Abstract: The invention includes a liquid crystal display panel including spacers and a method of making this panel. The spacers, which are positioned in the liquid crystal-filled gap between a first substrate and a second substrate, provide support to the substrates and prevent the substrate from bending when the device is used as a touch screen panel. By preventing the bending of the device, the spacers help prevent the undesirable ripple effect suffered by liquid crystal devices. In order to minimize the amount of light blocked by the spacers, the spacers are formed in a region where light is substantially intercepted anyway, such as in a contact hole. A black matrix layer is formed on the spacers. The spacers may be distributed unevenly between the substrates, depending on how much force each of the spacers will have to absorb in each area of the panel.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display panel and a display panel are described. A first substrate is provided. A wall structure is formed on the first substrate to define several microcups. A displaying medium is filled into the microcups. Thereafter, a sealing material is formed over the microcups filled with the displaying medium. A second substrate is put over the sealing material and a lamination process is performed, wherein the sealing material which contacts the wall structure bonds the second substrate to the wall structure, and the sealing material which contacts the displaying medium dissolves in the displaying medium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel auxiliary sunglasses which can be easily attached to and detached from the frame of a pair of primary eyeglasses. Specifically, this invention utilizes a hybrid mounting mechanism, for example, one side of the auxiliary sunglasses uses a mechanic attachment mechanism while the other side uses a magnetic attraction mechanism. This combination of two different attachment mechanisms on the same pair of the auxiliary sunglasses overcomes the problems associated with each of the mechanic mounting only or the magnetic mounting only mechanisms respectively.

Abstract: A watch device containing eyeglasses is provided, which includes a housing, a watch mechanism comprised into or onto the housing, and eyeglasses configured with a folding mechanism for enabling the eyeglasses to be foldable into the housing, in which a frame of the eyeglasses is comprised of a multiplicity of frame segments and the folding mechanism is comprised of a plurality of strategically disposed joints joining the frame segments, the frame segments and joints being configured to enable the eyeglasses to be reversibly folded into the housing.

Abstract: A variable lens geometry is constructed through a series of spaced vertical curves on and perpendicular to a horizontal curve. Variable geometry is attained by varying the size of the vertical curves along the horizontal curve. In one embodiment, at least one vertical curve more towards the end or temple region of the lens is smaller than at least one vertical curve more towards the interior or bridge region. In another embodiment, the sizes of the vertical curves decrease along the horizontal curve from the bridge portion to the temple portion.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there are provided a plastic polarized lens with excellent processability and the like, and a method of producing the same. The plastic polarized lens is obtained by injecting a mixture of a specified isocyanate compound and a specified active hydrogen compound into a lens-forming mold wherein a polarized film containing a thermoplastic polyester is fixed, followed by polymerization and curing.

Abstract: A perimeter is comprised of means for setting a second visual field coordinate system on a fundus image displayed on a monitor wherein an origin is a macula lutea, means for provisionally determining a blind spot position on the second visual field coordinate system, means for searching a coordinate position of a blind spot on the first visual field coordinate system by presenting a stimulus on the visual field dome, means for changing a scale of the second visual field coordinate system so as to correspond the coordinate value of the blind spot on the first visual field coordinate system and the coordinate position of the blind spot on the second visual field coordinate system with each other, and means for conducting a perimetry by presenting the stimulus at a position on the first visual field coordinate system having the same coordinate value as one on the second coordinate system of a predetermined test point.

Abstract: Perimeter has input means for inputting identification data of an examinee and a kind of perimetry to be conducted, means for judging whether or not the examinee has already received the perimetry, means to read examinee measurement information, means to judge whether or not a kind of inputted perimetry is different from the past perimetry, means to compute and determine initial stimulus luminance of the perimetry to be conducted from now on as a value equal to the sensitivity which is shown in sensitivity distribution data or closer thereto from the sensitivity distribution data of the past perimetry if different kind is judged, and means for starting the perimetry with the determined initial stimulus luminance.

