1 cm and a photon stopping power of from 0.5 to 50% for stopping photons having energy levels from 50 to 200 keV.

Abstract: A radiation detector is disclosed for X radiation. In at least one embodiment, the detector includes a detector array that has a multiplicity of scintillators separated from one another by partition walls, and a photodiode array that is arranged on the side of said detector array averted from the radiation. In at least one embodiment, electronic subassemblies are arranged in an insensitive region of the photodiodes that is covered by the partition walls, and the partition walls include a material that has an X-ray absorptivity of more than 50%.

Abstract: A method is described. A total number of traps to be filled in a detector of an imaging system is estimated based on a measured signal sensed by the detector. The measured signal is adjusted based on the estimated total number of traps and a current trap state of the detector. The trap state of the detector is subsequently updated.

Abstract: A semiconductor wafer is taken as an object to be irradiated, to which a protection sheet S is stuck via an ultraviolet cured adhesive layer, and an ultraviolet irradiation part 12 is disposed facing the protection sheet S, the ultraviolet irradiation part 12 being provided with a plurality of the ultraviolet light-emitting diodes 21 disposed on the substrate 20. The light-emitting diodes 21 are arranged to be spaced equally from each other on the straight lines L1 of plural rows substantially perpendicular to a relative movement direction to the wafer, and between the neighboring light-emitting diodes in each row, a part of the light-emitting diode of the neighboring row is positioned.

Abstract: A penetration ionization chamber includes a chamber, two outer electrode plates and a center electrode plate. The center electrode plate is disposed at the center of the chamber, and signals produced in the chamber can be collected completely by the center electrode plate to avoid signal losses and improve the accuracy of the test result of the ionization chamber. The center electrode plate also can maintain a constant internal volume of the chamber and prevent a change of effective volume within the chamber due to a change of electric field and enhance the stability of the test result of the ionization chamber. A protection electrode is wrapped by an insulation pin of the electrode and the outer insulation ring to form an insulation shield that can greatly reduce current leakage of the protection electrode and improve the accuracy of the test result of the ionization chamber.

Abstract: A focused ion beam apparatus enables an ion beam to be focused highly accurately on a sample at the beam spot position of the case of the absence of magnetic field without causing isotope separation of the ion beam on the sample, even when there is a magnetic field on the ion beam optical axis or the magnetic field fluctuates. The focused ion beam apparatus comprises a corrective magnetic field generating unit 10 disposed on the optical axis of the ion beam 3 for correcting the deflection of the ion beam 3 due to an external magnetic field. The corrective magnetic field generating unit 10 includes pole-piece pairs 26A and 26B, each of which having two pole pieces 26a and 26b or 26c and 26d that are adjacent to each other with a gap d. The pole-piece pairs 26A and 26B are disposed opposite to each other with a gap g (>d) across the optical axis of the ion beam 3.

Abstract: A device which employs an electron beam, for performing a desired function, includes an electron gun for generating the electron beam. The electron gun includes a barrel shaped rotatable structure having a plurality of annularly disposed electron sources. A curvature of a surface portion of the rotatable structure is shaped to optimize electric field concentrations. The rotatable structure further includes end portion protrusions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiple beam charged particle optical system, comprising an electrostatic lens structure with at least one electrode, provided with apertures, wherein the effective size of a lens field effected by said electrode at a said aperture is made ultimately small. The system may comprise a diverging charged particle beam part, in which the lens structure is included. The physical dimension of the lens is made ultimately small, in particular smaller than one mm, more in particular less than a few tens of microns. In further elaboration, a lens is combined with a current limiting aperture, aligned such relative to a lens of said structure, that a virtual aperture effected by said current limiting aperture in said lens is situated in an optimum position with respect to minimizing aberrations total.

Abstract: A process for an intensity-modulated proton therapy of a predetermined volume within an object includes discretising the predetermined volume into a number of iso-energy layers each corresponding to a determined energy of the proton beam. A final target dose distribution is determined for each iso-energy layer. The final target dose distribution or at least a predetermined part of this final target dose distribution is applied by parallel beam scanning by controlling the respective beam sweepers, thereby scanning one iso-energy layer after the other using an intensity-modulated proton beam while scanning a predetermined iso-energy layer.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an irradiation cell for producing a radioisotope of interest through the irradiation of a target material by a particle beam, comprising a metallic insert (2) forming a cavity (7) designed to house the target material and to be closed by an irradiation window, characterized in that said metallic insert (2) comprises at least two separate metallic parts (8,9) of different materials, being composed of at least a first part (8) comprising said cavity (7).