Abstract: There is provided a perimeter that allows a reliability evaluation to be performed in a kinetic visual field examination. A stimulus for examination is displayed onto an inner surface of a visual field dome and moved at a constant speed on a meridian toward the center of the dome. A subject responds to the stimulus for examination when he visually recognized the moving stimulus. There is displayed a false-negative stimulus, which is more visible than the stimulus for examination, or a false-positive stimulus, which corresponds to the operating sound of the perimeter without any stimulus display. The visual field examination results are evaluated on the basis of a response made by the subject to the false-negative and the false-positive stimuli. This arrangement allows the reliability of the examination results in a kinetic visual field examination to be satisfactorily evaluated.

Abstract: A film-feeding mechanism is provided having at least one conveying claw for intermittently transporting a motion picture film that is provided with perforations which extend parallel to the lateral edges thereof. Said film-feeding mechanism further includes at least one locking claw whose tips engage into a perforation in order to ensure picture steadiness, and a film-guiding device that aligns the motion picture film. Lateral film-guiding elements of the film-guiding device are disposed so as to be at least partly movable relative to the lateral edges of the motion picture film.

Abstract: A display apparatus and an imaging apparatus constructed such that a high-resolution clear three-dimensional video image can be viewed from any direction. The display apparatus projects frame images, projected from a projector such as an electronic projector, to a video image projection surface of a three-dimensional screen through a polygonal mirror provided around the three-dimensional screen, thereby providing a polyhedral video image such as a three-dimensional image to a person viewing from around the video image projection surface. The three-dimensional screen has a view field angle limiting filter and a directional reflection screen. The view field angle filter limits the angle of a view field in the left/right direction, the angle being the angle of the projection on the video image projection surface (50) of the screen. The directional reflection screen has two sheets in horizontal and vertical directions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal projection system (70) includes a light source (50) for emitting a white light beam of three primary colors, a polarizer (51) for polarizing the white light beam, a separating mirror (52), first and second reflecting mirrors (53, 54), first and second polarization separators (56, 57), a half-wave plate (55), a color separator (58), an image modulation device (60R, 60G, 60B) and a projection lens (59). The first polarization separator, the second polarization separator and the color separator are combined together as a unit. The half-wave plate is positioned between the first and second polarization separators. The image modulation device is arranged on sides of the first polarization separator and the color separator. The projection lens is disposed on one side of the second polarization separator. Both monochromatic and bichromatic light beams from the separating mirror are respectively incident into the first and second polarization separators in an S-polarization state.

Abstract: A display device includes: a transmission/reception section that transmits and receives information to/from any other display device connected thereto; a setting input section that enables setting of relative position information about a relative position between the display device and the other display device; and a control device that generates partial image information from original image information, and makes a display section to display thereon a partial image. The control device includes: a related information transmission control section that transmits position-sequence-related information related to the relative position information; a configuration position recognition section that recognizes an absolute position of the partial image in the original image that is supposed to be displayed by the display device; and a partial image information generation section that generates the partial image information by cutting out at least a part of image information from the original image information.

Abstract: An illumination system for illuminating a target area includes an LED source, a collection lens that collects light from the LED source, and an image-forming device positioned at the target area. The LED source includes a mosaic of LED dies forming a footprint of at least two different colors.

Abstract: A projection-type display apparatus includes an illumination optical system (1) including a light source, a reflection-type light valve (2) having an image forming area on a to-be-illuminated surface illuminated by the illumination optical system (1), and a projection optical system (3) that projects an image formed on the image forming area of the reflection-type light valve (2). The projection optical system (1) is shiftable in a direction approximately perpendicular to a projection optical axis. An F-number of the projection optical system (3) is smaller than an F-number of the illumination optical system (1). Between the projection optical system (3) and the reflection-type light valve (2), an opening defining member (12) that defines an incident side opening of the projection optical system (3) is provided, which is not moved by the shifting of the projection optical system (3).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a display device using a diffractive optical modulator and having a distortion correction function. The display device includes a light source unit, a condensing unit, an illumination unit, a diffractive optical modulator, a projection unit, a filter unit, and a distortion correction means. The light source unit includes a plurality of light sources for emitting beams of light. The condensing unit causes the beams of light to have an identical light path. The illumination unit converts the beams of light into linear light. The diffractive optical modulator modulates the linear light, so that diffracted light having a plurality of diffraction orders is generated. The projection unit produces an image by projecting the diffracted light onto a screen. The filter unit passes only diffracted light having at least one desired diffraction order therethrough. The distortion correction means includes a lens array for correcting an image.

Abstract: A temperature control method adapted for a projector is provided. The projector includes a power supply unit, a battery, a cooling fan, a temperature detection unit, and a power management unit. The method includes: (a) switching power supply from the power supply unit to the battery, thereby maintaining a normal operation of the cooling fan and the temperature detection unit, when detecting a power outage of the power supply unit; (b) detecting a temperature of the projector; and (c) stopping supplying power to the projector, when the detected temperature of the projector reaches a predetermined value. Related projectors using the method are also provided.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for providing image-correction function in a projector. The apparatus includes an image-inputting module which receives a photographed image of a surface on which an image is to be projected; an image-analyzing module which analyzes an input state of the surface and calculates a color difference as a correction amount; an image-correcting module which applies the correction amount to the image projected onto the surface; and an image-projecting module which projects the corrected image onto the surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a two-dimensional image forming apparatus which also functions as an illumination apparatus at a low cost, and enlarges the utilization range f a two-dimensional image forming apparatus to a great extent. In a two-dimensional image forming apparatus (10) which includes a light source (1), two-dimensional image forming parts (5a) to (5c), and an enlarging and projection part (6), a rotation mechanism (11) for rotating the light source so that the light emission direction is changed is provided, and the light emitted from the light source is taken out as an illumination light by changing the light emission direction of the light source.

Abstract: A projecting apparatus includes a power, a lamp, and a thermal controlling module. The lamp is energized from the power. The thermal controlling module includes a blower, an air duct, and a thermal break. The blower and an air duct, which connects the lamp and the blower, are for making and directing airflow through the lamp. The thermal break is electrically connected to the power and the lamp, and is disposed on the air duct and positioned adjacent the lamp. When the temperature in the projecting apparatus exceeds a predetermined value, the thermal break becomes a turnoff so as to allow the projecting apparatus to be shut off.

Abstract: A motion picture display apparatus according to the present invention comprises a casing, a transparent picture panel mounted on the casing, a motor mounted in the casing, a background picture disposed on rear of said dynamic picture device. The dynamic picture device is driven by the motor. Motion picture display further comprises a driving shaft, a driven shaft and a transparent film which is rotatably connected between the driving shaft and the driven shaft in an endless rotating manner. The driving shaft is connected with the motor. The dynamic picture device is driven by the motor rotated in front of the background picture. The dynamic picture comprises a plurality of designs having at least two design layers, and the contents and colors of the design layer are identically printed on the film. A light source disposed on a rear portion of the background picture illuminates the background picture.

Abstract: A pattern forming method includes performing resist coating on a substrate, thereby forming a resist film; performing immersion light exposure in accordance with a predetermined pattern on the resist film formed on the substrate, while immersing the resist film in a high refractive index liquid having a refractive index higher than water; and performing development of the resist film after the immersion light exposure. Further, this method includes performing cleaning on the substrate by use of a cleaning liquid containing the same active ingredient as the high refractive index liquid in at least one of a first period after formation of the resist film and before the immersion light exposure and a second period after the immersion light exposure and before the development.

Abstract: A stage device for driving a movable element, mounted with an object thereon, by using a plane motor, including: (i) a stator unit having a coil group; and (ii) the movable element which moves on the stator unit, the stator unit including: (a) a first region where the object is to be subjected to a first process; and (b) a second region where the object is to be subjected to a second process, wherein the coil group in the stator unit is temperature-controlled independently between the first and second regions.

Abstract: 1. Method for patterning a substrate using multiple exposure. 2.1. The invention relates to a method for patterning a substrate using exposure processes of an adjustable optical system, a multiple exposure being used for producing a structure image on the substrate. 2.2. According to the invention, for at least one of the plurality of exposures, the imaging quality of the optical system is determined by means of a respective measurement step and at least one parameter of the optical system that influences the imaging quality is set depending on this. 2.3. Use e.g. for the patterning of semiconductor wafers in microlithography projection exposure apparatuses.

Abstract: A lithography system in which a performance criterion of the lithography system is predicted, based on one or more operating conditions of the lithography system, and compared to measurements of that performance criterion. The lithography system may determine from a difference between the measured and predicted performance criterion which, if any, sub-system of the lithography system is not performing as expected.