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of photostabilisers for fluorescent dyes. The invention additionally relates to products containing such photostabilisers.

Abstract: A general purpose high accuracy dosimeter reader, 80, for determination of a treatment condition, based on comparison of an image of treated dosimeter, 111, with a series of images of pre-treated dosimeter, 114, is disclosed. A dosimeter undergoes noticeable changes, such as a color change upon treatment with certain materials, such as toxic gases and processes, such as ionizing radiation and sterilization is pre-treated. The dosimeter is imaged with an imaging device, 115, such as charge-coupled device camera and images of the dosimeter or the changes, e.g., color change, are stored in an information storage device, 118. In order to determine the treatment condition, the treatment dosimeter is imaged and the image is compared with the series of pre-treated images of the dosimeter using software. The closest match of the treated dosimeter with the pre-treated and pre-imaged dosimeter would indicate the treatment conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a scintillator plate comprising on a substrate a phosphor layer formed by a process of vapor deposition, wherein a thallium compound having a melting point within ±70° C. of that of CsI and CsI are deposited on a substrate to form a thallium-activated phosphor layer.

Abstract: The radiation image conversion panel includes a substrate and a phosphor layer formed on the substrate by vapor-phase deposition in a vacuum chamber, the phosphor layer being repaired for projections generated on a surface of the phosphor layer or recesses resulting therefrom. The process for producing a radiation image conversion panel forms a phosphor layer on a substrate by vapor-phase deposition in a vacuum chamber, repairs the phosphor layer for projections generated on a surface of the phosphor layer or recesses resulting therefrom and subjects the phosphor layer to a thermal treatment to obtain the radiation image conversion panel.

Abstract: A radiation image conversion panel includes a substrate, a phosphor layer formed on the substrate by vapor-phase deposition, and a protective layer covering entirely the phosphor layer to hermetically seal it. A color at a surface of the panel on which exciting light is incident has a density of 0.001 to 0.095 and the color is a color corresponding to a wavelength of 440 nm. A process for producing the panel forms the phosphor layer on the substrate by the vapor-phase deposition and subjects the phosphor layer to a thermal treatment. The process may subject as the thermal treatment the phosphor layer to one or more cycles of a first thermal treatment for heating and cooling it and to only one cycle of a second thermal treatment for heating it in a presence of oxygen. The process further subjects the phosphor layer to humidification which is a treatment for making it absorb moisture.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus comprises a TDI sensor 64 and a feed-through device 50. The feed-through device has a socket contact 54 for interconnecting a pin 52 attached to a flanged 51 for separating different environments and the other pin 53 making a pair with the pin 52, in which the pin 52, the other pin 53 and the socket contact 54 together construct a connecting block, and the socket contact 54 has an elastic member 61. Accordingly, even if a large number of connecting blocks are provided, the connecting force may be kept to such a low level as to prevent the breakage in the sensor. The pin 53 is connected with the TDI sensor 64, in which a pixel array has been adaptively configured based on the optical characteristic of an image projecting optical system. That sensor has a number of integration stages that can reduce the field of view of the image projecting optical system to as small as possible so that a maximal acceptable distortion within the field of view may be set larger.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring a level of silicon dioxide in a liquid and removing the silicon dioxide using polishers is disclosed. In an embodiment, two polishers that absorb carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide, but which have a greater affinity for carbon dioxide, are placed in series along a conduit containing the liquid for use in an immersion lithographic apparatus. The upstream polisher absorbs carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide until it is saturated, at which point it desorbs the silicon dioxide in preference for the carbon dioxide. Silicon dioxide continues down the conduit and is absorbed by the downstream polisher. Once the upstream polisher is saturated with carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide present in the liquid flows downstream where it is absorbed by the downstream polisher. A sensor between the polishers senses the presence of carbon dioxide and initiates a request for the one or more of polishers to be cleaned or replaced.

Abstract: A plasma based ion implantation apparatus. The apparatus includes a first chamber in which plasma is generated, a coil antenna to generate the plasma in the first chamber, a second chamber in which ions of the plasma are implanted into a target, the second chamber having an incoming port through which the plasma is diffused from the first chamber to the second chamber, a power source to supply high voltage power to the target in the second chamber, and a grounded conductor positioned to face the target seated on the seating table. The first chamber is formed with a ring shape opening of a predetermined width at an upper periphery of the second chamber to communicate with the second chamber.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for providing a uniform ion implantation in a single-workpiece two-dimensional mechanical scanning ion implantation system, wherein the transient temperature operating parameter is controlled based on mechanical rotation of the workpiece by a predetermined amount between two or more scans of the workpiece through a fixed ion beam. Rotating the workpiece between scans through the fixed ion beam allows for the transient temperature to decay sufficiently for more uniform ion implantation processes to proceed.

Abstract: A charged-particle beam writing apparatus includes first and second storage devices, a transfer processor for sequentially sending to the first storage several design data files per pattern layout-defined region, a first data processor which sequentially reads design data files from the first storage and converts each data file's design data into draw data for storage in the second storage while being pipelined with the transfer processing, second to n-th data processors which sequentially read data files from the second storage and apply mutually different ones of second to n-th data processings to each draw data in a way that the first to n-th data processings are pipelined and store the processed draw data in the second storage, and a pattern-writing unit for writing a pattern on a workpiece by using a beam that is controlled based on each n-th data processing-completed data being stored in the second storage.

Abstract: An integrated thermal unit comprising a bake plate configured to heat a substrate supported on a surface of the bake plate; a chill plate configured to cool a substrate supported on a surface of the chill plate; and a substrate transfer shuttle configured to transfer substrates from the bake plate to the cool plate, wherein the substrate transfer shuttle has a temperature controlled substrate holding surface that is capable of cooling a substrate heated by the bake plate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reliable, high-repetition rate, production line compatible high energy photon source. A very hot plasma containing an active material is produced in vacuum chamber. The active material is an atomic element having an emission line within a desired extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range. A pulse power source comprising a charging capacitor and a magnetic compression circuit comprising a pulse transformer, provides electrical pulses having sufficient energy and electrical potential sufficient to produce the EUV light at an intermediate focus at rates in excess of 5 Watts. In preferred embodiments designed by Applicants in-band, EUV light energy at the intermediate focus is 45 Watts extendable to 105.8 Watts.

Abstract: A radiation attenuation corridor couples a radiation therapy room and a control room. The radiation attenuation corridor is made of a material that substantially absorbs ionizing radiation and substantially blocks the transmission of the ionizing radiation. Specific wall portions at the entrance of the corridor are covered with borated polyethylene (BPE). Specific wall portions diverge from an axis defined by the corridor by from about 10 degrees to about 45 degrees. The corridor thus leads out of the room and angles laterally across the wall of the therapy room, before angling again and opening to a safe room. The added angles in the radiation corridor increase the distance of radiation travel, and make the path more indirect, thereby increasing the contact of the radiation emissions with the radiation shielding and further attenuating the radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus measures a fluid level in a container. A light source emits a light beam. A light sensor can sense the light beam. An optical conduit is arranged in a container for holding fluid. The optical conduit is arranged between the light source and the light sensor along a path of the light beam, such that at least one part of the light beam passes through the optical conduit, and at least an other part of the light beam passes through the fluid when the container holds the fluid. The sensor senses the light beam when a level of the fluid coincides with the one part of the light beam passing through the optical conduit, and the sensor does not sense the light beam when the level of the fluid coincides with the other part of the light beam passing through the fluid due to internal reflection at the fluid level.

Abstract: A stored quantity calculator calculates the quantity of radiation energy stored in each of divided areas of a stimulable phosphor panel. Erasing energy set to a level depending on the calculated quantity of radiation energy stored in each of the areas is applied from an erasing unit to the stimulable phosphor panel. Therefore, a residual radiation image remaining in the stimulable phosphor panel is efficiently erased with a required minimum level of erasing energy.

Abstract: A fast-acting, pneumatic diaphragm valve includes a diaphragm valve closure member, a pneumatic piston that provides a closure force on the closure member, and a solenoid pilot valve that controls pressurized air to the piston to cause the piston to move in a reciprocal manner so that the closure member opens and closes the valve. The valve seat seal can be elastomer for enhancing speed, and the solenoid pilot valve can be positioned and configured with air flow longitudinally through or past the solenoid armature to enhance speed.