Abstract: A combined alignment and overlay target to be applied to a substrate to enable measurement of the alignment of the substrate with respect to its surroundings, and measurement of the relative alignment of a series of layers on the substrate, is disclosed. In an embodiment, the target comprises an array of structures substantially equidistant apart except for a portion of the structures that are offset by a specific amount in a first direction, and a second portion of the structures that are offset by the same amount in the opposite direction. This target on the substrate may be used to measure its alignment and the same target applied to a second layer, superposed on a first layer, may be used to measure overlay.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling fluid flow in an immersion lithography system. The system includes a fluid flow path that allows fluid to flow from a source through a fluid retention hood and then a fluid control valve. The system includes a pressure sensing system for determining a pressure drop across the fluid retention hood. The pressure drop across the fluid retention hood changes with the fluid flow rate. A control system receives signals indicating the pressure drop across the fluid retention hood and produces control signals for the fluid control valve. The control signals adjust the fluid flow rate through the fluid control valve to drive the flow rate to a desired rate, thereby driving the sensed pressure drop across the fluid retention hood to a desired pressure drop.

Abstract: The photomask 10 comprises a substrate 11, a shot region 12 positioned on the substrate 11, mask patterns 13 formed within the shot region 12, and mask magnification information 14x formed in the outside exposure area (recto area) 14 of the shot region 12. The entire shot region 12 including the mask patterns 13 is elongated in the scanning direction (Y direction) indicated by the arrow. The mask magnifications of the mask pattern 13 are set to a magnitude of 4 in the X direction and a magnitude of 8 in the Y direction, for example. When the step-and-scan exposure technique is carried out using such a photomask in which the mask magnifications in the X and Y directions are different, a high-definition wafer having an equivalent longitudinal and transverse ratio can be transferred.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to readily minimize inhomogeneity in image quality in a display field on one liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: A level sensor for a lithographic projection apparatus, the level sensor comprising a light source, a first reflector, a second reflector and a detector the first reflector being arranged to direct light from the light source towards a wafer surface, and the second reflector being arranged to direct light reflected from the wafer surface to the detector, wherein the first and second reflectors are configured to incur a minimal process dependent apparent surface depression.

Abstract: A wafer stage system moves a wafer stage that retains a wafer via a wafer holder along a wafer base. For example, the wafer holder is formed from a material whose density is not uniform, such that the portion that includes the reflecting surface that reflects a measuring beam for position measurement is a high-density portion, and the other portions are low-density portions. Or, the wafer stage is formed from a material whose density is not uniform, such that the portion that includes the surface that constitutes a gas bearing is a high-density portion, and the other portions are low-density portions.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus comprises an image sensor, a measurement optical system configured to guide measurement light to obliquely enter the projection optical system, and further guide the measurement light returned from the projection optical system to the image sensor, and a control unit configured to calculate surface position information of the substrate based on the output from the image sensor. The control unit calculates the surface position information of the substrate based on an interval between the image, of a mark arranged on the original stage, formed by the measurement light which has passed through the mark and the image of the mark formed by the measurement light reflected by the mark.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus is disclosed that has a plurality of control circuits, each control circuit arranged to be connected to an associated radiation source of a plurality of radiation sources configured to generate pulses of radiation for projection onto a substrate and each control circuit arranged to control the energy of radiation pulses generated by that associated radiation source.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus comprises an illumination optical system and a projection optical system. The illumination optical system includes an optical integrator configured to emit a plurality of light fluxes from an exit surface thereof, a diffraction optical element configured to form a predetermined light intensity distribution on an incident surface of the optical integrator, and a polarization optical element configured to adjust a polarization state of the incident light. The polarization optical element has a pattern with which the polarization optical element functions as a birefringent element, the pattern changing in density between a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and having a sub wavelength structure having a cycle not more than a wavelength of the light from the light source, and the polarization optical element is arranged near or on the incident surface on which the diffraction optical element forms the light intensity distribution.

Abstract: A laser distance measuring system includes an object lens, a beam splitter, a transmitter, a receiver, and a shutter mechanism. The beam splitter is disposed at one side of the object lens. The transmitter emits a laser beam that is split by the beam splitter into a measurement beam and a reference beam. The measurement beam passes through the object lens, and is reflected by an object to result in a reflected measurement beam passing through the object lens. The receiver is disposed to receive the reflected measurement beam and the reference beam. The shutter mechanism includes a beam masker operable to move to either block path of the reflected measurement beam to the receiver or path of the reference beam to the receiver.