Abstract: A multifunctional regulator provides a housing having an inlet passage joined with an outlet passage through a poppet valve. The housing has a control diaphragm separating the control chamber into a first volume and a second volume and depending on the differential pressure between the two volumes, the diaphragm will push open the poppet valve. Pressurizing and depressurizing valves join the first volume with the inlet and outlet passages, whereby, with an inlet pressure level within the inlet passage greater than an outlet pressure level within the outlet passage, and with the pressurizing valve admitting the inlet pressure level to the first volume, the diaphragm is displaced into the second volume thereby forcing the poppet valve to open and thereby raising the outlet pressure toward the inlet pressure with fluid flow from the inlet to outlet passages.

Abstract: A flap (21) having a flap encompassing frame (11) and provided with first (22) and second (26) flap bearings, in which at least one top part of a housing (16) is fixed to the flap frame by a snap-in connection. A support arm (24) pivotable about the flap axis is arranged on the top part of the housing, and at least one front face (31) of the flap axis is brought into contact with a support surface (30) of the support arm, and a slight air gap of the bearing is adjusted between support surface and the front face, thereby assuring a practically play-free axial mounting of the flap.

Abstract: The present invention provides a seat ring with insert for a butterfly valve enabling improved valve seat sealing performance, valve stem sealing performance, and flange surface sealing performance, and enabling the easy and secure alignment of a valve stem in the manufacture of the seat ring and in the assembly of a valve body, and a method for manufacturing the same. A seat ring with insert for a butterfly valve configured so that an annular insert is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the seat part in which there is provided a valve body fitting annular groove having side wall parts on both the upstream side and downstream side, wherein there are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the insert a step so that the outer diameter on the downstream side is smaller than the outer diameter on the upstream side and on the inner peripheral surface a locking projection, and the insert is fitted in the annular groove provided in the valve body fitting annular groove of the seat part.

Abstract: Components and materials, including thermal interface materials, described herein include at least one matrix component, at least one high conductivity component, and at least one solder material. In some embodiments, the at least one high conductivity component includes a filler component, a lattice component or a combination thereof. Methods are also described herein of producing a thermal interface material that include providing at least one matrix component, providing at least one high conductivity component, providing at least one solder material, and blending the at least one matrix component, the at least one high conductivity component and the at least one solder material.

Abstract: A high efficiency thermal energy conversion working fluid based in large part on hybrid ionic liquid solutions and its application within thermal energy conversion devices is disclosed. Using the preferred ionic liquid and carbon dioxide gas with partially miscible absorber fluids, including the preferred ionic liquids as the working fluid in the system. The thermal conversion device transforms thermal energy, including low quality, into heating, cooling, mechanical energy, or electricity. Strategic use of heat exchangers, preferably microchannel heat exchangers comprised of nanoscale powders can further increase the efficiency and performance of the system.

Abstract: Aqueous based tile etching solutions are disclosed containing hydrofluoric acid along with additives that can be used to reveal exposure. The exposure revealing additives of the present invention may have irritant properties so that an exposed individual can feel that skin contact has occurred and/or alternatively may dye the skin to reveal a colored or fluorescent stain where contact has taken place. The result is a hydrofluoric acid containing tile etching solution having improved overall safety by revealing when and where exposure has taken place. This becomes very important owing to the fact that skin contact with solutions containing hydrofluoric acid often go unnoticed for some time and may therefore result in substantial chemical injury including bone damage. The hydrofluoric acid employed in the present invention may be formed in situ by the interaction of a strong acid with a water soluble fluoride salt.

Abstract: Methods and compositions to a clathrate that includes chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are provided. Clathrates trap gaseous chlorine dioxide to provide a dry solid material that is stable and easy to use and handle. Stable formulations of gaseous chlorine dioxide are useful as disinfectants.

Abstract: A surface treatment agent for metal is provided which is capable of improving the strength of adhesion between metal and rubber. A metal surface treatment agent for promoting adhesion between the metal and rubber comprising a cobalt or other metal compound and a silane coupling agent having a metal-capturing functional group in the molecule, and a metal surface treatment agent for promoting adhesion between the metal and rubber comprising a silane coupling agent having in the molecule a metal-capturing functional group with a captured metal such as a cobalt. The metal-capturing functional group is preferably an amino, amide or azole group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition, containing a compound represented by formula (I) and a compound represented by formula (II); and an anisotropic material containing the liquid crystal composition: wherein, Q1 and Q2 represent a polymerizable group, SP1 and SP2 represent a spacer group, X1 and X2 represent a linking group, MG represents a mesogen group, Ra, Rb and Rc represent -L1-R1, -L2-R2 or —NHR, at least one of Ra, Rb and Rc is —NHR, L1 and L2 represent a single bond or a divalent linking group, R1 and R2 represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and R represents a group having a polymerizable group.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising at least one novel polymeric organic iridium compound which comprises at least one cyclometallated ligand and at least one ketopyrrole ligand. The polymeric organic iridium compositions of the present invention are referred to as Type (2) organic iridium compositions and are constituted such that at least one ligand of the novel organic iridium compound has a number average molecular weight of 2,000 grams per mole or greater (as measured by gel permeation chromatography). Type (2) organic iridium compositions are referred to herein as comprising “polymeric organic iridium complexes”. The novel organic iridium compositions are useful in optoelectronic electronic devices such as OLED devices and photovoltaic devices. In one aspect, the invention provides novel organic iridium compositions useful in the preparation of OLED devices exhibiting enhanced color properties and light output efficiencies.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel polymer compositions comprising a polymeric component and a novel organic iridium compound comprising at least one cyclometallated ligand and at least one ketopyrrole ligand. The organic iridium compounds used in the polymer compositions are referred to as Type (1) organic iridium compositions and are constituted such that no ligand of the novel organic iridium compound has a number average molecular weight of 2,000 grams per mole or greater (as measured by gel permeation chromatography). Type (1) organic iridium compositions are referred to herein as comprising “organic iridium complexes”. In one aspect, the polymeric component may be an electroactive polymer. The novel polymer compositions of the invention are useful in optoelectronic electronic devices such as OLED devices and photovoltaic devices. In one aspect, the invention provides novel polymer compositions useful in the preparation of OLED devices exhibiting enhanced color properties and light output efficiencies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stabilizer composition which comprises at least one calcium compound and one isocyanurate bearing hydroxy groups and also one dye or one pigment or both for weathering-resistant thermoplastic resin compositions, in particular for weathering-resistant colored resin compositions based on polyvinyl chloride—(PVC)—where the composition has low content of ?-diketones or is in essence free from ?-diketones.

Abstract: A dispersion, and a film and optoelectronic devices formed from the dispersion are provided. The dispersion comprising conducting polymer containing particles having a particle size of less than 450 nm, wherein the conducting polymer comprises substituted or unsubstituted, uncharged or charged polymerized units of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, and wherein a film drop cast from the dispersion has a conductivity from 10?1 to 10?6 S/cm measured using the four point probe method.

Abstract: One or more embodiments provide for a device that utilizes voltage switchable dielectric material having semi-conductive or conductive materials that have a relatively high aspect ratio for purpose of enhancing mechanical and electrical characteristics of the VSD material on the device.

Abstract: There is provided an electrically conductive polymer composition. The composition includes an electrically conductive polymer and a partially-fluorinated acid polymer. At least 50% of acid protons on the partially-fluorinated acid polymer are replaced with cations. The cations can be inorganic cations, organic cations, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Novel thiophene polymers include homopolymers and random or alternating polymers. They may be included in electronic conducting devices such as photovoltaic cells, transistors and light emitters. The polymers provide improved performance in thin film transistors and electronic devices in which they are incorporated.

Abstract: The polymer compound contains a polymer matrix and a filler embedded in the matrix. The filler comprises two filler components with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics deviating from one another. By selection of suitable amounts of these filler components, a polymer compound with a predetermined nonlinear current-voltage characteristic deviating from these two characteristics can be formed in this way.

Abstract: Flame retardant compositions of diphosphate coated clays are described. The compositions can be used as additives in polymeric compositions. The flame retardant composition can be used with other flame retardants in the polymeric composition.

Abstract: Non-halogen flame-resistant thermoplastic elastomer composition, manufacturing method, and an electric wire or cable in which non-halogen flame-resistant thermoplastic elastomer composition is used for an insulator or a sheath are provided. Non-halogen flame-resistant thermoplastic elastomer composition includes (A) 40 to 80 parts by weight of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, in which the content of vinyl acetate is 30 wt % or more; (B) 60 to 20 parts by weight of crystalline polyolefin resin; and (C) 40 to 250 parts by weight of metalhydroxide for 100 parts by weight in total of (A) and (B). Further, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is cross-linked with silane.