Abstract: A detection system is described configured for receiving radar and laser signals. The detection system includes a motorcycle mounted detector module and a motorcyclist carried indicator module. The detector module is a warning receiver configured to receive signals, identify the signals as being in frequency bands for vehicular speed measuring systems used in law enforcement, and providing a wireless response signal to the indicator module to warn the vehicular driver. In addition, the detector module is configured for calculating the angle and distance from the detection device to the source of the speed measuring system.

Abstract: A light source 165 of a projection unit 16 AM modulates an electric current supplied to a built-in LED. The projection unit 16 projects the modulated light on a projection screen. A photoreceiver 171 receives, with a time lag, a reflected portion of the modulated light from the screen, which corresponds to a time required for the light to travel from its projection to its reception. A calculation unit 173 acquires a phase difference between the projected light and its reflection at a respective one of a plurality of points on the screen, acquires a distance from the projector to the respective one of the plurality of points on the screen, and then acquires an inclination angle of the screen. Because the distance from the projector to a respective one of the plurality of points on the screen is acquired based on the corresponding phase difference, the measurement accuracy is improved compared to the triangular distance measuring method.

Abstract: TOF system shutter time needed to acquire image data in a time-of-flight (TOF) system that acquires consecutive images is reduced, thus decreasing the time in which relative motion can occur. In one embodiment, pixel detectors are clocked with multi-phase signals and integration of the four signals occurs simultaneously to yield four phase measurements from four pixel detectors within a single shutter time unit. In another embodiment, phase measurement time is reduced by a factor (1/k) by providing super pixels whose collection region is increased by a factor “k” relative to a normal pixel detector. Each super pixel is coupled to k storage units and four-phase sequential signals. Alternatively, each pixel detector can have k collector regions, k storage units, and share common clock circuitry that generates four-phase signals. Various embodiments can reduce the mal-effects of clock signal transients upon signals, and can be dynamically reconfigured as required.

Abstract: A reflectometry method and apparatus for gathering meaningful reflectance data indicative of one or more characteristics of a substance being grown on a horizontal substrate within a reaction chamber. The apparatus includes an external light source which shines light into the chamber through an opening having a shutter for selectively permitting or preventing the light from passing in and out of the chamber through the opening. A detector receives light that reflects off the substance and exits the chamber through the opening. During operation, the substrate is rotated about an axis substantially normal to the growing plane within the reaction chamber to ensure uniform deposition of the substance thereon. The shutter momentarily opens in synchronicity with the speed of revolution of the substrate such that substantially the same discrete area of the growing substance is illuminated so as to eliminate the effects of precession on the measurements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a probe beam profile—modulated optical reflectivity metrology system having a modulated pump source for exciting the sample. A separate probe beam is directed to interact with the sample in a manner so that the rays within the probe beam create a spread of angles of incidence. A detector array simultaneously measures intensities of the rays within the reflected/diffracted probe beam simultaneously at different angles of incidence. The intensity and angle of incidence information is used to analyze the sample.

Abstract: A method is described for the spectroscopic examination of samples which are taken from human tissue or body fluids, in particular blood, comprising the following steps: measuring an infrared spectrum of a sample to be examined; analysing the measured infrared spectrum in order to determine at least one sample parameter that characterizes the infrared spectrum in at least one of the following wavenumber ranges 2850 cm?1 to 2886 cm?1, 2798 cm?1 to 2835 cm?1, 1723 cm?1 to 1733 cm?1, 1429 cm?1 to 1465 cm?1, 1338 cm?1 to 1364 cm?1, 1089 cm?1 to 1123 cm?1, 1034 cm?1 to 1074 cm?1, comparing the at least one sample parameter with at least one reference parameter that was obtained by analysing at least one reference spectrum that was measured on at least one sample of body fluid from patients afflicted by Alzheimer's, and assigning the sample to a class with an increased suspicion of Alzheimer's disease if the deviation of the at least one sample parameter from the at least one reference parameter does not exceed a p

Abstract: Method for determining a mean radiation power P rad 0 _ of electromagnetic radiation of a radiation source, the radiation being intensity-modulated with modulation frequency ?0, in a predetermined time interval.

Abstract: [Problem] A biometric identification apparatus that can accurately and rapidly perform liveness detection with a simple structure. [Solution] The apparatus includes a plurality of light sources 102, 103, 106, and 107, each having a wavelength different from one another, for emitting light to a finger 200 as an object to be identified, and receivers 104 and 105 for detecting the light passing through the finger. The ratio of the light emitted from the light sources to the light detected with the receivers is obtained as transmittance. Determination in liveness detection is made by comparing the transmittance with a previously-set threshold of transmittance.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optically interrogating a particle comprising obtaining a plurality of optical interrogations from a plurality of orientations relative the particle. In one aspect, the particle is tumbled relative to optical interrogation direction and reflected or transmitted energy is collected and added into a single spectrum that represents a complete spectral composition of the sample.

Abstract: A laser processing method which can efficiently perform laser processing while minimizing the deviation of the converging point of a laser beam is provided. This laser processing method comprises a displacement acquiring step (S07 to S11) of irradiating an object to be processed with a rangefinding laser beam for measuring a displacement of a main surface of the object while converging the laser beam with a lens and acquiring the displacement of the main surface along a line to cut while detecting reflected light reflected by the main surface in response to the irradiation; and moves the processing objective lens and the object relative to each other along the main surface, while adjusting the gap between the processing objective lens and the surface according to the displacement acquired by the displacement acquiring step, thereby forming the modified region along the line to cut.

Abstract: The present invention provides method of particle size and concentration measurement that comprises the steps of: providing a focused, synthesized, non-Gaussian laser beam, causing the beam to interact with the particles, measuring the interaction signal and the number of interactions per unit time of the beam with the particles, and using algorithms to map the interaction signals to the particle size and the number of interactions per unit time to the concentration. The particles are fluid borne, airborne, or on a surface and have a size ranging from sub-micron to thousands of microns. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the focused, synthesized, non-Gaussian laser beam is a dark beam. The non-Gaussian beam can be generated by employing a mask over a Gaussian laser beam or by directly modifying the laser cavity or by combining the beams from several lasers. The measurements can be made using the duration of interaction with a scanning beam, including dark field.

Abstract: To measure the critical dimensions and other parameters of a one- or two-dimensional diffracting structure of a film, the calculation may be simplified by first performing a measurement of the thickness of the film, employing a film model that does not vary the critical dimension or parameters related to other characteristics of the structure. The thickness of the film may be estimated using the film model sufficiently accurately so that such estimate may be employed to simplify the structure model for deriving the critical dimension and other parameters related to the two-dimensional diffracting structure.

Abstract: This relates to methods and apparatus for analyzing samples by fluorescence spectroscopy. In one embodiment, the methods and apparatus use a fluorescence detection unit (FDU) of a composition fluid analyzer (CFA™) module to detect variations in fluid properties (gradients) within an oil bearing column. Some embodiments enable efficient downhole fluid analysis in heavy oils where water/oil emulsions are present (water in dispersed phase and oil in the continuous phase). The principles described herein may also be applied when there are fine particles in the oil such as from unconsolidated sands.

Abstract: A light detecting method and apparatus wherein non-projection imaging operation of a predetermined range is carried out once within a non-projection imaging operation time thereby to obtain background information. During a remaining time after the non-projection imaging operation, light is radiated. At least two imaging operations of a predetermined range are performed thereby to acquire projection information. Information on the radiated light is extracted based on the background information and the projection information. Accordingly, the dead time that may occur before extraction of reflected light can be suppressed.

Abstract: An active CMOS biosensor chip for fluorescent-based detection is provided that enables time-gated, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. In one embodiment, analytes are loaded with fluorophores that are bound to probe molecules immobilized on the surface of the chip. Photodiodes and other circuitry in the chip are used to measure the fluorescent intensity of the fluorophore at different times. These measurements are then averaged to generate a representation of the transient fluorescent decay response unique to the fluorophores. In addition to its low-cost, compact form, the biosensor chip provides capabilities beyond those of macroscopic instrumentation by enabling time-gated operation for background rejection, easing requirements on optical filters, and by characterizing fluorescence lifetime, allowing for a more detailed characterization of fluorophore labels and their environment.